8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

1/21

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

2/21

INTRODUCTION :

A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigrationof trained and talented individuals ("human capital")to other nations or jurisdictions.

Brain drain can occur either when individuals whostudy abroad and complete their education do notreturn to their home country, or when individuals

educated in their home country emigrate for higherwages or better opportunities.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

3/21

HISTORY OF BRAIN DRAIN : Historically, the greatest brain drains have

been from rural to urban areas. In the 19thcentury and 20th century there werenotable emigrations to North America fromEurope, and in modern times, fromdeveloping nations to developed nations,

especially after colonialism. Sometimes suchdrains have occurred between developedcountries.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

4/21

MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OFBRAIN DRAIN :-

There are numerous flows of skilled and trained persons fromdeveloping to developed countries.

In these flows engineers, medical personnel and scientists

usually tend to predominate.

They are characterized by large flows from a comparativelysmall number of developed countries and by small flows from alarger number of developing countries.

The migratory trends are stimulated both by the character ofnational educational systems by lack and inadequate planningfor the training of students from developing countries, indeveloped states as well as the proper utilization of their-skills

in their home country etc.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

5/21

CONCEPT & MAGNITUDE OF BRAINDRAIN :- Migration of people as a phenomenon differs from country

to country and from time to time.

Migration of HQM from LDCs may be due to severaldifferent sets of underlying social, political and economicforces.

The phenomenon of migration of high quality manpowercan justify the use of the expression on the term braindrain.

Brain drain represents the defacto transfer of resourcesspent on imparting education and nurturing technical skills

of the drained brain in question by the parent country (DCs)to the country of the transfer.

The main crux of the matter is that emigrants as they enterdeveloped countries are often in the most productive phaseof his professional life and by the time they returns back .

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

6/21

MAJOR PROBLEMS FACED BY INDIA DUETO BRAIN DRAIN :-

A shortage of skilled and competent people in India.

A tremendous increase in wages of high-skill labors in

India.

Problems for the public sector: With the exception of ICICI, noneof the public sector finance companies have done a serious job ofrevamping their pay scales. They face two alternatives: a sharp increase inwages of high-skill labors, or bankruptcy.

Problems of governance : In government itself, low wages at seniorlevels are a serious problem. An economic advisor at the Finance Ministryearns less than Rs.20,000 a month. It is possible to have individuals take upthese roles if they are independently wealthy; altruistic; power-hungry;corrupt or incompetent. This is not a happy state of affairs etc.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

7/21

WHAT WE CAN DO ???

We need to take higher education more seriously. Theconventional wisdom states that India has an excellentsystem of higher education, and needs to do more on

elementary education. We are used to feeling proud about five good IITs. But

five good IITs do not add up to a systemof highereducation. The drop-off in quality in even the next tenuniversities is simply frightening.

Ironically, one of the biggest hurdles in obtaining asensible system of higher education is low wages inacademics.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

8/21

Indias million-strong brain drain

represents just4.3% of its vastgraduatepopulation.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

9/21

PUSH FACTORS OF BRAIN DRAIN :-

Under employment. Economic under development. Low wage/salary. political instability. Over production and under utilization or HQM. Lack of research and other facilities.

Lack of freedom. Discrimination in appointment and promotion. Poor working facilities. Lack of scientific tradition and culture. Unsuitable institution. Desire for a better urban life. Desire for higher qualification and recognition. Better career expectation. Lack of satisfactory working conditions.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

10/21

PULL FACTORS OF BRAIN DRAIN :-

Better economic prospects. Higher salary and income. Better level of living and way of life. Better research facilities. Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher

qualifications.

Prestige of foreign training. Intellectual freedom. Better working condition and better employment opportunities. Relative political stability. Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural tradition.

Attraction of urban centre. Availability of experience/supporting staff. Frequent chances of a lucky break in life. Technological gap. Allocation of substantial funds for research.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

11/21

Individual's motives and experiences

Economic and professional

a) suitable job

b) income and living standard

c) working conditions: facilities, autonomy, careerprospects, relations with superiors and with co-workers.

