Brazing and Soldering

Proceedings of the

5th International Brazing and Soldering Conference

April 22-25, 2012

Red Rock Casino Resort SpaLas Vegas, Nevada, USA

Edited by

Robin GourleyChuck Walker

Sponsored by

The MaterialsInformation Society

www.asminternational.org www.aws.org

Published byASM International

Materials Park, Ohio 44073-0002

Contents

Soldering Joining Methods

Effect of Isothermal Aging on Sn-Ag-Cu Solder Joints on

Electroless Ni-P/Au Plating by Laser Reflow Soldering 1

H. Nishikawa, T. Takemoto, and N. Iwata, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan

Accelerated Aging of Sn-Pb and Pb-Free Solder Joints on

Hybrid Microcircuit Assemblies 5

P. Vianco1, A. Kilgo1, B. Wroblewski1, G. Zender1, and E. Guerrero2

(1) Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA

(2) Honeywell, Federal Manufacturing and Technologies, Kansas City, MO, USA

Joining at Low Temperatures with Organic Silver Complexes 17

A. Oestreicher, T. Rohrich, and M. Lerch, Berlin Institute of Technology, Germany

Active Solder Joining Electrical Buss on Photovoltaic Cells 21

R. Smith1, J. Conroy1, C. Darvell2, P. Singh2, K. Jen2, and S. Santhanam2

(1) S-Bond Technologies, Lansdale, PA, USA

(2) Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA

Solder Powders Manufacture Process by the Wire Explosion Method 27

S. Kim, andS.H. Kim

Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Pohang City, South Korea

NanoBond® Assembly— A Rapid, Room Temperature

Soldering Process 32

J. Matteau, Indium Corporation of America, Utica, NY, USA

Aerospace, Automotive & Structural

Aerospace Aluminum Brazing and Compliance 38

J. Grann and C. Moller, Ipsen Incorporated, Cherry Valley, IL, USA

Transient Liquid Phase Bonding of Single CrystalNi3AI-based Intermetallic Alloy 44

0. Ojo, A. Ghoneim, and J. Hunedy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada

Advanced Additive Manufacturing — Braze Applications 48

B. Frazier1, and R. Thompson2(1) AIMMRO Cincinnati, OH, USA

(2) Thomtek Greenville, SC, USA

Braze Materials for Brazing Seal Honeycomb —

Trends, Challenges and a Market Outlook 51

D. Sporer, and D. Fortuna, Sulzer Metco, Switzerland and USA

V

Wear Property of Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon Thick Film with

Dispersed Nano-Diamond on Quenched 440C Stainless Steel 59

T. Yamazaki, K. Fujioka, H. Tsuda, T. Ikeshoji, and A. Suzumura,

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Increasing of Thermal Stability of Solar Absorbers

Soldered by Low Temperature Solders 63

/. Pashkov, A. Pashkov, O. Kustova, and D. Zorin, PBSU, Moscow, Russia

Ceramic and Glass Joining

A Study on the Distribution of Ni and Ti during the Brazing of Sapphire with

Inconel 600 by Using Cu/Ni Porous Composite 67

T. Zaharinie1, F. Yusof, M. Hamdi1, and T. Ariga2(1) University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur(2) Tokai University, Japan

Active-Brazing Explosively-Bonded Niobium-Copper to Alumina Ceramic 71

C. Walker, G. Bishop, R. Stokes and D. De SmetSandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Brazing of Ceramics with Aluminum Based Filler Metals in Air 75K. Bobzin, N. Bagcivan, N. KoppRWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

Developing of Bi-Sn Eutectic Alloy with In

Additions for Glass Sealing 79

H. Adanir, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey

Development of an Au-Pd-Co-Ni-V Brazing Alloy for

Joining Si3N4toSi3N4 84H. Xiong, B. Chen, W. Mao

Beijing Institute ofAeronautical Materials, China

Effect of Porous Interlayer in the Brazing of Sapphire to Inconel 625 89F. Yusof, T Zahari1, M. Jamaludin1, M. Shukor1, and T. Ariga2(1) University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(2) Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan

valuation of Au-Based Active Brazing Filler Metals to Joint Alumina 937. Oyama and E. VanegasWesgo Metals-Morgan Technical Ceramics, Hayward, CA, USA

