BREEDING METHODS FOR

VEGETABLES

NAVEEN JAKHAR

CONTENTS PLANT INTRODUCTION SELECTION- (a) ASEXUALLY PROPOGATED PLANTS Clonal selection (b) SELF POLLINATED CROPS- Pure line selection Single plant selection (c) CROSS POLLINATED CROPS- Mass selection Line breeding

Family breeding

Mass pedigree method

Recurrent selection

HYBRIDIZATION:

(a) Heterosis breeding

PLANT INTRODUCTION

It is an important method for improvement of vegetable crops particularly of introduced crop like potato , tomato , capsicum , etc.

The introduction may constitute elite cultivar, true breeding material, heterozygous and heterogeneous materials.

CULTIVARS ADOPTED THROUGH INTRODUCTION

E.g.- CROP CULTIVAR TOMATO sioux ,

marglobe , roma BRINJAL black beauty PEA arkel, bonnvilla WATERMELON sugarbaby CUCUMBER japanese long

green CABBAGE snowball, D-96

clONAL SELECTION In asexually propagated vegetable crops,

several cultivars have been developed by clonal selection.

A clone is referred to a group of plant produced from single plant through asexual propagation.

For e.g.- in potato, kufri red is a clonal selection from a cultivar Darjeeling red round and kufri safed from cultivar phulwa.

Besides these, a number of cultivars of potato . pointed gourd , sweet - potato, garlic etc have been developed by clonal selection.

PURE LINE SELECTION

It is generally employed in self pollinated crop. In this method it is necessary That the initial population is highly heterozygous with superior genes of Desired character . this procedure help in stabilizing the heterozygous superior Genotypes rather than making further improvement.

Eg. - Tomato- co-1, co-2, pant -3 Okra- Pusa makhmali, Gujarat

bhindi-1

SINGLE PLANT SELECTION It is a selection of chance variants , off type or

superior types from the source material constituted of mixed homozygous population.

Single plant selection from introduced materials is important in developing many cultivars of different crop in India like tomato, brinjal, chilli, pea, Frenchbean , okra etc .

Eg- crop cultivar Tomato Improved merruti, HS-

110 Cauliflower Pusa drum head,

hisar-1 Bitter gourd pusa do mousmi Bottle gourd PSPL, PSPR

In cross pollinated vegetable crops systematic selection followed by controlled pollination always improve the population termed as population improvement. This is done by different selection method like mass selection , progeny testing and line breeding, family breeding, mass pedigree selection, recurrent selection, etc.

MASS SELECTIONIn this method of selection , the best

individual plant is selected from the Base population on the basis of phenotype , their seeds are produced by open pollination and then composited to raise the next generation. After repeated selection in this way, the improved population can be treated as a new cultivar.

e.g.- most of the cultivars of onion and few cultivars of radish, cauliflower, carrot and palak.

MASS-PEDIGREE METHOD

Mass pedigree method is useful for cabbage, cauliflower, radish,and turnip showing high degree of self incompatibility.In this method selected progenies are allowed to random mating in isolation to develop new base population.It is subjected to 3-4 cycles of selection,after which it is regarded as a new cultivar.

LINE BREEDING

In line breeding progeny of the selected plants from the base population is raised by open pollination and grown separately in rows for evolution. After several cycles of selection,on the basis of progeny test,the almost similar progeny lines are composited and treated as a new cultivar.

Eg.cauliflower,cabbage,radish,onion and carrot.

FAMILY BREEDING

Family breeding is almost similar to line breeding but in this method of population improvement,progenies are tested more elaborately in more number of generations. 4 to 6 progeny families are composited to develop a new synthetic variety.

RECURRENT SELECTION

Recurrent selection is a population improvement scheme designed to concentrate favourable genes scattered among number of individual in the base population.It is based on selection of superior plants followed by controlled mating to produce the progeny as new base population.

This method is effective in improving yield & other quantitative traits by capitalige additive genetic variance in the population

There are four types of recurrent selection methods –

(1) Simple recurrent selection – Eg. Improve carotene

content in carrot.

(2) Recurrent selection for GCA – other pollinated varities

as a tester.(3) Recurrent selection for SCA – inbred as tester.(4) Reciprocal recurrent selection –both the

population improved

together.

.

In cross pollinated vegetable crops loss of vigour is associated with inbreeding though the extent of such depression varies with the crops and cultivars.

INBREEDING IS APPLIED AS A BREEDING METHOD TO –

(A) Improve the individual plant in CUCURBITS. (B) Attain uniformity in plants chacters so

that the improved population can be regarded as a new cultivar.

(C) Develop inbred lines for utilization in the development of synthetic or hybrid cultivar in the crops like – cauliflower, cabbage,Broccoli, and carrot etc.

HYBRIDIZATION AND SLECTION FROM ADVANCED GENERATION

• HYBRIDIZATION:- Crossing of two genetically

dissimilar plants is known as hybridization when genetic variability is not present in the crop.

Hybridization is basically employed to generate variability in the genotype because selection for any trait would become effective when genetic variability in the population under improvement is high.

Hybrid progenies of cross pollinated crops are handled by two different approaches

1. Population Improvement – cabbage , cauliflower, raddish, spinch , etc

2. Individual plant selection –cucurbits

CULTIVARS DEVELOPED BY HYBRIDIZATION AND SELECTION

CROP VARIETY TOMATO pusa early dwarf,

marglobe, pusa ruby, hisar lalima, panjab chhuhara

BRINJAL pusa kranti, sadabahar baingan,

pant rituraj

PEA PH-1, GC-141, GC-195

COWPEA Pusa Dofasli

MUSK MELON Pusa sharbati, WATER MELON Arka manik RADISH pusa himani

SWEET POTATO pusa sunehri

HETEROSIS BREEDING

Heterosis :- superiority of an F1 hybrid over its

parents.

Heterosis breeding for the development of hybrid cultivar mainly utilizes dominance variance in both self and cross pollinated vegetable crops.

Development of hybrid varieties consists of three steps namely-

1) Selection of parents (Inbred or homozygous line)

2) Testing the combining ability of parents.

3) Production of F1 hybrids.

Method of Hybrid Seed Production:-

1) Emasculation and hand pollination:- Tomato, brinjal ,okra, peas & beans .

2)Hand pollination without emasculation:-use of male sterility

ex-tomato , brinjal, chilli.

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