br for dummies

7/27/2019 BR for Dummies

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/br-for-dummies 1/16

Theory

1) One sample test

used when one organization or one sector.It is used to test average value. Mu=3

To frame hypo, Descriptive stats table check mean(average) value. Whatever values less

than 3 take ;

H0 : mu <=3 [to interpret, for this particular parameter the average response of respondents

is negative] alpha one sided 0.05

2) Independent sample:

The data is of one organization, for single parameter. Data will be same Eg:

gender(male/female) (Delhi/Mumbai). Used for comparative study.(variance alpla 2 sided=

0.025) ( t test one sided)

H0: mu(male)=mu(female) [there is no difference in perception of respondents]

3) Paired sample t test:

Same objective. Respondents are giving response 2 times.

Product before use and after use

H0= taste in ghatkop outlet = taste in andheri

F test are used to check the variance. F test is always 2 sided hypothesis



PERCEPTION

One Sample Test

Analyse> compare means> one sample t test> take all 6 params>>Test value =3

One-Sample Statistics

N Mean Std.

Deviation

Std. Error

Mean

What are your views

about plastic bags

since the ban [Plastic

Bag is must when

buying

groceries/vegetables ]

44 2.7955 1.37383 .20711

[Plastic Bag is harmful

for environment]44 1.4091 .87120 .13134

[I do not wish to quit

using Plastic Bags] 44 3.5000 1.15134 .17357

[I try to avoid Plastic

Bags as much as I can]44 2.7727 1.13841 .17162

[Plastic Bag Ban is not

enforced properly]44 1.7955 .92960 .14014

[Paper Bag is not a

useful substitute for

plastic bag ]

44 3.1591 1.32846 .20027



One-Sample Test

Test Value = 3

T df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean

Difference

95% Confidence Interval of

the Difference

Lower Upper

What are your views about

plastic bags since the ban

[Plastic Bag is must when

buying

groceries/vegetables ]

-.988 43 .329 -.20455 -.6222 .2131

[Plastic Bag is harmful for

environment]-12.113 43 .000 -1.59091 -1.8558 -1.3260

[I do not wish to quit using

Plastic Bags]2.881 43 .006 .50000 .1500 .8500

[I try to avoid Plastic Bags

as much as I can]-1.324 43 .192 -.22727 -.5734 .1188

[Plastic Bag Ban is not

enforced properly]-8.595 43 .000 -1.20455 -1.4872 -.9219

[Paper Bag is not a useful

substitute for plastic bag ].794 43 .431 .15909 -.2448 .5630

Alpha = 0.05

Parameter Hypothesis Significance (p value) Comparision Decision

1 H0 – mean >= 3

H1 – mean < 3

0.329 P > 0.05 AcceptH0

2 H0 – mean >= 3

H1 – mean < 3

0.000 P < 0.05 RejectH0

3 H0 – mean <= 3

H1 – mean > 3

0.006 P < 0.05 RejectH0

4 H0 – mean >= 3

H1 –

mean < 3

0.192 P > 0.05 AcceptH0

5 H0 – mean >= 3

H1 – mean < 3

0.000 P < 0.05 RejectH0

6 H0 – mean <= 3

H1 – mean > 3

0.431 P > 0.05 AcceptH0

We Have taken test value is 3 as we are working on a 5 point scale in case of a 7 point scale

we will take a test value of 4

Whatever we want to prove we take that as our Alternate Hypothesis and the opposite willbe Null Hypothesis



For 1st

question Mean is less than 3 and hence H1 is U(Mean)<3 and hence H0 is

U(Mean)>=3

But for 3rd

question Mean is greater than 3 and hence H1 is U(Mean)>3 and hence H0 is

U(Mean)<=3

Interpretation

Interpret only those statements that are on the positive side that is Strongly Agree side Do

not interpret statements that are on the negative side.

