Bothell Fire and E.M.S.

INTRO TO PUMP INTRO TO PUMP OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

Written and Produced byWritten and Produced by

Jon TrogliaJon Troglia

Bothell Fire and EMSBothell Fire and EMS

INTRO TO PUMP INTRO TO PUMP OPERATIONSOPERATIONS22

Water – Water – ININ

Water - Water - OUTOUT

Water – Water – ININ33

• Tank Tank – (?) Gallons(?) Gallons

•500500

• Fire Hydrant Fire Hydrant

• DraftingDrafting

Water – Water – OUTOUT11

PUMP IT!!!PUMP IT!!!PUMP IT!!!PUMP IT!!!

INTRO TO PUMP INTRO TO PUMP OPERATIONSOPERATIONS

• Positive displacementPositive displacement– Hand operated in early timesHand operated in early times

•A piston in a cylinder used to force water A piston in a cylinder used to force water out.out.

•Rotary pumpsRotary pumps– A hand crank operated gears to force water out.A hand crank operated gears to force water out.

• Non-Positive displacementNon-Positive displacement– CentrifugalCentrifugal

•Used primarily as main pump today.Used primarily as main pump today.

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENTPOSITIVE DISPLACEMENT

• Piston.Piston.– Used for high Used for high

pressure pressure application.application.

– Quantity is Quantity is determined by.determined by.• Size of piston.Size of piston.

• Length of stroke.Length of stroke.

• No. Of strokes per No. Of strokes per min.min.

• No. Of cylinders.No. Of cylinders.

• RotaryRotary– Developed long after piston pumpsDeveloped long after piston pumps– Its use as a main pump has declined Its use as a main pump has declined – Still used today for priming pumpsStill used today for priming pumps

•Self primingSelf priming

Rotary GearRotary Gear

– Consists of two gears Consists of two gears tightly meshed.tightly meshed.

– Picks up water and air Picks up water and air between teeth.between teeth.

– As the teeth rotate its As the teeth rotate its moved toward the moved toward the discharge.discharge.

– Due to the close Due to the close meshing of the teeth meshing of the teeth water and air are forced water and air are forced out.out.

Rotary VaneRotary Vane

• Centrifugal force Centrifugal force forces the vanes forces the vanes out.out.

• Much more efficient Much more efficient than rotary gear.than rotary gear.

• Off center mount for Off center mount for increased pressure.increased pressure.

• Commonly used for Commonly used for priming pump priming pump

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSCENTRIFUGAL PUMPS(Non Positive (Non Positive

Displacement)Displacement)• Will not discharge a definite amount of Will not discharge a definite amount of

water with each revolution.water with each revolution.• Uses velocity to convert water to pressure.Uses velocity to convert water to pressure.• Gives the pump flexibility and versatility Gives the pump flexibility and versatility

eliminating the Positive Displacement pump eliminating the Positive Displacement pump as main.as main.

• Theory.Theory.– Needs a spinning disk to create centrifugal force.Needs a spinning disk to create centrifugal force.– Throws water from the center to the outer edge.Throws water from the center to the outer edge.

PUMP COMPONENTSPUMP COMPONENTS

• ImpellerImpeller– Transmits energy in the form of velocity Transmits energy in the form of velocity

to the water.to the water.– 2,000 – 4,000 rpm.2,000 – 4,000 rpm.

• CasingCasing– Collects the water and confines it in Collects the water and confines it in

order to convert the velocity to pressure order to convert the velocity to pressure and directs it to the discharge.and directs it to the discharge.

ImpellerImpeller

• EyeEye– Water enters to the vanesWater enters to the vanes

• Hub Hub – Around the eyeAround the eye

• VanesVanes– Water contacts the vanes and is thrown Water contacts the vanes and is thrown

outward.outward.

• ShroudsShrouds– Water is confined in its travel, which increases Water is confined in its travel, which increases

the velocity for a given speedthe velocity for a given speed

CasingCasing

• VoluteVolute– Off center impellerOff center impeller

• Stripping edge (Cut Water)Stripping edge (Cut Water)– Diverts water 180degrees apartDiverts water 180degrees apart

• DischargeDischarge– Three factors influencing discharge pressure.Three factors influencing discharge pressure.

• Amount of water being dischargedAmount of water being discharged• Speed of impellerSpeed of impeller• Hydrant pressureHydrant pressure

 

Centrifugal Pump ComponentsThe two main components of a centrifugal pump are the

impeller and the volute. The impeller produces liquid velocity and the volute forces the liquid to discharge

from the pump converting velocity to pressure. This is accomplished by offsetting the impeller in the volute and

by maintaining a close clearance between the impeller and the volute at the cut-water. Please note the impeller

rotation. A centrifugal pump impeller slings the liquid out of the volute. It does not cup the liquid.

