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558 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 2(6): November-December 2013
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 1.89***
ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!
BOTANICAL STUDY OF FOUR FICUS SPECIES OF FAMILY MORACEAE:
A REVIEW
M Somashekhar1*
, Naira Nayeem1, Mahesh AR
1.
1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Krupanidhi College of Pharmacy, Bangalore-35, India.
KEYWORDS:
Ficus species, Moraceae,
Phytochemistry,
Pharmacological
activities.
For Correspondence:
Mr. Somashekhar M*
Address:
Department of
Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Krupanidhi
College of Pharmacy,
Bangalore-35, India.
ABSTRACT
Ficus is a genus of about 850 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines,
epiphytes and hemiepiphytes in the family Moraceae. which is also
referred to as fig family which are an integral parts of common
Indian diet and are freely available in Indian and adjoining
continents. Its medicinal importance has also been mentioned in
Ayurveda. Collectively known as fig trees or figs, Fig trees have
profoundly influenced culture through several religious traditions.
figs are important in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism. Among the
more famous species are Ficus Benghalensis(Indian banyan or the
wish fulfilling tree), ficus religiosa (Bodhi tree or sacred tree), ficus
racemosa (goolar fig), ficus carica (common fig). The plants are
reported to possess antidiabetic, antidiarrhea, antiepilepsy, anti-
inflammatory, ear drop properties . The above metioned plants are an
important source of compounds like phenols, tannins, steroids,
alkaloids and flavonoids, β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside, vitamin K, n-
octacosanol, methyl oleanolate, lanosterol, stigmasterol, lupen-3-one,
piperine, piper longumine, myricetin, quercitin, methyl piperate,
kaemferol, bergaptol, lecucodelphenidin and bergapten. which are
useful in antibacterial, immunomodulatory, hypolipidemic,
hypoglycemic, antiameliorative, antioxidant, antitumor etc. In the
present review an attempt has been made to compare and contrast the
different ficus species belonging to the family moraceae.
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INTRODUCTION:
Moraceae often called the fig family is a family of flowering plants comprising about 40 genera and
over 1000 species. Ficus, the largest genus in the fig family, contains the banyan and the India
rubber tree. Many fig species are grown for their fruits, though only Ficus carica is cultivated to any
extent for this purpose. The fig fruits, important as both food and traditional medicine, contain
laxative substances, flavonoids, sugars, vitamins A and C, acids and enzymes. However, figs are
skin allergens, and the latex is a serious eye irritant. The fig is a false fruit or multiple fruit, in which
the flowers and seeds grow together to form a single mass. Fig trees have profoundly influenced
culture through several religious traditions. figs are important in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism.
Among the more famous species are Ficus Benghalensis(Indian banyan or the wish fulfilling tree),
ficus religiosa (Bodhi tree or sacred tree), ficus racemosa (goolar fig), ficus carica (common fig).
The plants are reported to possess antidiabetic, antidiarrhea, antiepilepsy, anti-inflammatory, ear
drop properties.1-6
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae
Infrakingdom: Streptophyta
Division: Tracheophyta
Subdivision: Spermatophytina
Infradivision: Angiospermae
Class: Magnoliopsida
Super order: Rosanae
Order: Rosales
Family: Moraceae(Fig)
Tribe: Ficeae
Genus: Ficus
Species: 1) Ficus Benghalensis (Indian banyan or The wish fulfilling tree)
2) Ficus Religiosa (Bodhi tree or Sacred tree)
3) Ficus Racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig)
4) Ficus Carica (Common fig or Fig)
Fig trees or figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the semi-
warm temperate zone. The fruit of most ficus species are also edible though they are usually of only
local economic importance or eaten as bush food. However, they are extremely important food
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resources for wildlife. Figs are also of considerable cultural importance throughout the tropics, both
as objects of worship and for their many practical uses.
MORPHOLOGY:
1) Ficus Benghalensis (Indian banyan or The wish fulfilling tree)
Ficus benghalensis, the Indian Banyan, is a large and extensive
growing tree of the Indian subcontinent. Ficus
benghalensis produces propagating roots which grow downwards
as aerial roots. Once these roots reach the ground, they grow into
woody trunks that can become indistinguishable from the main
trunk. The giant banyan trees of India are the largest trees in the
world. In these trees, a network of interconnected stems and
branches has grown entirely by vegetative, "branching"
propagation. The circumference of the whole complex of trees grown from the one central ancestor
still very much alive and all connected to it by the roots visible well over human height is measured
in kilometers. On the banks of the Narmada stood a celebrated specimen, supposed to be that
described by Nearchus, the admiral of Alexander the Great. This tree once covered an area so
immense, that it was known to shelter no fewer than 7000 men, and though much reduced in size by
the destructive power of floods, the remainder was described by James Forbes (1749–1819) in
his Oriental Memoirs (1813–1815) as nearly 2000 ft. in circumference, while the trunks large and
small exceeded 3000 in number. It is found throughout the year, grows in evergreen except in dry
localities where it is a leafless curved. tapering, gall flowers similar to female, pedicellate, achnes
globose-ellipssoid, 2×1.5mm dark brown.. Flowers during the summer and fruits the rainy season.