Induction Brazing of Alumina and Zirconia with Various Metals 101B. Wielage, I. Hoyer, and S. HausnerInstitute of Materials Science and Engineering, TU Chemnitz, Germany

vi

Joining of Si02f/Si02 Composite to Metals Using AgCuTi

Brazing Filler, the Joint Strengths and Microstructures 109

C. Bo, X. Hua-Ping, M. Wei, C. Yao-Yong, Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, China

Large Area Active Brazing of Multi-tile Ceramic-Metal Structures 114

K. Doherty, US Army Research Laboratory, RDRL-WMM-F, APG, MD, USA

Reaction Brazing of C/SiC Composites to Nb with

Equiatomic Ti-Ni Composite Foils 119

Y. Liu12, J. Feng1, L Zhang1, X. Dong, and L. Zhang

(1) Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang, PR China

(2) Zhejiang Seleno Science and Technology Co., Zhejiang, PR China

Joint Reliability

Failure Assessment of Stainless Steel and Titanium Brazed Joints 125

Y. Flom, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Evaluation of Brazed Joints Using Failure Assessment Diagram 129

V. Flom, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

Defect Assessment of Brazed Steel Components 133

C. Leinenbach1, M. Koster1, A. Lis1, and H.J. Schindler2

(1) Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland

(2) Mat-Tec AG, Switzerland

Corrosion and High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of

316L Stainless Steel Joined with Cu-Ag Based Braze Alloys 139

M. Hurley1, K. Knori1, B. Jaques1, D. Butt1, H. Elsentriecy2, and M. Shoeib2

(1) Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA

(2) CMRDI, Helewan, Egypt

Recent Tin Whisker Research at Sandia 144

D. Susan, P. Vianco, W. Yelton, and J. Michael

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, USA

Optimized Brazing Gap Width for Cemented

Carbide Tipped Saw Blades 149

D. Schnee1, C. Zenk1, M. Magin2, S. Rassbach2, T. Hafner3, and U. Meyer3(1) Umicore AG & Co. KG, Hanau, Germany(2) CERATIZITLuxembourg S.A.R.L., Luxembourg(3) AKE Knebel Gmbh & Co. KG, Balingen, Germany

A Novel Technique for the Determination of Long-termFatigue Behavior of Brazed Joints 156

W. Tillmann, L. Wojarski, M. Manka, F. Walther, K. Pantke, and B. PenningTU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany

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Materials & Process Design

Deposition and Utilization of Nano-Multilayered Brazing Filler

Systems Designed for Melting Point Depression 162J. Janczak-Rusch1, G. Pigozzi1, B. Lehmert1, M. Parlinska1, V. Bissig1, W. Tillmann2,L. Wojarski2, and F. Hoffmann2

(1) Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland

(2) Institute of Materials Engineering TU Dortmund, Germany

Erosion Control of Stainless Steel Brazing Alloys 169O. Mars, M. Stroiczek, and U. Persson, Hoganas AB, Sweden

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mo-Ni

Fillers Doped with NanoparticlesW. Liui, D. Busbahen, Y. L/3, and D. Sekulici,

(1) University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

(2) Semicon Associates, Lexington, KY, USA

(3) Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China

174

Influence of Substrate Material Properties and

Process Control in Reactive Joining 179T. Rohrich, A. Oestreicher, N. Milahin, S. Burghardt, R. Riesner, C. Seiffert and V. Shankar

Joining and Coating Technology, Technische Universitat Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Controlled Atmosphere Brazing of MicroChannel Heat

Exchangers for Mini-Cooling Systems 183H. Zhao, S. Elbel, and P. HrnjakCreative Thermal Solutions, Inc., Urbana, IL, USA

Lead Free Solders

A Composite Solder Alloy Preform for High TemperaturePb-free Soldering Applications 188

W. Liu, P. Bachorik and N. Lee, Indium Corporation of America, Clinton, NY, USA

Au-Ge Based Alloys for Novel High-T Lead Free SolderMaterials — Fundamentals and Applications 196

C. Leinenbach1, S. Jin1, J. Wang1, H.R. Elsener1, F. Valenza2, D. Giuranno2, R. Novakovic2, S.Delsante3, G. Borzone3, A. Watson4, and A. Scott4(1) Empa-Materials Science and Technology, Switzerland(2) National Research Council — Institute for Energetics and Iterphases, Genova, Italy(3) University of Genova, Italy(4) University of Leeds, UK

Dissolution of Stainless Steel in Molten Sn-BiSolder on Shear Flow 202

T Yamazaki, M. Nishiyama, T. Ikeshoji, and A. Suzumura

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

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Interfacial Reaction of SnAgCu-xNi CompositeSolders on Cu and Ni Substrate 207