ThrustsThrusts

• Lateral thrustLateral thrust– Minimized by – Double suction impellerMinimized by – Double suction impeller

• Radial thrustRadial thrust– Minimized by– Stripping edge or (Cut Minimized by– Stripping edge or (Cut

Water)Water)

Wear or Clearance RingsWear or Clearance Rings

• Stops water from reentering the Stops water from reentering the intake eye.intake eye.

• Replaceable when wornReplaceable when worn

• Can come in contact with the Hub Can come in contact with the Hub when overheated.when overheated.

Wear Ring

PackingPacking

• Rope fibers impregnated with graphite Rope fibers impregnated with graphite or lead.or lead.

• Pushed into a stuffing box by packing Pushed into a stuffing box by packing gland.gland.

• Lubricated by pump water.Lubricated by pump water.

• Wear is common and adjustment Wear is common and adjustment necessarynecessary– 10-120 drips /min. @ 150 psi.10-120 drips /min. @ 150 psi.

Pump Packing

Wear Rings

Pump Packing

Impeller

Flinger ringFlinger ring

• Throws water off the impeller shaft.Throws water off the impeller shaft.

• Stops water from entering the gears Stops water from entering the gears and bearings in the transfer caseand bearings in the transfer case

Flinger Ring

PUMP DRIVESPUMP DRIVES

• Separate engineSeparate engine

• Front of the crankshaftFront of the crankshaft

• Power take-offPower take-off

• Drive shaft operationDrive shaft operation

Separate engineSeparate engine

• AdvantagesAdvantages– Portable.Portable.– Pump speed Pump speed

independent of independent of vehicle.vehicle.

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Limited capacity Limited capacity

and pressure.and pressure.– Additional engine to Additional engine to

maintain. maintain. – Additional fuelAdditional fuel

Front of the crankshaftFront of the crankshaft

• AdvantagesAdvantages– Simple linkage.Simple linkage.– Simplified controlsSimplified controls– All operations in All operations in

front of truck.front of truck.– Independent drive Independent drive

system, can pump system, can pump while driving.while driving.

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Pump subject to Pump subject to

freezing and freezing and damage.damage.

– Size of pump limited.Size of pump limited.– While moving, pump While moving, pump

discharge dependent discharge dependent on engine speed.on engine speed.

– Clutch can slip.Clutch can slip.

Power take-offPower take-off

• AdvantagesAdvantages– Can pump in Can pump in

motion.motion.– Simple linkage.Simple linkage.– Can be used to Can be used to

drive large pumps.drive large pumps.

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– For some engines a For some engines a

limited amount of limited amount of power is available.power is available.

– A clutch is required.A clutch is required.

Drive shaft operationDrive shaft operation (most common) (most common)

• AdvantagesAdvantages– Full power if engine Full power if engine

is available for is available for pumping.pumping.

– Can be used for Can be used for large pumps.large pumps.

– No clutchesNo clutches

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Power to drive Power to drive

wheels is wheels is disconnected.disconnected.

– Relatively complex Relatively complex mechanical mechanical operation.operation.

– Manual override is Manual override is necessary for necessary for electrical shift electrical shift operation.operation.

DRIVE SHAFT DRIVE SHAFT COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS

• DriveDrive

• Pump Drive gearPump Drive gear

• Engine Drive Engine Drive GearGear

• Sliding CollarSliding Collar

• Rear Wheel Drive Rear Wheel Drive GearGear

• Rear Wheel DriveRear Wheel Drive

PUMP PIPING AND PUMP PIPING AND VALVESVALVES

(Primary components)(Primary components)

•Intake pipingIntake piping

•Discharge pipingDischarge piping

•ValvesValves

•Pump drainsPump drains

Intake PipingIntake Piping

• Tank to pumpTank to pump– Must be large Must be large

enough to supply enough to supply enough water for enough water for adequate hose adequate hose streams.streams.

– Many as large as 4 Many as large as 4 in.in.

– All have check All have check valvesvalves

Intake PipingIntake Piping

• External pipingExternal piping– Round outside the pump panelRound outside the pump panel– Square inside the pump panelSquare inside the pump panel– Front and rear are auxiliary onlyFront and rear are auxiliary only

Discharge PipingDischarge Piping

• 2 ½ in. discharge outlets or larger2 ½ in. discharge outlets or larger– Flow rate for a 2 ½ in. = 250 gpmFlow rate for a 2 ½ in. = 250 gpm

• Handlines smaller than 2 ½ must be Handlines smaller than 2 ½ must be connected to at least 2” piping.connected to at least 2” piping.

