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Botulism is caused by toxin (poison) produced by Clostridium botulinum bacteria.

This toxin affects nerves can cause paralysis and respiratory failure.

C. botulinum toxin is one of the most powerful naturally occuring toxins.

Exposure to the toxin, particularly in an aerosolized (spray) form, can be fatal. C. botulinum has been made into bioweapons

Botulism

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Cases of foodborne botulism originate with home-canned foods with low acid content, such as asparagus, green beans, beets, and corn.

Clostridium botulinum, the bacterium that causes botulism, it is anaerobic, 

Outbreaks of botulism, from more unusual sources baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil but not kept hot, and tomatoes.

Transmission

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Symptoms

Symptoms of foodborne botulism include:Double vision and drooping eyelids Slurred speech Dry mouth and difficulty swallowing Weak muscles

INCUBATIE :18 to 36 hours after eat contaminated food, but can occur in as few as 6 hours or as long as 10 days afterward.

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DiagnosisC. botulinum toxin in blood or stool infected PEOPLE.

Treatmentbotulism early,

an antitoxin that blocks the action of the bacterial toxin circulating in blood keeps becoming worse, it will still take many weeks before recover.

try to remove any contaminated food still in gut by making vomit or by giving an enema.

Preventionhygienic steps when canning foods Refrigerate oils containing garlic or herbs Keep baked potatoes wrapped in aluminum foil either hot until served or refrigerated Consider boiling home-canned food before eating

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Complicationsbotulism can temporarily paralyze arms, legs, trunk, and the muscles that help your breathe. The paralysis usually improves slowly over several weeks.severe botulism experience breathing failure and paralysis and need to be put on ventilators (breathing machines).

All forms of botulism lead to paralysis that typically starts with the facial muscles and then spreads towards the limbs.

severe forms, it leads to paralysis of the breathing muscles and causes respiratory failure.

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Three basic types of botulism—

foodborne botulism,

intestinal botulism (proliferation in the gut),

wound botulism (contamination of a wound by the bacterium).

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The treatment is usually produced by immunizing large animals with an inactivated form of BoNTs, the antitoxins into a usable form for humans is an expensive task, and the product has a limited shelf life.

a new antitoxin stategy in mice, found that a pool of four different small antitoxin binding agents could direct a single antibody (an infection-fighting protein) to become attached to the toxin at four sites and protect the mice from BoNT just as well as the conventional antitoxin-only . Importantly, this combination treatment would be faster and more economical to produce, and easier to stockpile.

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Campylobacteri

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Campylobacteriosis is an infectious disease caused by eating or handling contaminated food or drinking contaminated beverages.

CauseCampylobacteriosis is caused by bacteria Campylobacter. Campylobacter jejuni, C. fetus, and C. coli C. jejuni causes most cases of this foodborne disease. the leading cause of bacterial diarrheal ( 5 and 14 percent of all diarrheal illness worldwide). C. jejuni primarily affects children less than 5 years old and young adults 15 to 29 years old.

Campylobacteri

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Transmission Campylobacter from handling raw poultry, eating undercooked poultry, drinking nonchlorinated water or raw milk, handling infected human or animal feces.Most frequently, poultry and cattle waste ,

feces from puppies, kittens, and birds also may be contaminated with the bacteria.

Symptomsmay have no symptoms. they can include Diarrhea (often bloody)Abdominal cramping and pain Nausea and vomitingFeverTiredness

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Diagnosislaboratory tests Campylobacter in stool if are infected.

Treatment

better with no special treatment. ciprofloxacin or azithromycin. Erythromycin helps treat diarrhea .

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PreventionWash hands : * Before preparing food * After handling raw poultry or other meat *Food preparation surfaces and utensils that have come in contact with raw meat * After handling pet feces or visiting petting zoos

Cook poultry products * 170ºF for breast meat and 180ºF for thigh meat

Don’t drink * unpasteurized milk unchlorinated water that isn’t boiled.

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Complications

1.convulsions with fever 2.meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the spinal cord). 3.arthritis. 4.A small number Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS),

acute paralysis rare condition develops from 2 to 4 weeks usually after diarrheal GBS suffer from increasing paralysis of the limbs which lasts for several weeks. In severe cases, develop breathing problems requiring very long hospital stays.

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Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

Tick-borne infections: Lyme (Borreliosis),Anaplasmosis / Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Bartonella, Tularemia

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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are two closely related tickborne diseases, caused by different germs.Although both diseases concentrate east of the Rocky Mountains, they usually occur in different areas. Ehrlichiosis, or human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), is found mainly in the mid-Atlantic, southeastern, and south central states.

Anaplasmosis (formerly called human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, or HGE)occurs more often in the Northeast and upper Midwest

Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis

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Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are emerging infectious diseases in the United States and other countries. (Emerging infectious diseases are diseases first described within the last two decades.)

In 2008,1,009 cases of anaplasmosis and 957 cases of HME 132 ehrlichial diseases Ticks carrying the anaplasmosis bacterium have been collected,

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CauseEhrlichiosis is caused by bacteria called Ehrlichia.

Anaplasmosis is caused bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum

Symptoms begin at least 5 days after bitten by an infected tick and can include:Fever,Chills, Headache ,Muscle pain ,Nausea Tiredness ,a rash. might not have symptoms, or might be so mild hardly notice them.

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TransmissionBoth ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are transmitted by the bite of an infected tick.The most important carriers of anaplasmosis in the United States are the western blacklegged tick and the deer tick,both of which also transmit Lyme disease.

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis, or HME, is transmitted by the lone star tick and possibly other species.laboratory tests to find out ehrlichiosis or anaplasmosis or perhaps some other tickborne infection.

Treatmentantibiotic such as doxycycline . With treatment, most people fully recover.

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Preventionavoid walking in areas of tall grass, brush, or anywhere there may be ticks.Wear light-colored clothing Tuck your pants legs so ticks can’t get up inside pants legs Wear a long-sleeved shirt and tuck it inside pants.

Spray insecticide containing permethrin on boots and clothing. The effects will last several days. Apply insect repellent containing DEET to skin.

Look for ticks on body, including in hair, return from hiking or walking Check children and pets for ticks

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Complications

Ehrlichiosis can become a severe, life-threatening illness, especially if left untreated. damage the lungs and kidneys.Other complications seizures and coma.

Complication of anaplasmosis sepsis damage the lungs, heart, kidneys, and nerves. more severe with compromised immune systems.

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