Brain Notes

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Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity

EEG Electroencephalogram measures electrical

currents across the brain Measure brain activity

Infant scientist – Noah, age 9 mo.

Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity

CT scan Also called a CAT scan Computerized axial

tomography X-ray of brain tissue Shows brain structure

Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity

PET scan Positron Emissions

Tomography Patients drinks

radioactive glucose and image shows areas of brain activity.

Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity

MRI Magnetic Resonance

Imaging Exposes brain to

magnetic field Shows brain structure

Tools for Viewing Brain Structure and Activity

fMRI functional MRI Uses magnetic field Not harmful Shows brain structure

and activity

Make a Venn Diagram:

SHOWS STRUCTURE

SHOWS FUNCTION

Organization of the Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

Types of Neurons

Sensory Neurons – Afferent Neurons

Carry the message from the sense organs to the CNS

Interneurons Make up the CNS

Motor Neurons – Efferent Neurons

Carry the message from the CNS to the muscles or glands

Remember – SAME (sensory = afferent, motor = efferent)

The Brain

Gray matter – areas of the CNS with high concentrations of cell bodies; outer surface of cerebrum (cerebral cortex)

White matter – areas of the CNS with mostly myelinated axons; inner part of cerebrum

Glial cells – cells in the brain that nourish and protect neurons

Brain Stem

Medulla – where spinal cord meets the skull; controls heartbeat and breathing

Pons – above the medulla, this also controls involuntary functions.

Reticular formation– bundle of nerves running through the brainstem; controls arousal; filters irrelevant background information from senses; modulates pain.

Thalamus

Pair of egg-shaped organs above the brainstem; receives information from the senses (EXCEPT FOR SMELL) and relays it to the rest of the brain.

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Controls balance and coordination

In the rear of the head, behind the brainstem

Limbic System

Amygdala – two almond shaped structures; influence fear and aggression (monkeys and cats)

Hypothalamus – below the thalamus; regulates hunger, thirst, body temp, sex, fight-or-flight; triggers the pituitary (the “master gland”); reward center

Olds and Milner Video (6:02-7:54)

Hippocampus – behind the amygdala; memory

Cerebral Cortex

Controls information processing; wrinkled to increase surface area

Composed of 8 lobes (4 on each side)

Frontal Lobes

Located in the forehead regionIncludes the motor cortex (part of brain that controls voluntary movement)

Includes Broca’s area (needed for forming words; located in left hemisphere only)

Broca’s aphasiaAssociation

areas in this region – judgment, planning, processing new memories

Parietal Lobes

Located on the top and rear of head

Contains the sensory cortex (part of brain that registers and processes tactile information (phantom limb)

Contains the angular gyrus (left hemisphere only) which is involved in converting written words into sound

Occipital Lobes

Located in the back of the head

Contains the visual cortex

Temporal Lobes

Located on the sides of head, above ears

Receives and processes auditory information

Includes Wernicke’s area (left hemisphere only) - part of brain involved in understanding language

Wernicke’s aphasia

Corpus Callosum

bundle of nerves connecting the left and right hemispheres

Name that brain part