BRAZILBRAZIL Struggle for Unity, Economic Struggle for Unity, Economic

Modernization and Upward Modernization and Upward International Mobility: 1823 - 1964International Mobility: 1823 - 1964

Regions of Brazil Regions of Brazil

REGIONS IREGIONS I

The heartland (Southeast - 42% population, 60%GDP,

11% area)The south (15% population,

17% GDP, 7% area)The center-west ( 8% population,

6% GDP, 25% area)

Regions of Brazil Regions of Brazil

REGIONS IIREGIONS IIthe north (6% population,

3% GDP, 40% area)

the northeast (29% population, 13%

GDP 18% area)

PEOPLEPEOPLEAmerindiansPortugueseAfrican-Brazilians Japanese Other Europeans

◦ Spanish◦ Germans◦ Italians

Road to INDEPENDENCE Road to INDEPENDENCE (1808 – 1824) (1808 – 1824)

Portuguese Court taken by British fleet to Rio de Janeiro

Centralization under Joao VIEnd of the Napoleonic Wars British aid Brazilian

Independence

Empire (1824-1889) Empire (1824-1889)

◦Primacy of British Economic Influence

◦Plantation Economy Coffee Cacao Sugar

◦Issue of Slavery ◦French Orientation of Royal Court

◦Conspiracy of the Fazenderos  

FirstFirst RepublicRepublic 1889-1930 1889-1930DecentralizationThe Coffee Economy

◦ Shift to São Paulo◦ Reinvestment of profits from coffee

Dominant States◦ São Paulo◦ Minas Gerias ◦ Rio Grande do Sul

Rise of Getúlio VargasRise of Getúlio Vargas

The revolution of 1930

São Paulo revolt (1932-37)

O Estado Novo (1937-45)◦Populist◦Military support at the beginning

Brazilian Participation in World Brazilian Participation in World War II leads to downfall of VargasWar II leads to downfall of Vargas Brazilian army fights in the Italian

Theatre Initial performance discredits

Vargas with the armed forces sReturning military overthrows

VargasBeginning of alienation between

United States and the Brazilian left

Second Republic: Second Republic: Democracy Frustrated Democracy Frustrated

(1946-1964)(1946-1964)

Constitution of 1946 ◦ Modeled on U.S. constitution◦ Structure so as not to threaten the large land

owners of the Northeast Political Parties

◦ UND◦ PSD◦ PTB◦ Regional - local parties

Second Republic: Vargas Second Republic: Vargas Returns (1951-1954) Returns (1951-1954)

Vargas: “The Last Hurrah” Vargas wins as candidate of PTB

◦Military officer corps remains suspicious◦Efforts to advance social revolution

frightens the middle class◦Military exercises its “Mediating power”

Juscelino Kubitscheck Builds Juscelino Kubitscheck Builds Brasilia – 800 miles from the Brasilia – 800 miles from the

coast coast

Brasilia: Modern Latin Brasilia: Modern Latin American Capital City American Capital City

Janio QuadrosJanio QuadrosPresident: President: 31 January 1961 - 25 August

1961

Reform governor of São Paulo

First “UDN candidate” to be elected president

Resignation after less than one year i office ◦ Surprises the military◦ Frustrates UDN◦ Weakens the

democratic regime

João Goulart in power 1961-64)João Goulart in power 1961-64)

◦ Temporary switch to parliamentary system

◦ Goulart assumes full power (1962)

◦ Efforts to create a pro-Vargas majority Courting peasants in the

Northeast Strengthing labor-based

infrastructure of the PTB Courting the urban poor Anti-American

nationalism

End of the Second End of the Second RepublicRepublic

Pressures for Military Intervention ◦Conflictual social polarization ◦Middle class fears of workers◦Attempt to divide the military along

officer – enlisted lines ◦Role of the United States government

Coup of April 1, 1964Coup of April 1, 1964

Humberto Castelo Branco assumes power

Military demobilizes potential opponents◦ President Goulart

flees to Uruguay◦ Key elected officials

of PTB removed from office

Demobilization portrayed as temporary