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R.Begg: orthodontic theory & technique 3rd edition Lawrence f. Andrews : straight wire ,the concept & appliance.Ronald .p Mclaugin, John c. Bennet ,Trivisi : systemized orthodontic treatment planning.Ronald H. Roth. The Straight-Wire Appliance. J Clin Orthod. 1987; 9:632-642.R.G. Alexander. The Vari-Simplex Discipline: Part I Concept and Appliance Design. J Clin Orthod. 1983; 6: 380-392.*

Peter C. Kesling. Expanding the horizons of the edgewise-arch wire slot.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94(1).Tanizharasi & Kumar Senthil : Evolution of orthodontic brackets ; jiads vol 1 issue 3 july sept , 2010.Peter C. Kesling: dynamics of the tip edge brackets :Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1989 :16 -25.Thomas M . Graber & brainerd f .swain : orthodontics current principles & technique , p 566-717

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History- -Pierre Fauchard -Etienne Bourdet-Schange -Fox Case and Baker -Dwinnele -AnglePin and tube appliance.Ribbon arch appliance.

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*Begg appliance.Edgewise appliance.Pre adjusted edgewise appliance-straight wire appliance.Vari simplexRoth prescriptionRefined beggVarious types of brackets

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*Etienne Bourdet (1722-1789) Fauchards follower.Described shifting of misaligned teeth into place by attaching them with threads to a splint of ivory.Advocated extraction of first bicuspids to relieve overcrowding.

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Fox and Case described the use of rubber elasticsBaker used it to provide intermaxillary force & intermaxillary anchorage in 1893.

*Elastics

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EDWARD HARTLEY ANGLE Father Of OrthodonticsAll contemporary fixed appliance are based on the Angles design from the 20th century .

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A standard appliance must have five important properties-Simple push pull and rotateStable - fixed to teeth Efficiency Newton's third law and anchorageDelicate accepted by tissuesInconspicuous-esthetically acceptable.

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Four designs- Basic E arch.Ribbed E arch.E arch without threaded ends.E arch with hooks.*

Basic E arch Ribbed E Arch*

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*Discontinued extraction of teethThis allowed the teeth of both the arches to be correctly oriented into proper occlusion without extn.Axial inclination- not corrected.

stable results.

Bands were put on all the teeth with a vertical tube into which soldered pin from the archwire was placed .

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Tubes were square in shape with square arch wires.

Ideal arches were discarded. Arches were altered as the teeth moved towards the ideal arch form

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Advantage-good axial control root movementDisadvantage -limited mesiodistal control - difficult rotation control - Incredible degree of craftsmanship - Impractical in clinical use - Poor spring qualities*

Brackets were introduced

vertically positioned rectangular slot.

A ribbon arch of 10x20 gold wire - brass pins.

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Slot were horizontal - rectangular wire inserted into it.

022 x .028

Solution to the problems caused by the previous appliance

All 3 planes of space.*

Original angle bracket was made up of a soft gold with .022 x .028 slot.

It was .050 wide and was soldered to gold band material .

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Two edgewise brackets were used on the same tooth.

This provide a good rotational control.

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This was developed by Dr R.Begg 1956

It utilizes the ribbon arch type brackets and was manufactured to accept 016 round wire .

Wire was held in position with the lock pins*

Bracket design -modified ribbon arch bracket

.020 x .045 slot

Pins were used to secure the wires

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Joining together of two edgewise brackets

Space between two brackets - 0.050

Initially for upper central incisors and molars.

Siamese Twin Bracket-Swain- was changed to -Twin Bracket.

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Four sizes-Extra wideStandardIntermediateJunior*

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Curving of the base of the twin bracket to conform to the curvature of the canine and the premolar teeth.

Besides the advantage of twin bracket offering rotational and greater axial control it also incorporated what is termed as POSITIVE CONTROL

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Next development for bringing about efficient tooth rotation.

Auxiliary ROTATION ARM that abutted against the bracket itself and thus offered a lever arm to deflect archwire and rotate the teeth.*

*Regular LewisBracketShort LongLong -wide

Advantage desired tooth rotation .

Error in bracket placement- eliminated .

Curved Lewis bracket advantage-Increase contact with band .Reduces trapping of the food.*

Andrews classified brackets into three types-

Non programmed appliance- same for all teeth,relying totally on wire bending.

2. Partly programmed appliance some in built features ,but require some wire bending.

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3. Fully programmed appliance- guide teeth directly to their positions using unbent wires.

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Design shortcomings Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem.Bracket bases are not contoured.Slots are not angulated*

4. Bracket stem are of equal faciolingual thickness.5. Maxillary molar offset is not built in.6. Bracket sitting techniques are unsatisfactory.