P. Liu, X. Gu, X. Liu, X. Jin, Y. Zhang, and Z. LongZhejiang Metallurgical Research Institute, Hangzhou, PR China

Interfacial Reactions between Lead Free Solder Alloys and Metallic Substrates —

Thermodynamics and Kinetics 213

F. Hodaj, Grenoble Institute of Technology, Domaine Universitaire, France

Morphologies and Grain Orientations of Cu-Sn Intermetallic Compounds in

Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu/Cu Solder Joints 217

Y. Tian, W. Liu, C. Hang, X. Wang, R. Liu, C. WangHarbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China

Nanoindentation for Measuring Mechanical Properties of

Lanthanum-Doped Tin-Silver-Copper Lead-Free Solders 221

M. Sadiq123, M. Cherkaoui123, and J. Lecomte4

(1) Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA

(2) University of Paul Verlaine, Metz, France

(3) UMI, Georgia Tech Lorraine, Metz, France

(4) ENSAM-Arts Et Metiers Paris Tech, Metz, France

The Effect of Cu Content on Performance of

SnAgCuBiNi /Cu Soldering 228

S. Fenglian, L. Yang, W. Yang, and Z. PengfeiSchool of Materials Sci. and Eng., Harbin Uni. of Sci. and Tech., Harbin, China

The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of

Sn-58Bi Eutectic Alloy Wires 233

L. Zheng-Yi, G. Xiao-Long, L. Ping, J. Xia, Z. Yu

Zhejiang Metallurgical Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, PR China

Furnace & Vacuum Brazing

Brazing of Ferritic Stainless Steel and Microstructure at the

Brazed Joint 236

Y. Miyazawa1, K. Saito1, T. Fukikoshi1, T. Ariga1, T. Takizawa2

(1) Tokai University, Kanagawa-Ken, Japan

(2) Global Technology Division, Calsonic Kansei, Saitama-Ken, Japan

Change in Phase Morphology and Composition during the Spreading of Liquid

Alloy, which Is Actively Interacting with Base Metal Surface 240

/. Pashkov, and A. Pashkov, PBSU, Moscow, Russia

Vacuum Aluminum Brazing —What Matters Most 244

C. Moller and J. Grann, Ipsen Incorporated, Cherry Valley, IL, USA

ix

Brazing of Steel Non-tube Heat-exchangers with "Malachite" BrazingPaste in Continuous Furnace 252

/. Pashkov1, A. Pashkov1, A. Stratonovich1, and T. Bazlova2

(1) PBSU, Moscow, Russia

(2) MISIS University, Moscow, Russia

Soldering, Brazing and Diffusion Bonding Technology of Advanced

Materials in HIT 256

P. He, T. Lin, H. Wei, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China

Joining of MoSi2to Itself Using Partial Transient LiquidPhase (PTLP) Method 259

H. Hatami, A. Kokabi, M. Sani, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Brazing of Tantalum and Tungsten Using Various Filler Foils 266

Y. Hiraoka1, and R. Shiue2

(1) Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan

(2) National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan

Hump-Back Versus Straight Through Continuous

Furnaces—When and Why? 271

S. Feldbauer, Abbott Furnace Company, St, Marys, PA, USA

Correlations Between the Atmosphere Conditions on the Natural

Aluminum Oxide Layer and the Brazeability 275

J. Zahr1, E. Hofmann1, H.-J. Ullrich1, U. Fussel1, M. Turpe2, and S. Oswald3

(1) Technische Universitat Dresden, Germany(2) Behr Gmbh & Co. KG, Stuttgart, Germany(3) IFWDresden E.V., Germany

Vacuum Brazing of Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steel without

Losing Its Mechanical Properties 281

M. Govindaraju and K. Balasubramanian

Non Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, PO Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, India

Brazing of High Performance, Passively Cooled, Heat Absorbing Mirrors for

Electron Cyclotron Heating Launchers 285S. Jurczynski1, R. Ellis1, J. Hosea1, H. Grunloh2, and J. Lohr2(1) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA

(2) General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA

Brazing of C/C Composites and TC4 with inserting Cu/Mo Foils 291V. Qin, andZ. Yu, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, PR China

Vacuum Brazing and Diffusion Bonding of DD6 Single Crystal Alloy 296y. Zhou, W. Mao, H. Xiong, X. Wu, and X. Li

Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing, China

X

Diffusion Brazing of Copper Beryllium UsingAg-26Cu-21Zn-19Cd as Interlayer 301

K. Esmati1, H. Omidvar1, J. Jelokhani1, M. Naderi1, and M. Boroumand2

(1) Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, IRAN

(2) Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IRAN

Test Methods, Modeling & Control

Effect of Interfacial Structures on Tensile Properties of Ferrite Stainless Steel