Personal influence

a) Spouse

b) Feelings and interests of the childrenc) Family

d) Friends

e) Colleagues at work

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

12/21

Living conditions in societya) where life is more interesting and more pleasant

b) Discrimination by the public

Political situationa) Government controls

b) Nationalist feelings of respondent

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

13/21

Brain drain vs brain gain

Brain drain :-

A brain drain or human capital flight is an emigration oftrained and talented individuals ("human capital") to othernations is called brain drain.

Brain drain can occur either when individuals who study

abroad and complete their education do not return to theirhome country, or when individuals educated in their homecountry emigrate for higher wages or better opportunities.

This phenomenon is perhaps most problematic for

developing nations, where it is widespread. In thesecountries, higher education and professional certificationare often viewed as the surest path to escape from atroubled economy or difficult political situation.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

14/21

Brain gain :-

An opposite situation, in which many trained and

talented individuals seek entrance into a country, iscalled a brain gain.

While simultaneously many qualified immigrants werecoming to home country from a number of different

nations. This phenomenon is common in developed countries

where people come from many nations for higherstudies & didn't return back.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

15/21

Globalisation and the brain drain :-The ``brain drain'' has been on our consciousness for over

30 years. India has steadily exported some of itsbrightest youngsters. From the early 1960s onwards, alarge fraction of the graduating class at the IITs has leftIndia. In earlier decades, the big decisions that individualsmade were at age 20 and at age 25. At age 20, a young

person decided whether he wanted to study abroad. Atage 25, he decided whether he wanted to return to India.Once a person spent a few years in the Indian labourmarket, with or without a foreign education, it was highly

likely that he would stay in it for life.Globalisation has reduced the differences betweencountries, so that the skills of a good doctor or a goodfutures trader or a good economist are highly portable

across the globe.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

16/21

Beginning of end of brain drain :-

For fifteen young innovators of Indian origin who were honoured withthe MIT Global Indus Technovators awards, the question of 'brain drain'has always been a seminal one.

The brain drain trend is reversing. Many colleagues have decided tostay in India and many of my students from India are planning to return.

But was the 'brain-drain' a bad thing in itself? Perhaps, researchersand entrepreneurs in India found it difficult to escape from the shacklesof poverty and anonymity, and wanted greener pastures to feed theirpassion for creativity.

As a solution to India's brain drain, the government needs to

demonstrate to researchers a sincere commitment to supportingresearch while allowing scientists to remain as independent aspossible.

There is such a wealth of talent in India that it would take long foreven a small number of successful researchers based there to attract

others and make India one of the world's leading nations for technicalinnovation.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

17/21

Current brain drain issues :-

The former Soviet Union countries and today's Russia continueto experience a brain drain in science, business, and culture, asmany of their citizens leave for the United States, Israel, Europe,Japan, China and Latin America because of dramatic politicaland economic changes.

In particular, Eastern European countries have expressedconcerns about brain drain to Ireland and the United Kingdom.

Lithuania. In Western Europe France is currently experiencing a brain

drain, with young graduates moving to Britain, USA, and Canadabecause of economic and labor regulations making it extensivelydifficult to find white-collar private jobs.

Certainly there is a brain drain occurring in the last 5 years inGermany, with 144 814 people leaving their country in 2005 dueto economic problems, the highest rate of emigration fromGermany since the end of World War II.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

18/21

Larger countries have less braindrain :-

Report shows the extent of the drain brain problem inlarger countries is much less.

On average for countries with more than 30 million people,

the brain drain is less than five percent of all collegeeducated people. The reason is that they have a largepopulation of skilled people, so that even with a large shareof skilled people in the migrant population, their share inthe skilled population is nevertheless small, Countries such

as China and India only have about three to five percent oftheir graduates living abroad. And it's a similar situation inBrazil, Indonesia and the former Soviet Union.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

19/21

Our views on brain drain :-

India can become superpower but it depends on peoplesattitudes. if this brain drain is in the form of cycle ithink there would not be any problem if they assure tocome back to their own how country. may be the talents ,

work they used in other country may saturate but theresources he has is always remains .if he could apply thework in India there will be a good future in India. so irequest as per human rights and liberty everyone has to

move as they wish but they should be think about theirhome country. so attitudes are more important ratherthan the money, pride,etc.instead of enjoying the fruitsin other country why don't he enjoy in his own land.

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

20/21

8/3/2019 brain-drain-1222281936578774-8 (1)

21/21