BRIAN HOUGH

Religious Movements(1815-1850)

Immigration & Antiforeign Movement (1840s)

Immigration & Antiforeign Movement (1840s)

Americans detest immigration.Fear: lose jobs, weaken Anglo majority…

Nativists-Protestants; doubt Roman Catholicism of Irish and Germans.

Erratic riots and secret antiforeign society…Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled

Banner… American party (Know-Nothing party).

Recede when North and South separate over slavery.

Antebellum Period

Antebellum Period

1789-1860 War of 1812

More power to the statesWestward Expansion

“Manifest Destiny” Gold Rush (1849) Railroads New States: Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama,

Maine, Missouri, Michigan

Second Great Awakening

Second Great Awakening

Connecticut (1790s)Educated Americans dislike…

Old Christian beliefs Rationalism (human reason) Forgiving rites (i.e. Unitarian Church).

Educated Congregationalists and Presbyterians Timothy Dwight- president of Yale University

Preach: Strong religious devotion Salvation Calvinist (Puritan): original sin and predestination

Northern New England and western New York.

Revivalism (1823)

Revivalism (1823)

South and western frontier… Peter Cartwright (Methodist)…

Better moral standards on the frontier Preach at open-air revival (camp) meetings

Classes: end drinking, rioting, gossiping, sex-without-marriage, and “sharp business ways”

“Revive” them Methodists-emerged as the largest Protestant groups, the Baptists emerged as

well Charles G. Finney-Presbyterian minister from a religious conversion in 1821 (NY)

“Father of modern revivalism” Cooperation between the Protestant denominations “Anxious seat” – more conversions

Denounces Calvinist ideals Can be sin-free Revive faith Huge middle class appeal

Unitarians

Unitarians

Rivals of the revivals“Goodness” by slow “character building”

Jesus; not an abrupt conversion by a revival

Jesus Christ was not fully divineBroke down many Congressional churches

Enticed the wealthy and educatedLike Revivalists…

Can change and be sin-free Reject Calvinists

Millennialism

World going to end in a second coming of Jesus Christ.William Miller-(Preacher):

Predicts October 21, 1844 (second coming going to happen).

Nothing happens.Millerites form new religion-Seventh-Day Adventists.

Church of Latter-Day Saints & Mormons

Church of Latter-Day Saints & Mormons

Founder: Joseph Smith Book of Mormon (1827)-links lost tribes of Israel to the Native

Americans. Lehi (successors went to America and created successful society)

Wait for Jesus to save them God curses them with dark skin (American Indians)

Nauvoo (model city) Convert Native Americas and escape persecution.

Smith’s revelations hurt Mormonism Polygamy (U.S. government detests this)

“Second Mohammed” & “higher form of religion” Gathers many followers…Smith and his brother murdered by local

mob. Under Brigham Young-go west and avoid prosecution. New Zion-near the Great Salt Lake in Utah. Cooperative in outdoors

Transcendentalists

Questioning of established church doctrines and capital. Need mystical and intuitive thinking to discover inner self and God in nature Artistic expression over money

Ralph Waldo Emerson-American lecturer “The American Scholar”-(speech at Harvard): Original American culture (no

Europe) “Self-reliance, independent thinking, spiritualism over materialism” Henry David Thoreau

Lived in the woods for two years-discover life and the universe “Walden”: A couple of weeks of work each year-can discover meaning of life “Civil Disobedience”: nonviolent ways to protest unfair laws.

Brook Farm (MA) George Ripley (Protestant minister)-scholarly and physical labor. School-attracts New England elites

Utopian Communities

Utopian Communities

By the highly educatedStarted: 1820sLeave society to create ideal community

with fresh startDifficulty in sustaining because of

already strong religious idealsToo radical

Hope from Age of Jackson

New Harmony

Shakers

Utopian Communities: Shakers/New Harmony

Shakers-early religious communal movements Mother Ann Lee (illiterate daughter of English blacksmith) Very close, agricultural-artisan communities

Common property; no marriage or sex Detest materialism New members: converts and orphans

Amana settlements-(Iowa) Ascetic life (like Shakers) but allow marriage-keeps them going

New Harmony-(Indiana): secular experiment Welsh industrialist and Robert Owen-(British industrialist and philanthropist)

Humans shaped environment Answer inequity and alienation after Industrial Revolution “Villages of Unity and Mutual Cooperation” Fails because of money and disagreement issues.

