bp 28 safe slinging

7/28/2019 Bp 28 Safe Slinging

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ICHCAInternational Ltd

INTERNATIONAL SAFETY PANEL

SAFETY BRIEFING PAMPHLET SERIES #28

SafeSlinging

BY TOM SIMS

ICHCA INTERNATIONAL PREMIUM MEMBERS:


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ICHCA International Safety Panel Briefing Pamphlet #28 Safe Slinging

ICHCA INTERNATIONAL LIMITED is an independent, non-political internationalmembership organisation and is dedicated to the promotion of safety and efficiency in thehandling and movement of goods by all modes and during all phases of both the nationaland international supply chains. Originally established in 1952 and incorporated in 2002, itoperates through a series of Local, National and Regional Chapters, Panels, WorkingGroups and Correspondence Groups and represents the cargo handling world at variousinternational organisations, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO), UnitedNations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), International Labour Organization (ILO) and the International Standards Organization (ISO).

Its members included ports, terminals, transport companies and other groups associatedwith cargo handling and coordination. Members of ICHCA International Panels represent asubstantial cross-section of senior experts and professionals from all sectors of the cargotransport industry globally. Members benefit from consulting services and informativepublications dealing with technical matters, best practice advice and cargo handling news.

For more information on ICHCA International and its services please visit/contact

ICHCA International Limited Tel: +44 (0) 1708 735295Suite 2, 85 Western Road, Fax: +44 (0) 1708 735225Romford, Essex, RM1 3LS Email: [email protected]. United Kingdom Website: www.ichca.com .

ICHCA International Limited
http://www.ichca.com/http://www.ichca.com/


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The International Safety Panel Briefing Pamphlet series consists of the following pamphlets:

No. 1 International Labour Office (ILO) Convention No. 152 Occupational Safety andHealth in Dockwork ( revised)

No. 2 Ships Lifting Plant ( revised)No. 3 The International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) Code ( revised) )No. 4 Classification Societies ( revised )No. 5 Container Terminal Safety (under revision)No. 6 Guidance on the Preparation of Emergency Plans ( revised)No. 7 Safe Cleaning of Freight Containers (revised)No. 8 Safe Working on Container ShipsNo. 9 Safe Use of Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBCs) (revised )No. 10 Safe Working at Ro-Ro TerminalsNo. 11 The International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC) ( under revision)No. 12 Safety Audit System for PortsNo. 13 The Loading and Unloading of Solid Bulk Cargoes ( under revision)No. 14 The Role of the Independent Marine Surveyor in Assisting Claims HandlingNo. 15 Substance AbuseNo. 16 Safe Use of Textile SlingsNo. 17 Shore Ramps and Walkways ( under revision)No. 18 Port State ControlNo. 19 Safe Handling of Interlocked Flats (under revision)No. 20 Unseen Dangers in ContainersNo. 21 Stow it rightNo. 22 Suspension TraumaNo. 23 The Safe Handling of Forest ProductsNo. 24 Safe use of Road Vehicle Twistlocks

No. 25 An Illustrated Guide to Container Type and Size Codes No. 26 The Safe Handling of Dangerous Bulk Liquids and Gases at the Ship/ShoreInterface

No. 27 Safe Working with PalletsNo. 29 Safe Handling of Logs from Water in BCNo. 30 Safe Handling of Tank Containers ( joint publication with ITCO)

The International Safety Panel Research Paper series consists of the following researchpapers:

No. 1 Semi-Automatic Twistlocks

No. 2 Fumes in Ships Holds ( revised)No. 3 Health & Safety Assessments in Ports ( revised)No. 4 Container Top Safety, Lashing and Other Related Matters (under revision)No. 5 Port & Terminal Accident Statistics ( revised)No. 6 Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials in Ports and Harbour Areas ( revised))No. 7 Ship Design Considerations for Stevedore Safety ( revised)No. 8 Safe Walkways in Port & Terminal AreasNo. 9 Personal Protective Equipment & ClothingNo. 10 Back PainNo. 11 Lifting Persons at Work for Cargo Handling Purposes in the Port IndustryNo. 12 Whole Body VibrationNo. 13 Lifting of Containers by Rubber Tyred Gantry CranesNo. 14 Lashing of Deck Containers