Joints Brazed Using Cu-Base Filler Metals 307

C. Kang1, H. Na\ and Y. Cho2

(1) Pusan National University, Busan, Korea

(2) Hyundai Heavy Industries CO., Ltd., Ulsan, Korea

Thermodynamic Calculations and Kinetic Simulations of

Soldering/Brazing Systems and Processes 315

P. Mason1, Q. Chen2, A. Engstrom2, P. Shi2, J. Bratberg2,A. Markstrom2, H. Liu3, and Z. Jin3

(1) Thermo-Calc Software Inc, Mcmurray, PA, USA

(2) Thermo-Calc Software AB, Norra Stationsgatan, Stockholm, Sweden

(3) Central-South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

A Compendium of Brazed Microstructures for Fission

Power Systems Applications 319

/. Locci1, and C. Bowman2

(1) University of Toledo at the NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

(2) NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

Influence of Dynamic Stresses and Operating Environment on the

Mechanical Properties of Copper- Based Braze Joints 327

K. Bobzin1, N. Bagcivan1, N. Kopp1, S.M. Puidokas1, W. Tillmann2,L. Wojarski2, C. Liu2, and M. Manka2

(1) Surface Engineering Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany(2) Institute of Materials Engineering, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany

Pull Testing of Ti to Ti Brazed Joint with Pure Gold as the Filler Metal 332

M. Siddiqui, W. Jones, and A. Karbasi

Florida International University, Miami FL, USA

Special/Advanced Brazing Processes

Aluminum Dendrites Reinforced Joint by Ultrasonic Soldering of 2024

Aluminum Alloy with Pure Sn 337

V. Li, J. Yan, and S. ChengState Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding Production Technology, Harbin, China

xi

Transition Metal Ion Bombardment as an Active HeatingSource for Vacuum Brazing 341

A. Shapiro1, G. Fischer2, and M. Markovich2(1) Titanium Brazing, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA

(2) Ion Vacuum Technologies Corp., Cleveland, OH, USA

Dynamic Fluoride Ion Cleaning as a Pre-Braze Process 345

R. Kornfeld, Hi-Tech Furnace Systems, Inc., Shelby Township, Ml, USA

Al Brazing under Severe Alterations of the Background Atmosphere —

A New Vs. Traditional Brazing Sheet 347

C-N. Yu\ W. Liu1, D.P. Sekulic1, and D. Hawksworth2

(1) University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

(2) Sapa Heat Transfer, Oakville, ON, Canada

Passive Flux — The Roll of Nano-Ceramic Technology to Enhance the

Flow and Bond Characteristics of Metals 355

O. Passe, Nventa Incorporated, Scottsdale, AZ, USA

Manufacturing Copper- Stainless Steel CompositeTube by Pressure Bonding 364

M. Govindaraju and K Balasubramanian

Non Ferrous Materials Technology Development Centre, PO Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, India

Recent Development in Brazing Titanium and Titanium/Steel Joints

Using Filler Metal Deposited by PVD Technique 369A. Elrefaey, L Wojarski, and W. Tillmann

Dortmund University of Technology (TU Dortmund), Dortmund, Germany

Attached Effect of Porous Metal in a Brazed Joint 375T. Ariga1, Y. Miyazawa1, M. Hamdi2, M. Sekine3, and K. Kanda4,(1) Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan(2) University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia(3) Yamatake Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan(4) Kanto Yakin Kogyo, Kanagawa, Japan

Sensitization of Braze-Pressure Welding of Stainless Steel 379T. Ikeshoji1, M. Katori1, A. Suzumura1, T. Yamazaki1, and K. Kuroda2

(1) Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan(2) JGC Corp., Yokohama, Japan

Press Fit/Pressure-Solder-Joint 385U. Fussel, K. Andrusch, M. Pejko, and V.D. NguyenTechnische Universitat Dresden, Dreseden, Germany

Ultrasound-Assisted Resistance Brazing of Magnesium and Aluminium

Alloys Using Melt-Spin Solder Foils 389T. Lampke, B. Wielage, I. Hoyer, S. Kummel, and M. PischtschanChemnitz University of Technology

xii

Filler Metal Properties

Chromium Containing Amorphous Brazing Foils and Their

Resistance to Automotive Exhaust Gas Condensate 394

T. Hartmann and D. Nuetzel

Vacuumschmelze, Gruener Weg, Hanau, Germany

Liquation of Brazing Filler Metals — Good or Bad? 402

D. Kay, Kay & Associates, Simsbury, CT, USA

Effect of Joint Clearance and Post-Braze Heat Treatment on the Microstructure of

Joints with BNi-4 Filler Metal and 4130 Steel 410

A. Etemadi, A. Kokabi, P. Behjati, H. Hosseini

Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Flow and Microstructure of Co-Based Filler Metals on Stainless Steel and