Oneida Community

Fourier Phalanxes

Utopian Communities: Oneida Community/Fourier Phalanxes

Oneida community (1848)-perfect social and economic equality, sharing of property and marriage partners. John Humphrey Noyes-founds in Oneida, New York. Challenges commonplace social ideals Communism

Marriage-all the men and women were married to each other Silver

Fourier Phalanxes (1840s) By Charles Fourier-French socialist Cooperative communities Equal labor Spare wealth: “Free Soil”

Temperance (“First

Reform Era”)

Temperance (“First Reform Era”) (Start: 1826)

Moderation and abstinence of alcohol. Women Alcohol ruins society

Can lower crime and poverty; increase work American Temperance Society-Protestant ministers

1st national temperance group Total abstinence

Washington Temperance Societies (Washingtonians) (Baltimore) Mechanics and laborers (not ministers or manufacturers) Reformed drunks God will oversee their society Salvation from alcohol (A.A.)

International cooperation Order of the Good Templars, Women’s Christian Temperance Union, Anti-

Saloon League Get many liquor laws passed

• NEW LAWS OR AMENDMENTS????• WHAT WILL THE METHODISTS AND

BAPTISTS DO????• AN ACTUAL IDEAL SOCIETY????

• WHAT DO YOU THINK….????

What’s Next????

Picture Bibliography

1. http://withfriendship.com/images/c/13627/Second-Great-Awakening-picture.jpg2. http://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/files/images/HD_EmigrantLandinginNY1858.preview.jpg3. http://www.historycentral.com/Ant/Daily/entertainment.jpg4. http://www.kirkwood.k12.mo.us/parent_student/khs/plattes/topics5and6/topics5and69.jpg5. http://uehs75.com/bleeding%20kansas.jpg6. http://www.historicwoolenmills.org/blogimg/pr170_mamie.jpg7. http://lehrman.isi.org/media/images/cache/Second_Great_Awakening_Revival.jpg/360px-

Second_Great_Awakening_Revival.jpg8. http://websupport1.citytech.cuny.edu/Faculty/pcatapano/lectures_wc2/Revival.JPG9. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.gbgm-umc.org/dimockcampmtg/camp.gif&imgrefurl=http://

oldlandmark.wordpress.com/2007/06/07/camp-meeting-days-our-summertime-heritage/&usg=__faBoAma7zN756UQY-upUpt-CtxE=&h=520&w=850&sz=462&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=vsVqEAz7QFyZcM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=206&prev=/images%3Fq%3DRevivalism%2Bcamp%2Bmeetings%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26gbv%3D2%26biw%3D779%26bih%3D382%26tbs%3Disch:1&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=466&vpy=112&dur=5172&hovh=175&hovw=287&tx=180&ty=119&ei=bw31TL-NJ82ynAeij4jHBw&oei=bw31TL-NJ82ynAeij4jHBw&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=3&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0

10. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/f0703s.jpg11. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OXK6uRSTHN0/RrctASYovjI/AAAAAAAAAC4/7zanB2sAPzk/s320/Camp+Meeting.jpg12. http://www.revival-library.org/images/imagesgalleries/CampMeeting.jpg13. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/The_Deluge_engraving_by_WIlliam_Miller_after_J_Martin.jpg14. http://www.bathintime.co.uk/lowres/51/main/2/189427.jpg15. http://img.listal.com/image/293731/600full-ralph-waldo-emerson.jpg16. http://www.ineedmotivation.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/md68what-lies-behind-us-ralph-waldo-emerson-posters.jpg17. http://studentsforliberty.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Thoreau1.jpg18. http://positiveblatherings.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/m113happiness-henry-david-thoreau-posters.jpg19. http://www.masshist.org/periodicals/images/Brook_Farm_Rainbow.jpg20. http://www.toptenz.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Brook-Farm-engraving.jpg21. http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/brookfarm.jpg22. http://sidneyrigdon.com/dbroadhu/IL/1840morm.jpg23. http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_K-T-w4tYTSo/TB-E6heikJI/AAAAAAAADW0/L-g0eKXS9rc/s1600/New+Harmony.jpg24. http://faculty.polytechnic.org/gfeldmeth/Shakers_Dancing.jpg25. http://sampottsatfreeunit.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/new_harmony_vision.jpg26. http://www2.hu-berlin.de/sexology/ATLAS_EN/assets/images/047a.jpg27. http://americancivilwar.com/pictures/Fourierism.jpg28. http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/assets/photos/1144.jpg29. http://www.boisestate.edu/socwork/dhuff/us/images/6-18750-99/temperance-1870.jpg30. http://www.librarycompany.org/ArdentSpirits/Temperance-ManPursued.JPG

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