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Bracket base perpendicular to bracket stem. -this feature causes problems of slot inclination and occlusogingival position

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Bracket bases are not contoured.Occlosogingivally the base of a non-programmed brackets is flat . *

* Bracket bases are not contouredInclinationOccluso-gingival position

Mesio distal base contour*

*. Maxillary molar offset is not built in.

Bracket sitting techniques are unsatisfactory.

Various authors have their own way of positioning the brackets.

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Holdaway advocates that the bracket sitting should be altered according to the malocclusion.

Tweed recommends sitting brackets in specified number of millimeters from the incisal edge.

According to Jarabak bracket sites for inclination should be determined by the shape of the crown.

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Saltzman recommends except for the maxillary lateral incisor ,brackets should be located in the middle third of the crown.

Lindquist brackets according to the height of marginal ridges on posteriors.

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Andrews suitable bracket site has three criteria-

No interference with either gingiva or with opposing tooth.

Angulation and inclination - consistant relationship to the plane of each tooths occlusal surface and to the occlusal plane of the arch. .

Middle of each bracket site must share the same plane of surface when the teeth in the arch are optimally positioned.*

Partly programmed brackets- these brackets are the one which lack atleast one slot sitting feature because of which it would fail to fully direct each slot to its tooth slot site.1. Slot inclination .2. Slot angulation.3. Slot prominence.4. Horizontal base contour.*

Fully programmed appliance-

- Slot siting feature

- Convenience feature

- Auxiliary feature*

Slot siting feature-Feature 1- mid transverse planes of the slot stem and crown must be the same.*

*Feature 2-base of the bracket for each tooth type must have same inclination as the facial plane of the crown.Feature 3-each bracket inclined base must be contoured occluso gingivally.

Feature 4- mid sagittal plane of the slot stem and crown must be same.

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Feature 5 mesio distal curvature of base should match the mesio distal contour of the tooth.

Convenience feature-.The gingival tie wings of the post Brackets extend farther laterally .*

2. Base are inclined .

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*3. Facial surface of the incisor and canine brackets are designed to parallel their bases-lip comfort.

4. In mandibular brackets the tie wings are designed with least amount occlusofacial prominence

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Auxiliary feature Power arms HooksFace bow tubesUtility tubes Rotational wings*

*Inclination and angulation for 3-7

ToothII molarI MolarII PMI PMCanineMaxillary5/-9(10o offset)5/-9 (10o offset)2/-72/-711/-7Mandibular2/-352/-352/-222/-175/-11

*Inclination for central and lateral incisors-Angulation for central and lateral incisors-

ToothCentralLateralMaxillary59Mandibular22

Fully programmed translation brackets- Are used when bodily movement of the teeth is required .

They have all the qualities of the standard brackets plus few other feature .*

Counterbuccolingual tip- a slot sitting feature for maxillary molar that counteracts buccolingual tip during translation and then overcorrect.Countermesiodistal tip a slot siting feature that counteracts mesial or distal tipping during translation and then overcorrects.Counterrotation a slot siting feature that counteracts rotation during translation and then overcorrects ,*

In 1958 Reed Holdaway angulated the bracket on the tooth to bring about movement in the mesio-distal direction (angulation).

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*Ivan lee built in the torque in the bracket by cutting the slot at an angle.

Joseph R Jarabak was first to combine two features incorporating tip and torque control.

The original slot size was 0.022 because the smallest cutting tool available to Angle was in that size.The original appliance was designed for use with gold arch wires which were more flexible. With the use of steel wires in the same slot the forces became more ,so there was a need to use wires of a lesser gauge.

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If used in the larger slot these wires would have a lot of play.This problem was overcome by the transition from the .022-.018 slot.

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The most important factors in determining the design of the Vari-Simplex Discipline are the size and shape of the teeth, especially the mesiodistal width and curvature

Fully programmed translation brackets-

Are used when bodily movement of the teeth is required .Translation bracket categories Minimum translation brackets requiring a translation of 2 mm or less

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2. Medium translation brackets requiring a translation of more than 2mm but less than 4 mm3. Maximum translation brackets -requiring a translation of more than 4 mm.

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- The Straight-Wire Appliance -17 Years Later - Ronald H. Roth(1987 Sep JCO)

The inventory was too big as there were so many translation brackets and he wanted to build in features which reduce the inventory.After appliance removal ,no matter how well treated the patient may be ,the teeth will shift slightly to settle into their final positions.*

Advocated the application of counter-tip, counter-rotation, counter-torque, and leveling of the curve of Spee to the SWA in every possible direction to allow the teeth to relapse back into their final position.