That the consumers are in favourable agreement that plastic bags are harmful for

environment, ban is not enforced properly and paper bags are not useful substitute of

plastic bags, the results are found to be statistically significant.

Independent Sample Test

Two Independent Sample Test

Step 1 – F Test

Is used when there are two parameters to be compared – Test applicable on interval and

Ratio Scale

For example all parameters with gender

Analyze>>> Compare>>>> Independent Sample Test>>>> Select all questions and only

gender in Grouping Variable parameter (all except Age) Define Groups Male -1 Female -2

F-Test

Levene's Test for

Equality of

Variances t-test for Equalit

F Sig. t Df

Sig. (2-

tailed)

Mea

Differe

e

Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper

What are your views

about plastic bagssince the ban [Plastic

Equal

variancesassumed 5.327 .026 .800 42 .428 .364



Bag is must when

buying

groceries/vegetables

]

Equal

variances not

assumed.922 31.787 .364 .364

[Plastic Bag is

harmful for

environment]

Equal

variances

assumed

.331 .568 .119 42 .906 .034

Equal

variances not

assumed

.139 32.888 .890 .034


using Plastic Bags]

Equal

variances

assumed

.192 .663 -1.302 42 .200 -.491

Equal

variances not

assumed

-1.352 24.628 .189 -.491


Bags as much as I

can]

Equal

variances

assumed

3.195 .081 .589 42 .559 .223

Equal

variances not

assumed

.680 31.926 .501 .223

[Plastic Bag Ban is

not enforced

properly]

Equal

variances

assumed

.123 .727 .829 42 .412 .255

Equalvariances not

assumed

.863 24.733 .397 .255

[Paper Bag is not a


plastic bag ]

Equal

variances

assumed

.841 .364 1.012 42 .317 .444

Equal

variances not

assumed

1.033 23.663 .312 .444

Alpha = 0.025

No. Hypo Variance Significance Decision Interpretation

1 H0 –SD2

m = SD2

f

H1 – SD2

m not= SD2

f

0.026 P > 0.025

Accept

It means variances are

equal

2 H0 – SD2

m = SD2

f

H1 – SD2

m not= SD2

f

0.568 P > 0.025

Accept


equal

3 H0 – SD2

m = SD2

f

H1 – SD2

m not= SD2

f

0.663 P > 0.025

Accept


equal

4 H0 –

SD

2

m = SD

2

f H1 – SD

2m not= SD

2f

0.081 P > 0.025Accept

It means variances areequal



5 H0 – SD2

m = SD2

f

H1 – SD2

m not= SD2

f

0.727 P > 0.025

Accept


equal

6 H0 – SD2

m = SD2

f

H1 – SD2

m not= SD2

f

0.364 P > 0.025

Accept


equal

Table for F-Test to check equality of Variances. As this is two tailed the alpha value is 0.025

(equal to & not equal to Hypothesis). Decide whether P> or < than Alpha to choose exactly

one value from the Sig 2-tailed Column as we have two values over there. We need to

decide which value to use and hence we perform the F Test from the column below

Step 2 – T Test

We decide Hypothesis on the basis of Group Statistics table. Compare Mean values and see

whether Mean of male is greater than Mean of Female. If UMale> U Female in the table

then take that as Alternate Hypothesis and the opposite as Null Hypothesis

The Significance Value will be of the equal Variances from the Independent Samples Test

table

In this case for Decision Colum we compare P Value and Alpha Value where Alpha Value is

0.05 as this is One tailed Test (Greater than Less than Hypothesis)

Group Statistics

Gende

r N Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std.