Intermetallic Phases Mechanical Property Determination by Nanoindentation 414

J.C. Madeni, P. Campos-Bravo, S. Liu, and C. Packard

Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA

Mechanical Response of the TiAI/Steel Brazed Joint under Micro-Indentation and

Micro-Hardness Test 423

Y. Li1 W. Liu2, D. Sekulic2, P. He3, J. Feng3(1) Nanchang University, Nanchang, China

(2) University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

(3) Harbin Institute of Technology

New Aluminum-based Cold-Rolled and Composite Braze Foils for

Brazing Titanium Below 700°C 427

A. E. Shapiro1, and Y. Flom2

(1) Titanium Brazing, Inc., Columbus, OH, USA

(2) NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA

Reactive Air Brazing

Development of New Brazing Fillers and Process Variants for Reactive Air

Brazing (RAB) of Electrochemical Devices 433

K. Bobzin, N. Bagcivan, N. Kopp, and C. Weiler

RWTHAachen University, Aachen, Germany

Joining Oxygen Transport Membranes by Reactive Air Brazing 437

A.Kaletsch, J.Hummes, A.Bezold, E.M.Pfaff, and C.Broeckmann

RWTHAachen University, Aachen, Germany

Mechanical Behavior of Advanced Reactive Air Brazed Joints 444

C. Li, B. Kuhn, J. Brandenberg, T. Beck, and L. SingheiserInstitute for Energy and Climate Research, Microstructure and Properties of Materials, Germany

xiii

Mechanical Properties of Reactive Air Brazed Ceramic-Metal

Joints for SOFC 450

A. Poenicke1, J. Schilm1, M. Kusnezoff1, A. Michaelis1, and S. Arnold2,

(1) Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Dresden, Germany(2) ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Schweinfurt, Germany

Phase Field Simulations of Microstructure Formation in an Ag-Cu-0Brazing Filler under Reactive Air Brazing Conditions 458

M. Apel, andB. Bottger, Access E. V., RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany

Composite Materials

Brazing of C/C Composites and Ni Base Alloys with Ag-Cu-Ti and

Fe-Based Braze Filler Alloys 465T. Ikeshoji, T. Amanuma, A. Suzumura, T. Yamazaki

Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan

Brazing of W-20%Cu Composite Using Sandwich Filler Materialsof BAg-8 Sheets and Ti Foils 470

K. Nosaki1, T. Itohara1, Y. Hiraoka1, and H. Hanado2

(1) Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan(2) Kawaso Texcel Co. Ltd., Kure-City, Hiroshima, Japan

Wettability of a Cu-Nanoparticle-Reinforced Solder

Matrix Paste Composite 475

M. Chen1, H. Zhao2, W. Liu3, and D. Sekulic3

(1) Handong University, Jinan, China

(2) Creative Thermal Solutions, Inc., Urbana-Champagne, IL, USA

(3) University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA

Light Metals

Investigation on Braze Joint Strength and Microstructure of

Ti-CP with Ag and Ti Base Filler Alloys 480

£ Ganjeh1, H. Khorsand1, H. Sarkhosh2, M. Ghaffari3, H. Sabet4, and E.H. Dehkord?

(1) K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

(2) Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

(3) Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey(4) Islamic Azad University - Kara] Branch, Kara], Iran

(5) University of Applied and Scientific Shahr-E-Kord, Iran

Preferred Brazing and Soldering Conditions for Copper to

Aluminum Transition Joints 487C. Darling, and S. Marek, Lucas-Milhaupt Inc., Cudahy, Wl, USA

TLP Brazing of Aluminum to Steel Using Cu,Ni and Ti Interlayer 493

W. Tillmann, A. Elrefaey, and L. Wojarski, TU Dortmund University, Germany

xiv

Development and Production of Low-Melting Al-Base Solders for JoiningHigh-Strength Al Alloys 499

B. Wielage, I. Hoyer, and S. Weis

Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany

Plenary 1 Speaker

Molten Metal Flow — In Search of Fundamental Properties 503

S. Liu and J.C. Madeni, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA

Author Index 513

XV