breath holding times

8/3/2019 Breath Holding Times

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Experiment 8

PailmaPascuaRamirezRefuerzoReyes


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Peter ColatDavid Blaine


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Beating of the heart, movement of muscles cell

division ---> OXYGEN

Oxygen lungs alveoli- throughout the body

It ensures a steady supply of oxygen to the cells

of the body needed for cellular respiration

, thecomplete breakdown of glucose by the cells of

the body (Chiras, 2012).


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The respiratory system is made up of a gas-

exchanging organ (the lungs) and a pumpthat ventilates the lungs, Ganong (2010).

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Homeostasis


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To observe and explain the length of time for

which breath can be held


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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

After Normal Inspiration

After Normal Expiration

After Maximum

Inspiration

After Maximum

Expiration

After Hyperventilation

After Bag

39.85

67.73

28.09

21.28

4968

24.28


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CO2 has strong indirect effect in stimulating

neurons in the chemosensitive area

H+ has strong direct effect Why?


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Breaking point the point at which breathing

can no longer be voluntarily inhibited

Due to increase in PCO2 and decrease in PO2


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Individuals can hold their breath longer afterremoval of carotid bodies

Stimulated by a rise in PCO2 or H+ concentrationor a decline in PO2

Chemical regulatory mechanisms adjustventilation so that:

Alveolar PCO2 is held constant Effects of excess H+ in blood are combated

PO2 is raised when it falls to a potentially dangerouslevel


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Respiratory minute volume (amount of air

inspired minute) is proportional to metabolic

rate Link between metabolism and ventilation is CO2,

not O2


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Partial pressure

Gases expand to fill the volume available


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Atmospheric Pressure AlveolarAir

N2 597.0 mmHg 78.62% 569.0 mmHg 74.9%

O2 159.0 mmHg 20.84% 104.0 mmHg 13.6%

CO2 0.3 mmHg 0.04% 40.0 mmHg 5.3%

H2O 3.7 mmHg 0.5% 47.0 mmHg 6.2%

Total 760 mmHg 100.0% 760.0 mmHg 100.0%


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Alveolar air is only partially replaced by

atmospheric air with each breath

To prevent sudden changes in gas concentrationsin the blood

Which makes the respiratory control mechanism morestable

Helps prevent excess increase and decrease in tissueoxygenation, carbon dioxide concentration and tissue

pH


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Carotid Bodies Aortic Bodies


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Decreased Arterial Oxygen Stimulates

Chemoreceptors Impulse rate is

particularly sensitive tochange in arterial PO2in 60 mmHg 30mmHg

Hemoglobin oxygensaturation decreasesrapidly


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Increased Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ion

ConcentrationStimulates Chemoreceptors

Indirectly Direct effects are about seven times more

powerful in the respiratory center

Carbon Dioxide: stimulation via peripheralchemoreceptors occur as much as five times

as rapidlyas central stimulation

Exercise


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Hypoxia

Inadequate oxygenation of blood in lungs due to:

Deficiency of oxygen in atmosphere Hypoventilation

Pulmonary disease

Hypoventilation due to increased airway resistance or

decreased pulmonary compliance

Abnormal alveolar ventilation-perfusion ratio

Diminished respiratory membrane diffusion


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Venous to arterial shunts

Inadequate oxygen transport to tissues by the

blood Anemia or abnormal hemoglobin

General circulatory deficiency

Localized circulatory

Tissue edema

Inadequate tissue capability of using oxygen


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Asthma

Spastic contraction of

smooth muscles inbronchioles

Blocked, narrowedairways

Troubled breathing,wheezing, chesttightness, and fatigue


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Sleep apnea

Absence of spontaneous

breathing Minimum of 10-second

interval between breaths

Atelectasis

Collapsing of the alveoli

Causes:Total obstruction ofairways; lack of surfactant in

the fluids lining the alveoli


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Bronchitis

Inflamed bronchial tubes

Caused by smoking, exposure to second-handsmoke, or breathing in chemicals or air pollution


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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Inflammation of the walls of the lung airways or

alveoli or chronic bronchitis Pulmonary Emphysema

Damaged lines of air sacs

Excess air in lungs


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Tuberculosis Tubercle bacilli

Invasion of infected tissue bymacrophages

Walling off by fibrous tissue tubercle Protective mechanism to

prevent progression of infection If untreated, bacteria

spreads and walling off fails formation of abscesscavities


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Pulmonary Fibrosis

Scarring of the lung tissue

Rhinitis (stuffy nose)


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Periodic Breathing

One breathes deeply for a short interval and

breathes slightly or not at all for an additionalinterval

Cheyne-Stokes Breathing


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Respiration Provide O2

Eliminate CO2 Breaking Point

Hyperventilation delays breaking point

affected by the PCO2 and PO2

To observe and explain the length of time forwhich breath can be held


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Arthur C. Guyton M.D., J. E. (2006). Textbook of MedicalPhysiology. China: Elsevier Inc.

Bruce M. Koeppen, B. A. (2010). Berne & Levy Physiology6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby Elsevier.

Kim E. Barrett, S. M. (2010). Ganong's Reviewof MedicalPhysiology. Singapore:The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Marcovitch, D. H. (2005). Black's Medical Dictionary.London: A & C Black Publishers Limited.

MD, L. C. (2010, August 223). Restrictivevs. Obstructive

Lung Disease. Retrieved January 24, 2012, fromWebMD:http://www.webmd.com/lung/obstructive-and-restrictive-lung-disease?page=2

O'Sullivan, S. B., & Schmitz,T. J. (2007). PhysicalRehabilitation, 5th ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.

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