Place the teeth in slightly overcorrected positions from which they would relapse back into their ideal position.*

*The amount of overcorrection will never be expressed intraorally for the following reasons-1. There is an angle of deflection between the bracket slot and the archwire.(play)

2. Force values drop so low that they are below the values needed to move the teeth, even though full bracket expression has not been obtained.3. The teeth tend to relapse.

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It is a modification of preadjusted system introduced by Viazis.

The bracket has a wide horizontal member but has a single width slot.

The bracket prescriptions were designed to overcorrect malocclusion and to make it possible to work with the largest possible wires from the start of the treatment .*

Rationale behind the bracket design is-The archwire between a narrow single bracket will have less stiffness and greater flexibility and so a larger wire can be used right from the beginning .Maximum potential of any archwire is achieved when the largest possible wire is used.*

The bracket is designed to fulfill following requirements-Conformity to the crown anatomy and gingival outline.

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Ease of use- Ease in positioning due to the bracket design. Tip can be oriented to the gingival contour.*

3. Minimum friction - Slot is elevated from the horizontal member. Area of contact bw the wire and the slot is reduced.

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4. Tip control -horizontal component has a twin bracket like effect -side elbows*

The bracket has the skeleton framework of a twin bracket The slot of the bracket that is located in the center of the framework is of a single width.

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*Rationale -Twin bracket offered better rotational control which the single bracket could not match until the rotational wings were added .-Increased inter bracket span.-Good rotational control.

developed by Akira KamedaHe took beggs weakpoints and modified it for stable and better finish

CO-AX wire is used in conjunction with main archwires, locking the two wires with Safety T pins and a single wire with 90 T pin this will prevent teeth from tipping mesiodistally, but allow teeth to tip more or less labiolingually by taking advantage of round wire.

Introduced by Schudy 1990

Design was based on computer modeling

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* Large outer slot 0.040for twin brackets and 0.030for single brackets.

Smaller inner slot-0.018/ 0.016

The larger outer slot allows maximum arch wire flexibility in the initial phases of the treatment .

The 016X022 archwire engaged in the outer slot for initial corrections will have a lot of freedom.

The smaller inner slot accepts small rectangular wires for maximum control in the later stages of the treatment .*

The design has not become very popular probably because of weakness of the bracket arising from the larger slot cut in the conventional material. *

Combination tube (TP Lab)They consist of a round gingival tube of .036 and 6.2 mm length.Rectangular .025 x .018 -5.5mm long for rectangular wire finish.

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Built in adjustments for rotations.Anti rotational brackets - .010 Ligature wire is welded- Mollenhauer*

Other attachments Hooks *

Lingual buttons eyelets.*

Additional round tubes*

*Pins used in Refined Begg

Burstones canine bracket -consists of a basic .022 x .028 edgewise slot -additional .017 x .025 vertical tube - retraction springs.

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Was designed by Broussard

Modified edgewise bracket in which there is addition of 0.0185 x 0.046 vertical slot to accept doubled 0.018 auxiliary wire.

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*Introduced by Peter Kesling-

Thesis on Analysis of Individual Tooth Movements During Begg Light Wire Treatment

Necessary for each tooth to tip freely either mesially or distally- not in both directions.

*Basic design consist of-

-diagonally opposed corners of a conventional single width edgewise slot

-slot size is .022 x.028

-lateral extensions or wings

* -vertical slot-.020 x.020

-deep grooves-.016 x .022

*Teeth allowed to tip only to the extent allowed by the play bw the wire and the bracket

*Tipping surfaces limit degree of initial crown tipping; uprighting surfaces control final tip and torque

*Molar tube are .036 round gingival tube .022 x .028 occlusal tube

*Advantage over ribbon arch-In\out.Controlled distal crown tipping.Horizontally facing slot.

Developed by Dr.Spencer R Atkinson --1928

Appliance has undergone periodic refinements without losing its essential features.*

Design- -vertical hallow shaft with two lateral welding tabs -central shaft has two slot openingsHorizontal opening labially at gingival thirdVertical opens incisally near the base and extends gingival one third of the bracket height -.*

The incisal slot can hold single round, double round, twisted bundle of round, single ribbon flat wire (.008 x.020 up to .016 x .028 wire )

Corrections of- Rotations Leveling Torque.

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Gingival slot can only hold round wire ranging from .008 - .016 Mesio distal Axial Inclinations Guide When Teeth Are Moved Bodily in M-d Direction.