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ICHCA International Limited - INTERNATIONAL SAFETY PANEL

The International Safety Panel is composed of safety and training o fficers and directors,transport c onsul tants, representatives from leading safety and training organisations,enforcement agencies, trade unions , insurance interests, institut ions and leading author itieson the subject area from around t he world.Mike Compton (Chairman), Circlechief AP , UKJohn Alexander, UKMeir Amar, Port of Ashdod, ISRAELPaul Auston, Checkmate UK Limited , UKDavid Avery, Firefly Limited , UKPeter Bamford , CANADAChristian Blauert, HHLA, GERMANYJan Boermans, DP World , THE NETHERLANDSMike Bohlman, Horizon Lines, USA (Deputy Chairman)

Roy Boneham, UKBill Brassington, UKJim Chubb, BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd (incorporating BMT Murray Fenton Limited )UKGary Danback, IICL, USARob Dieda, SSA, USATrevor Dixon, WNTI, UKSteve Durham, Trinity House, UKPatricia Esquival, OPCSA, SPAINMargaret Fitzgerald, IRELANDPamela Fry, DP World, CANADA

Kirsty Goodwin, SAMSA, SOUTH AFRICAFabian Guerra, Fabian Guerra Associates , EQUADORHarri Halme, Min. of Social Affairs & Health, Dept for Occupational Health & Safety ,FINLANDGeoff Holden, LEEA, UKLaurence Jones, TT Club, UKPeter van der Kluit, THE NETHERLANDSFer van de Laar, IAPH , THE NETHERLANDSLarry Liberatore, OSHA, USACatherine Linley, AUSTRALIAShimon Lior, Israel Ports, Development and Assets , ISRAELRichard Marks, Royal Haskoning, UKJoachim Meifort, Hamburger Hafen-u Lagerhaus A-G , GERMANYMarios Meletiou, ILO, SWITZERLANDJohn Miller, Mersey Docks & Harbour Company , UK

Al le Monnier, ILWU, CANADAGreg Murphy, Patrick Stevedoring. AUSTRALIAPedro J. Roman Nunez, Puertos del Estado , SPAINNic Paines, Gordon, Giles & Coy Ltd , UKMick Payze, AUSTRALIAIrfan Rahim, IMO, UKRisto Repo, Accident Investigation Bureau of Finland , FINLANDPierre-Yves Reynaud, Port of Le Havre, FRANCE



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Raymond van Rooyan, SAPO, SOUTH AFRICARon Signorino, The Blueoceana Company, Inc ., USATom Sims, UKMatt Smurr, Maersk Inc, USA

Armin Steinhoff, Behrde fr Arbeit, Hamburg , GERMANYPeregrine Storrs-Fox, TT Club, UKBala Subramaniam, INDIAMark Sultana, Malta Freeport Terminals Ltd, MALTAMarkus Theuerholz, German Lashing. GERMANYHubert Vanleenhove, BELGIUMRachael White, PEMA, UKEvert Wijdeveld, Environmental & Safety Affairs, Deltalinqs , THE NETHERLANDS (DeputyChairman)Bill Williams, Maersk Inc. USADave Wilson, Hutchison Ports (UK) Limited , UK

Beat Zwygart, LASSTEC, FRANCE

OBSERVERS: Capt. Jim McNamara, National Cargo Bureau, Inc ., USACharles Visconti, International Cargo Gear Bureau, Inc ., USA

CORRESPONDING/ASSOCIATED MEMBERS:Paul Ho, HIT, HONG KONGRichard Day, Transport Canada , CANADASamuel Ng, Maritime Department, HONG KONG

The above lists those persons who were members of the Panel when the pamphlet waspublished. However, membership does change and a list of current members can alwaysbe obtained from the ICHCA International Secretariat.



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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Tom Sims

Master mariner Marine Consultant

Served at sea for 11 years with Prince Line on world wide general cargo trades starting as an Apprentice in 1949 and going through to Chief Officer.