Discharge PipingDischarge Piping(Tank fill)(Tank fill)

• Provided from the discharge side of Provided from the discharge side of the pumpthe pump

• Must be at least 1” in diameterMust be at least 1” in diameter

• Can be used to circulate water Can be used to circulate water through the pumpthrough the pump

ValvesValves

• Require repair as they age and are Require repair as they age and are used.used.

• Most common is the ball valveMost common is the ball valve

• Gate or butterfly also usedGate or butterfly also used

• Manually or electrically controlled. Manually or electrically controlled.

Pump drainsPump drains

• Discharge drains between the control Discharge drains between the control valve and the discharge opening.valve and the discharge opening.

• Master drain valve.Master drain valve.– Do not operate while pump is running.Do not operate while pump is running.

PRESSURE CONTROL PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEMSYSTEM

• Absorbs surges to the nozzleAbsorbs surges to the nozzle

• NFPA 1901 requiredNFPA 1901 required– Relief ValveRelief Valve– Pilot valvePilot valve– Pressure governorPressure governor

Relief valveRelief valve

• Set whenever more than one line is Set whenever more than one line is being supplied by the pumpbeing supplied by the pump

• Whenever operating in a relay situation.Whenever operating in a relay situation.

• To set, lines must be flowing.To set, lines must be flowing.

• Cannot compensate for a decrease in Cannot compensate for a decrease in pressure.pressure.

• To operate reliably, it must be exercised.To operate reliably, it must be exercised.

Pilot valvePilot valve

• One of two valves used to operate One of two valves used to operate the systemthe system– Controls the relief valveControls the relief valve– Located on the pump panel.Located on the pump panel.

• Relief valve Relief valve – installed between intake and discharge installed between intake and discharge

side of pump.side of pump.

Electronic Governor Electronic Governor

• TransducerTransducer– A pressure sensing device A pressure sensing device

• Reduces fuel flow Reduces fuel flow

• Adjusts for cavitationAdjusts for cavitation– Returns to Idle when intake pressure < Returns to Idle when intake pressure <

30 psi30 psi

PRIMING DEVICEPRIMING DEVICE

• Needed in order to draft waterNeeded in order to draft water

• Three typesThree types– Exhaust PrimerExhaust Primer

•Venturi effectVenturi effect

– Vacuum PrimerVacuum Primer•From manifold in gas enginesFrom manifold in gas engines

– Positive Displacement PrimerPositive Displacement Primer

Positive Displacement Positive Displacement PrimerPrimer

•Most common

•Driven by electric motor

•Uses lubricant to seal

•Draws lube and water– #60 (.004) drill hole in reservoir tube

•NOTE – never pull primer while pumping

BYPASS / CIRCULATING BYPASS / CIRCULATING LINELINE

•3/8” line– Circulates water from the tank to the

tank– Cools the pump when not flowing

Discharge CavitationDischarge Cavitation occurs when the pump discharge is extremely high. It normally occurs in a pump that is running at less than 10% of its best efficiency point. The high discharge pressure causes the majority of the fluid to circulate inside the pump instead of being allowed to flow out the discharge. As the liquid flows around the impeller it must pass through the small clearance between the impeller and the pump cutwater at extremely high velocity. This velocity causes a vacuum to develop at the cutwater similar to what occurs in a venturi and turns the liquid into a vapor. A pump that has been operating under these conditions shows premature wear of the impeller vane tips and the pump cutwater. In addition due to the high pressure condition premature failure of the pump mechanical seal and bearings can be expected and under extreme conditions will break the impeller shaft. 

Fire Commander

The Detroit Diesel Electronic Fire Commander (EFC) is the most versatile pump controller and apparatus information center. It is connected directly to the DDEC III ECM. The EFC operates the pressure sensor governor (PSG) and displays all vital engine operating parameters such as engine temperature, oil pressure, engine RPM, and voltage.

It also notifies the driver/ engineer of any problems with the engine and apparatus through the information center's alpha-numeric display. The EFC eliminates the need for OEM installed engine gauges, engine warning lights, relief valve, throttle and also includes a pump preset function.

            

 

English or metric capability    

Engine and pump hours through message center    

No additional sensors needed    

Message center for engine problems    

Simplified installation    

Environmentally sealed components    

Engine speed governor    

Pump pressure governor    

Features