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Introduced by Fogel And Magill-1976.It is a light wire system using a single or twin self locking low frictional attachments.Two parts Insert bracket Receptacle*

A horizontal slot has been incorporated in the receptacle for someone who desires to have that facility not used during regular treatment.Receptacle is placed towards the incisal edge of the band

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Insert bracket Archwire chamber Beaks Insert slotSlot apex Seatstem*

Placement of the insert bracket-Receptacle available in three sizesSmall (.150)Medium (.180)Wide (.200)

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Three vertical slots are present which accommodate insert brackets and the auxiliaries.Single slot is used in the early stages.Both mesial and distal slots are used in the finishing stages.

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Insertion of wire into the insert bracket *

Removal of archwire *Insert spreaderScaler

THANK YOU*

*First I will be talking abuot the initial development of appliances which eventually led to the development of the bracket as we know it today.*In 1728 pierre fauchard used what he called the bandlette which was made of Flat metal strips and had holes in it to allow the teeth to be ligated to the bandlette. Pierre Fauchard using the strip of metal formed into an arch.Pierced with holes for tying teeth with threads.*Schange described a clamp band with an adjustable screw the band had a lingual screw to secure the band to the tooth.*Band with a clamp to go around the surface of the tooth allow the screw to be tightened to secure the band to the tooth depending upon the dimentions of the tooth.*Tucker first described the use of elastics .It was not until angle used these intemaxillary elastics with his e arch with hooks that they were actually awcknowledged and that he he credited this development to case and baker.*Had a pushing action. The screw is opened and the force generated is used to push the teeth out . This was utilised by angle in his jackscrew .*Coming to the contributions of angle.*angle patented the jackscrew he gave the credit for the regulating screw to dwinelle 1849- did not give credit to farrar who had described a similar appliance in 1876 his rival . clamp band schange 1841. He preferred to make his appliances with german silver or nickel.*Jackscrew when reverse applied is used to retract the teeth to close the extration spaces.*The beginning of standardization and thus a relationship between the manufacturers suppliers and the orthodontist. Thus came about the angle system . *Basic e arch ends threaded and extended in an anchor tube or into clamping bands.made of very elastic round bar.earlier designs actually had the arch wire soldered to the clamp bands.banded teeth were attached to the arch with the help of a soft wire that allowed tipping or aligning.for the first time within the patent referred to the angle system.in subsequent designs the arch could be removed from the bands by unscrewing the nut the Ribbed E Arch was attachment of another wire piggy back had notches to prevent the wire from sliding.brass ligatures are used for tying the teeth to the arch.*Was used with a attached ball for a high pull head gear in the incisor area to allow for the .*Angle discarded the use of extractions as a means of gaining space once he started using intermaxilliary elastics.BAKERS ANCHORAGE actually given by calvin case and joseph fox . However the axial relationship of teeth could not be corrected and thus he realised the importance of bringing about bodily tooth movanent.*Noyes( a former student and colleague of his) commented that the pin and tube required such a high degree of skill that to obtain parallelism bw the pin and the tube it that only a few could achieve it.pins had to be removed and soldered along the arch wire at each appointment.Incredible degree of craftsmanship.Impractical in clinical use.Poor spring qualities.*Pt had to come to the clinic for adjustments every few days*The teeth were free to move along the arch wire like beads on a string.M-d control limited.Precursor for the begg technique.Not possible to provide stabilization or anchorage of posterior teeth.Closure of extn space by moving the pm bodily not possible. Did not allow to torque roots to a new position.

*M-d control *Twin bracket width increased so it could not adapt to the tooth surface of curved teeth so curving the bracket base became necessary.Positive control retains the corrections it achieves.*Short commonly used on lower anteriors and upper laterals .Long and long wide used on upper centrals. *Long span so better judgement.*

If placed would cause the inclination and the angulation of each tooth to be 90 to the occlusal plane.

*Diagram showing a standard edgewise bracket all the bends have to be placed in the wire to bring about tooth movements. The part of the bracket facing the tooth is the base and the front part part which recieves the wire is the face.**When you target FA point to base point then -this feature causes problems of slot inclination and occlusogingival position. -curvature of the crown will incorporate a torque and - occlu gingival position.

*Which positionof the base would touch the tooth when the adhesive sets. Point contact .*Can change the inclination and occlusogingival position of the tooth.*Offset and may cause rotations.*When the brackets are placed on optimally [positioned teeth the mid sagittal plane of each crown and slot coinside except molars optimally *Landmarks used for angulating the brackets*2) 3rd orderbends.*Of the crown will have the same relationship with the occlusal surface of the crown and the oclusal plane of the arch when the teeth are positioned optimally.*COMFORT TO THE ORTHODONTIST AND THE PATIENT.*16 degrees of seperation between the facc and the long axis.