Came ashore and joined the London stevedoring company of Smith Coggins as Superintendenthandling break bulk cargoes, small parcels of editable oils, Ro-Ro and container services. Latterly incharge of all lifting and mechanical equipment for the Group in London and Tilbury.

Became Stevedoring Equipment Co-ordinator for Coubro & Scrutton, designers, manufacturers and

suppliers of all types of lifting equipment, container securing equipment, container lifting frames andadvice & methodology on all lifting systems.

Qualified by the Lifting Equipment Engineers Association in General Lifting Gear and Ships CargoGear.

Consultant advising on Marine Lifting and Securing Equipment , lecturing on Ships Derricks, Marineand Industrial Slinging, edited chapters 4&5 of ILO Code of Practice Health and Safety in Ports2005.



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CONTENTS PAGE

1. Introduction 1

2. Regulations. 1

3. Slinging Materials. 2

Chains Slings. 2

Fibre Slings. 3

Wire Rope Slings. 4

Pre-slung Cargo 5.

4. Slinging Equipment. 5

Shackles. 5

Eyebolts. 6

Hooks. 7

Spreaders and Lifting Beams. 9

5. The Principles of Slinging. 11

Safe Slinging 11

Sling Angles. 11

Mode Factors 12

Centre of Gravity 12

6. Slinging Examples. 13

Bibliography 17

ISBN: 978-1- 85330-012-7First published: May 2009



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or weaknesses and to assess their importance in relation to the safety and continued use of the loose gear.

3. Slinging Materials

3.1. Where steel is used for a component of loose gear it should be marked in accordance with the

following table:

Quality Grade Mark Grade of steel Mean Stress (N/mm)

M (Grade 4) Higher Tensile 400

S (Grade 6) Alloy 600

T (Grade 8) Alloy 800

(Grade 100) Alloy 1000

3.2 Chain slings are usually made from Grade M, S, T or Grade 100 steel

3.2.1 Grade M and S slings usually have welded component connections

3.2.2 Grade T and 100 slings usually have mechanical component connections

3.2.2.1 Grade T chains can be susceptible to HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT, where acid and/or sulphur is present in the atmosphere, as a critical loss strength may occur

3.2.3 Chain slings can be terminated with rings, hooks or shackles and fitted with shorteningclutches

3.2.4 The factor of safety applicable to chain slings is usually 4:1

3.2.5 In-service Inspection

chain slings should be discarded if any of the following is found:

wear (8% in links, rings or connectors),

distortion,

cracking,

discolouration due to heat or other damage to any part of the sling;

Illegible markings.

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.

3.3. Fibre rope slings are manufactured usually from polyester but may be of polyamide (nylon),polypropylene or natural fibre.

3.4 Flat webbing slings manufactured from polyester are 50mm to 300mm wide with flat eyeswhich may be reduced in width by folding.

3.4.1 The eyes may have a protective sleeve fitted.

3.4.2 The slings can be colour coded for SWL.

3.4.3 They can be manufactured double thickness and endless.

3.4.4 The factor of safety applicable to flat webbing slings is a minimum of 5:1.

3.5 Three-strand fibre rope slings are manufactured from natural or synthetic fibres with a splicedeye at each end.

3.5.1. For natural fibre ropes the minimum number of tucks against the lay should be 3.

3.5.2. For synthetic ropes the minimum number of tucks against the lay should be 4.

3.5.3. The factor of safety applicable to three strand fibre rope slings is usually 8:1 but with aminimum of 6:1.

3.6 In-service inspection

3.6.1 Flat Webbing Slings should be discarded if any of the following is found:

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Damaged, chaffed, cut webbing or loose stitching;

Heat Damage (including friction);

Chemical damage;

Solar degradation;

Illegible markings

3.6.2 Three Strand Fibre Rope slings should be discarded if any of the following are found:

Chaffed rope

Damaged or incorrect splices;

Heat damage;

Chemical damage;

Solar degradation

Illegible markings.

3.7 Wire Rope Slings.

3.7.1 Wire rope slings are manufactured from Grade 180 wire with a tensile strength of 1770 N/mm.

3.7.2 Wire rope slings are constructed from 6X19 or 6X36 or 8X36 wire rope with either fibre or wire

core.