Error

Mean

What are your views

about plastic bags

since the ban [Plastic

Bag is must when

buying

groceries/vegetables

]

Male31 2.9032 1.49119 .26783

Female

13 2.5385 1.05003 .29123

[Plastic Bag is

harmful for

environment]

Male 31 1.4194 .95827 .17211

Female13 1.3846 .65044 .18040


using Plastic Bags]

Male 31 3.3548 1.17042 .21021

Female 13 3.8462 1.06819 .29626


Bags as much as I

can]

Male 31 2.8387 1.24088 .22287

Female13 2.6154 .86972 .24122

[Plastic Bag Ban is

not enforced

Male 31 1.8710 .95715 .17191

Female 13 1.6154 .86972 .24122



properly]

[Paper Bag is not a


plastic bag ]

Male 31 3.2903 1.34644 .24183

Female13 2.8462 1.28103 .35529

Alpha = 0.05

No. Hypo Mean Significance Decision Interpretation

1 H0 – Um<= Uf

H1 – Um> Uf

0.428 P > 0.05

Accept

The perception of the male consumers

for the 1st

parameter i.e. plastic bag is a

must, is less than perception of female

consumers.

2 H0 – Um<= Uf

H1 – Um> Uf

0.906 P > 0.05

Accept


for the 2nd

parameter i.e. plastic bag is

harmful, is less than perception of female consumers.

3 H0 – Um>= Uf

H1 – Um< Uf

0.200 P > 0.05

Accept


for the 3rd

parameter i.e. I do wish to

quit plastic bag, is more than perception

of female consumers.

4 H0 – Um<= Uf

H1 – Um> Uf

0.589 P > 0.05

Accept


for the 4th

parameter i.e. I try to avoid

plastic bag, is less than perception of

female consumers.

5 H0 –

Um<= Uf H1 – Um> Uf

0.412 P > 0.05Accept

The perception of the male consumersfor the 5

thparameter i.e. plastic bag ban

is not enforced properly, is less than

perception of female consumers.

6 H0 – Um<= Uf

H1 – Um> Uf

0.317 P > 0.05

Accept


for the 6th

parameter i.e. paper bag is

not a substitute of plastic bag, is less

than perception of female consumers.



COMPARATIVE PERCEPTION

Taste:

Check mean>> frame hypothesis

H1: Average of dhaba is > average of mess in terms of taste

H0: opposite of H1

This is one sided, so value of alpha is 0.05. One sided cos >, < signs are used.

H0 – U (D Taste) <= U (M Taste)

H1 –

U (D Taste) > U (M Taste)

Alpha is 0.05 because test is one sided hypothesis since we have ><

P < Alpha, which means we reject H0 and Accept H1

So we conclude that average satisfaction rating of dhaba is more than Mess with respect to taste.

Mean N Std. DeviationStd. Error

Mean

Pair 1 Rating of mess on taste 2.27 45 1.116 .166

Rating of dhaba on taste 3.93 45 .889 .133

Pair 2 Rating of mess on menu 2.31 45 1.164 .174

Rating of dhaba on menu 3.73 45 .939 .140

Pair 3 Rating of mess on cost 3.20 45 1.036 .154

Rating of dhaba on cost 3.13 45 .968 .144

Pair 4 Rating of mess on qualityof ingredients 2.69 45 .821 .122

Rating of dhaba on qualityof ingredients 2.69 45 .763 .114

Pair 5 Rating of mess on hygiene2.89 45 .959 .143

Rating of dhaba on

hygiene 2.09 45 .793 .118Pair 6 Rating of mess on service

quality 3.11 45 .959 .143

Rating of dhaba on servicequality 2.98 45 .839 .125

Pair 7 Rating of mess onambience 3.18 45 .936 .140

Rating of dhaba onambience 2.62 45 .960 .143

Pair 8 Rating of mess on nutrition2.96 45 .976 .145

Rating of dhaba on

nutrition 2.49 45 .815 .122



Pair 9 Rating of mess on timings3.38 45 1.193 .178

Rating of dhaba on timings3.73 45 1.116 .166

Pair 10

Rating of mess on totaltime taken 3.80 45 .842 .126

Rating of dhaba on totaltime taken 3.11 45 .982 .146

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std.Error

Mean

95% ConfidenceInterval of the

Difference Mean

Std.