3.7.3 Wire rope slings are usually terminated with soft eyes each end made with compressed metalferrules or hand splices.

3.7.4 They may be made endless.

3.7.5 All hand splices must be made with all tucks against the lay.

3.7.6 Wire rope slings can be terminated with hooks, rings or shackles.

3.7.7 When either alloy metal ferrules or fibre core rope is used the temperature shouldnot exceed 100C.

3.7.8 The factor of safety applicable to wire rope slings is 5:1.

3.7.9 In-service inspection

wire rope slings should be discarded if any of the following is found:

5% of outer wires are broken in a length of 10 diameters;

Broken wires are closely grouped or are adjacent to a termination;

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There is movement in terminations;

Illegible markings.

3.7.10 Bolted Clamps (bulldog grips) should not normally be used for lifting as they require frequentadjustment with a torque wrench which is difficult outside workshop conditions.

3.8 Pre-slung Slings should always have a certificate before being taken into use onboard ship(either individual or batch).

3.8.1 If reusable should have a certificate of thorough examination in the previous 12Months

3.8.2 If one trip should be destroyed after use.

3.8.3 A careful inspection should be carried out before and during the discharge to make sure nochafing has taken place during the voyage.

3.8.4 The factor of safety applicable to pre-slung slings is a minimum of 5:1;

4. Slinging Equipment.

4.1 All these items are manufactured from Grade M, S, T, 100 steel or Mild Steel.

4.2 Shackles.

4.2.1 Shackles are manufactured from grade M and grade T material.

4.2.2 Shackles manufactured as a DEE are to be used for straight pull use.

4.2.3 Shackles manufactured as a BOW are to be used for angled lifting with two slings in bow

4.2.4 Shackles are usually manufactured with a screw collar pin but may have nut and bolt pin for use in permanent positions.

4.2.4.1 The pin is always a larger diameter in Lifting Shackles than the body.

4.2.5 Size for size Grade T shackles are twice as strong as grade M shackles.

4.2.6 Great care must be exercised in the selection of shackles to ensure thatmatching S.W.Ls are found.

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Shackle Comparison ChartSize Grade M (HT) Grade T (Alloy)

13mm. (1/2) 1t. 2t.

25mm. (1) 4.5t. 8.5t

50mm. (2) 19t. 35t


Shackles should be discarded if any of the following is found:

Wear (8% in crown or pin),

distorted, bent or corroded body or pin,

Damaged threads,

Incorrect pin,

Illegible markings.

4.3. Eyebolts are usually manufactured with grade M steel but may be grade T.

4.3.1 Dynamo eyebolts should only be used for vertical lifting.

4.3.2 Collar may be used for slight angled lifting.

4.3.3 Eyebolts with links should be used for angled lifting.

Dynamo Collar With Link

Load that can be lifted by two 1t. eyebolts at various sling angles from the vertical.

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Vertical >0 15 >16 30 >31 45 ___ TYPE SWL COLLAR 2t. 1.3t. 0.8t. 0.5t.

LINK 2t. 2.0t. 1.6t. 1.25t.

________________________________________________________________________________

4.3.4 In-service inspection

Eyebolts should be discarded if any of the following is found;

Wear 8% in eye,

Damaged threads,

Distortion, corrosion or cracks,

Illegible markings.

4.4 Hooks

4.4.1 Hooks are manufactured from grade S, T and 100 steel and always dropforge

4.4.2 The hooks shown above are designed to have a means of preventing the sling from becoming

inadvertently displaced.

4.4.3.1 This does not mean that they all must have a safety catch.7



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4.4.6 A hook can be moused as a temporary measure where there is a missing safety catch.


Hooks should be discarded if any of the following is found:

Wear (8% in eye or bow of hook or 10% in opening of Jaw),

Distorted, bent or corroded body,

Missing safety catch,

Illegible markings.

4.5 Spreaders and Lifting Beams.

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4.5.1 Spreaders and lifting beams are usually manufactured from mild steel with wire rope and chainattachments.