Deviation

Std.Error

Mean

Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper

Pair 1

Rating of mess ontaste - Rating of dhaba on taste

-1.667

1.552 .231 -2.133 -1.200-

7.20344 .000

Pair 2

Rating of mess onmenu - Rating of dhaba on menu

-1.422

1.712 .255 -1.937 -.908-

5.57244 .000

Pair 3

Rating of mess oncost - Rating of dhaba on cost

.067 1.629 .243 -.423 .556 .274 44 .785

Pair 4

Rating of mess onquality of ingredients

- Rating of dhaba onquality of ingredients

.000 1.066 .159 -.320 .320 .000 44 1.000

Pair 5

Rating of mess onhygiene - Rating of dhaba on hygiene

.800 1.100 .164 .470 1.130 4.881 44 .000

Pair 6

Rating of mess onservice quality -Rating of dhaba onservice quality

.133 1.307 .195 -.259 .526 .684 44 .497

Pair 7

Rating of mess onambience - Rating of dhaba on ambience

.556 1.099 .164 .225 .886 3.392 44 .001

Pair 8 Rating of mess onnutrition - Rating of dhaba on nutrition

.467 1.307 .195 .074 .859 2.395 44 .021

Pair 9

Rating of mess ontimings - Rating of dhaba on timings

-.356 1.824 .272 -.903 .192-

1.30844 .198

Pair 10

Rating of mess ontotal time taken -Rating of dhaba ontotal time taken

.689 1.411 .210 .265 1.113 3.274 44 .002



Other Parameters:

Alpha is 0.05

No. Parameter HYPOTHESIS P

Value

Decision Interpretation

2 Menu H0 – U (d) <= U (m)

H1 – U (d) > U (m)

0.000 Reject H0 Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba

is greater than mess

3 Cost H0 – U (d) >= U (m)

H1 – U (d) < U (m)

0.785 Accept H0 Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba

is greater than equal to mess

4 Quality H0 – U (d) = U (m)

H1 – U (d) not= U (m)

1 Accept H0 Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba

is equal to mess

5 Hygiene H0 – U (d) >= U (m)

H1 – U (d) < U (m)


is less than mess

6 Service H0 –

U (d) >= U (m)H1 – U (d) < U (m)

0.497 Accept H0 Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhabais less than mess

7 Ambience H0 – U (d) >= U (m)

H1 – U (d) < U (m)


is less than mess

8 Nutrition H0 – U (d) >= U (m)

H1 – U (d) < U (m)


is less than mess

9 Timings H0 – U (d) <= U (m)

H1 – U (d) > U (m)

0.198 Accept H0 Avg. Satisfaction Rating for dhaba

is less than equal to mess

10 Total Time H0 – U (d) >= U (m)

H1 – U (d) < U (m)


is less than mess

Mean are equal so for quality alpha = .025



ANOVA

Example 1

H0 – there is no significant difference in the content of all diet foods.

Ua = Ub = Uc = Ud

H1 – there is no significant difference in the content of all diet foods.

Ua =/ Ub =/ Uc =/ Ud

ANOVA

cc

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups .540 3 .180 2.250 .160

Within Groups .640 8 .080

Total 1.180 11

P = 0.160 > alpha (0.025)

So we accept H0, hence the average contents of all the diet foods are equal.

Example 2

H0 = There is no significant difference in the type writers with respect their speed.

U1 = U2 = U3

H1 = There is significant difference in the type writers with respect their speed.

U1 =/ U2 =/ U3

ANOVA

NO. OF WORDS PER MINUTE


Between Groups 83.250 2 41.625 3.507 .049

Within Groups 249.250 21 11.869

Total 332.500 23

P (0.049) > alpha (0.025)



So H0 is accepted, hence the speed of all 3 typewriters is same.

Example 3 – Paid Kids Care Unit

H0 = The interest in kids care facility is independent of their desire to pay the amount of charges on

hourly basis.