4.5.2 Lifting beams have the load passing through the structure of the beam.

4.5.3 Spreaders have the load passing through the structure on wire, chain or webbing.

4.5.4 All structures are subject to design calculations although they are not necessarily built tospecific or published standards.

4.5.5 All loose equipment, being part of a lifting beam or spreader, should be stored with thebeam and not used for other purposes.

4.5.6 The tare weight should be marked if it is a significant part of the load.


Spreaders and lifting beams should be discarded if any of the following is found:

A beam is distorted or corroded,

The soundness of welds is questionable,

Bolts insecure or locking devices not in place,

Attachment points and eyes worn,

Illegible markings,

The full use of lifting beams and spreaders.10



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5. The Principles of Slinging.

5.1. The fundamental principle of slinging must be to ensure that the load is safe and whenslung, is as secure in the air as it was on the ground.

5.2 The slinging method should be suitable for the type of load to be lifted having adequate means

of attachment to both the load and lifting appliance.

5.3 The weight of the load should not exceed the S.W.L. of the slinging gear and the capacity of the lifting appliance.

5.4 The load must not damage or be damaged by the slinging gear.

5.5 The following principles and methods of slinging should be adhered to regardless of the type of lifting appliance used.

5.6 Safe Slinging.

5.6.1 The following principles apply:

know or find the weight of the load,

select the correct sling,

fit the sling correctly to the load paying particular attention to the loadstransverse and longitudinal centres of gravity,

make a trial lift,

set the load down using bearers, release the slings carefully beware of snagging the load,

return gear to its designated storage location. (gear room / gear store etc).

5.7 Sling Angles.

5.7.1 Single leg slings have a SWL for a vertical lift. When the sling is no longer vertical its liftingcapacity is reduced by a variable amount depending on its angle from the vertical.

NOTE: Sling angle a measured from the vertical ( angle b ", the internal angle betweenslings, not now preferred)

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5.7.2 Mode Factors

5.7.2.1 The Mode Factors above ( 0.8, 1.0, 1.4, 2,0 and 2.1) are shown with the sling either verticalor at an angle of 45 to the vertical and this is the usual way this information is shown onchain, fibre and wire rope slings.

5.7.2.2 To use these mode factors, the marked SWL of the single sling is multiplied by the modefactor of the configuration to be used at angles between 0 and 45. This will give thepermissible mass that can be lifted.

5.7.2.3 This is known as the Uniform Method and can be shown as follows:

UNIFORM LOAD METHOD

Single Leg Sling = 1.0 X SWL of single leg.Two Leg Sling = 1.4 X SWL of single leg.Three and Four

Leg Sling = 2.1 X SWL of single leg.

5.8 Centre of Gravity.

5.8.1 Very careful consideration has to be given to the position of the Centre of Gravity of a load.This has to be considered longitudinally or transversely or both.

5.8.2 The sling lengths may have to be adjusted so that the C. of G. is under the hook with the loadlevel.

5.8.3 When this adjustment is carried out, the load on each leg and its angle to the vertical may bedifferent and will require calculating.

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5.8.4 This calculation may be carried out with the Trigonometric Load Method and using slings of different size legs for the lift.

5.8.5 Where the load is rectangular rather than square and equally rated slings are used it should itshould only be necessary to consider the worst plane with the largest angle between the legs;

TRIGONOMETRIC LOAD METHOD

Single Leg Sling = 1 X SWL of single leg X Cos aTwo Leg Sling = 2 X SWL of single leg X Cos aThree and Four

Leg Sling = 3 X SWL of single leg X Cos a

Where a is the angle from the vertical.

5.8.6 The load should always be balanced;

Recommended Not recommended

6. Slinging Examples .

Single vertical liftshowing a dynamoeyebolt for verticallift only

Four leg slinghooked ontolugs showingthat hooksshould alwaysbe from theinside out.

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Two single legswith hooks onlugs with

shackles. Hooksfacing outwardand shackles inthe right planeand free tomove.

Single chokehitch with slinghook on log.Easy to usebut might s lip.

Two basket hitchslings doublewrapped roundthe load. Thepreferredslinging method.Mode factors tobe applied in twoplanes.