H1 = The interest in kids care facility is dependent of their desire to pay the amount of charges on

hourly basis.

ANOVA

Interest in facility


Between Groups 5.503 2 2.752 2.381 .112

Within Groups 31.197 27 1.155

Total 36.700 29

P (0.112) > Alpha (0.025)

So we accept H0, which means that the interest in kids care facility is independent of the desire to

pay the amount of charges on hourly basis.

H0 = Education is independent of the desire to avail the kids care facility.

H1 = Education is dependent of the desire to avail the kids care facility.

ANOVA

Interest in facility


Between Groups 8.097 2 4.049 3.822 .035

Within Groups 28.603 27 1.059

Total 36.700 29

P (0.35) > Alpha (0.025)

So we accept H0, hence education is independent.

Note: If education was depended and H1 was accepted and H0 rejected further to check

which education branch is depended on kids care facility we will apply T –Test for 2

independent samples.



X3 ( 1 and 2)

H0 = U (undergraduate) = U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is same for respondents having

education less than graduate and graduate.

H1 = U (undergraduate) =/ U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is not same for respondents having

education less than graduate and graduate.

Independent Samples Test

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means

F Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed)

MeanDifferenc

e

Std. Error Differenc

e


Difference

Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower Upper Lower

Interest infacility

Equalvariancesassumed

.638 .437 .231 15 .821 .167 .723 -1.374 1.708

Equalvariances notassumed

.298 1.565 .801 .167 .560 -3.012 3.346

H0 = variances are equal.

H1 = Variances are not equal.

P (0.437) > Alpha (0.025)

Hence H0 accepted, variances are assumed to be equal, for T sig. value for equal variances.

T (0.821) > Alpha (0.025)

Interest in the facility is the same for graduate and less than graduate.

X3 ( 2 and 3)

H0 = U (postgraduate) = U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is same for respondents having

education more than graduate and graduate.

H1 = U (postgraduate) =/ U (graduate) / Interest in the facility is not same for respondents having

education more than graduate and graduate.




MeanDifference

Std. Error Difference


Difference




nterest inacility


.569 .457 2.603 26 .015 1.026 .394 .216 1.835


2.579 24.173 .016 1.026 .398 .205 1.846



P (0.457) > Alpha (0.025)

H0 is accepted, hence variances are equal.

T (0.015) < Alpha (0.025)

Hence, Interest in the facility is not same for respondents having education more than graduate and

graduate.

X3 ( 1 and 3)

H0 = U (postgraduate) = U (undergraduate) / Interest in the facility is same for respondents having

education less than graduate and post graduate.

H1 = U (postgraduate) =/ U (undergraduate) / Interest in the facility is not same for respondents

having education less than graduate and post graduate.




MeanDifference



Difference


nterest inacility


1.443 .251 1.448 13 .171 1.192 .823 -.586 2.971


2.031 1.878 .188 1.192 .587 -1.497 3.882



P (0.251) > Alpha (0.025)

H0 is accepted, hence variances are equal.

T (0.171) < Alpha (0.025)



nterest inacility


2.183 .151 -.261 28 .796 -.111 .426 -.984 .762


-.270 26.217 .790 -.111 .412 -.958 .736



P (0.151) > Alpha (0.025)

H0 is accepted.

T (0.796) > Alpha (0.025)

We accept H0, which means, interest in availing the facility is independent of working.

X6

H0 = interest in availing the facility is independent of family they belong to.

H1 = interest in availing the facility is dependent of family they belong to.


Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t-test for Equality of Means


MeanDifference



Difference


nterest inacility


4.041 .054 -.514 28 .611 -.214 .417 -1.069 .640


-.527 26.470 .602 -.214 .406 -1.049 .621



P (0.054) > Alpha (0.025)

H0 is accepted.

T (0.611) > Alpha (0.025)

We accept H0, interest in availing the facility is independent of family they belong to.

br for dummies

Documents