Single doublewrapped choke.The preferredmethod.

Two baskethitch slings

fromRamshornhook withslingprotection onsharp edges.Mode factor tobe applied intwo lanes.

Basket hitchthrough heavytube with slingprotected atends

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Lifting yacht fromthe water with flatwebbing slingsand spreaders.Slings are beingheld in place withtricing lines(yellow webbing inlower right of picture). Theseshould always beused if there isany chance of theslings slipping .

Specialist lift of naval figureheadon concrete basewhere the positionof the C of G inboth the verticaland horizontalplanes wouldhave to be takeninto account.

Pallet crane forkswith sliding liftinglug to adjust C of Gand adjustable forksto suit pallet size. If the pallet is loadedwith loose goods a

net should be usedto secure them.

Scissor grabsbeing used to liftpaper reels .

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Tag Line being used tosteady a large lift in the air which could be affected by

wind.

Special lifting beamfor lifting long flexibleloads.

Heavy lift with specialised lifting gear. The FlyingScotsman. 94 tonnes. Note purpose built chassislifting hooks in left hand picture.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

ILO Convention No 32 - 1932

ILO Convention No 152 - 1979

ILO Safety and Health in Ports Code of Practice 2005 - Chapter 4 Lifting Appliances and LooseGear Chapter 5 Safe use of Lifting Appliances and Loose Gear.

Obtainable from: ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22,Switzerland.

*****

ISO 1140:2004. Fibre ropes Polyamide

ISO 1141:2004 Fibre ropes Polyester

ISO 1161:1984 Series 1 Freight Containers Corner Fittings Specification.

ISO 1181:2004 Fibre ropes Manila and sisal

ISO 1834:1999 Short link chain for lifting purposes

ISO 1835:1980 Short link chain for lifting purposes Grade M (4)

ISO 1837:2003 Lifting hooks

ISO 1968:2004 Fibre ropes and cordage

ISO 2262:1984 General purpose thimbles for use with steel wire rope

ISO 2307:2005 Fibre ropes Certain physical and mechanical properties

ISO 2308:1972 Hooks for lifting freight containers of up to 30 tonnes capacity

ISO 2408:2004 Steel wire ropes for general purposes

ISO 2415:2004 Forged shackles for general lifting purposes

ISO 3056:1986 Non-calibrated round steel link lifting chain and chain slings

ISO 3075:1980 Short link chain for lifting purposes Grade S (6)

ISO 3076:1984 Short link chain for lifting purposes Grade T (8)

ISO 3189-1:1985 Sockets for wire ropes for general purposes Part 1

ISO 3189-2:1985 Sockets for wire ropes for general purposes Part 2

ISO 3266:1984 Eyebolts for general lifting purposes

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ISO/FDIS 3266 Forged steel eyebolts grade 4 for general lifting purposes

ISO 4345:1988 Steel wire ropes Fibre main cores

ISO 4778:1981 Chain slings of welded construction Grades M (4), S (6) & T (8)

ISO 4779:1986 Forged steel lifting hooks with point and eye for use with steel chainsof grade M (4)

ISO 7531:1987 Wire rope slings for general purposes

ISO 7593:1986 Chain sling assembled by methods other than welding Grade T (8)

ISO 7597:1987 Forged steel lifting hooks with point and eye for use with steel chainsof grade T (8)

ISO 8539:1986 Forged steel lifting components for use with grade T (8) chain

ISO/DIS 8539 Forged steel components for lifting slings Grade 8

ISO 8792:1986 Wire rope slings Safety criteria and inspection procedures

ISO 8793:1986 Steel wire ropes Ferrule-secured eye terminations

ISO 8794:1986 Steel wire ropes Spliced eye terminations for slings

ISO 9554:2005 Fibre ropes General specifications

ISO 16798:2004 Links of Grade 8 for use with slings

ISO 17558:2006 Steel wire ropes Socketing producers

Obtainable from: International Organization for Standardization, 1 rue de Varembe,Caisse Postale, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland.

*****

National and Regional Standards should always be consulted in addition to the foregoing.

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bp 28 safe slinging

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