Bark smooth, light grey-white, 1.27cm thick wood moderately hard, grey or grayish-white.
2) Ficus Religiosa (Bodhi tree or Sacred tree)
Ficus religiosa or Sacred Fig is a species of fig native
to India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, south-
west China and Indochina. It belongs to the Moraceae, the fig or
mulberry family. It is also known as the Bo-Tree. The Seed begins
growth as an epiphyte. Stem intertwined. Can grow aerial roots.
White or brown shuttered bark. White (latex) sap. Leaves, heart-
shaped, shiny, thin withs slender, long leaf (drip-) tips. Fruits are
enclosed inflorescences, which had been pollinated internally by the specific fruit wasp Blastophaga
quadraticeps to become figs which fruit in summer (green) and ripen (purple), during rainy season.
Reproduction by layering, cottage and from seeds. Ficus religiosa is a large dry season-deciduous or
semi-evergreen tree up to 30 metres (98 ft) tall and with a trunk diameter of up to 3 metres (9.8 ft).
The leaves are cordate in shape with a distinctive extended tip; they are 10–17 cm long and 8–12 cm
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broad, with a 6–10 cm petiole. The fruits are small figs 1-1.5 cm in diameter, green ripening to
purple.
3) Ficus Racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig)
Ficus racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig) is a species of plant in
the Moraceae family. This is native to the Indian Subcontinent. It
is unusual in that its figs grow on or close to the tree trunk,
termed cauliflory. In India the tree and its fruit are called gular in
the north and atti in the south. The fruits are a favourite staple of
the common Indian macaque. In Vietnam, it is called sung. It is
deciduous trees to 30 m high, bole buttressed, bark 8-10 mm thick,
surface reddish-brown or yellowish-brown smooth, coarsely flaky, fibrous, blaze creamy pink, latex
milky, young shoots and twigs finely white hairy, soon glabrous and branch lets 1.5-3 mm thick.
Leaves simple, alternate, stipules 12-18 mm long, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate, pubescent, often
persistent on young shoots, petiole 10-50 mm long, slender, grooved above, becoming brown scurfy,
lamina 6-15 x 3.5-6 cm, ovate, obovate, elliptic-oblong, elliptic-lanceolate, elliptic-ovate or oblong-
ovate, base acute, obtuse or cuneate, apex narrowed, blunt or acute, margin entire, membranous,
glabrous, blistered appearance on drying; 3-ribbed from base, 4-8 pairs, slender, pinnate, prominent
beneath, intercostae reticulate, obscure. Flowers unisexual, inflorescence a syconia, on short leafless
branches or warty tubercles of trunk or on larger branches, subglobose to pyriform, smooth, often
lenticellate-verrucose, peduncle 3-12 mm long, stout, orifice plane or slightly sunken, closed by 5-6
apical bracts, internal bristles none, basal bracts 3, 1-2 m long, ovate-triangular, obtuse, persistent;
flowers of unisexual, 4 kinds, male flowers near the mouth of receptacles, in 2-3 rings, sessile, much
compressed. Tepals 3-4, dentate-lacerate, lobes jointed below, red, glabrous, stamens 2, exserted.
filaments 1 mm, connate below, anthers oblong, parallel, female flowers sessile or very shortly
stalked among gall flowers, tepals 3-4, dentate-lacerate, lobes jointed below, red, glabrous, ovary
superior, sessile or substipitate, red spotted, style 2-3 mm long, glabrous, simple, stigma clavate, gall
flowers long stalked, ovary dark red, rough, style short. Syconium 2.5 x 2 cm, orange, pink or dark
crimson; achene granulate.
4) Ficus Racemosa (Cluster fig or Goolar fig): The common
fig (Ficus carica) is a species of flowering plant in the genus Ficus,
from the family Moraceae, known as the common fig, or just the fig.
It is the source of the fruit also called the fig, and as such is an
important crop in those areas where it is grown
commercially. Native to the Middle East and western Asia, it has
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been sought out and cultivated by man since ancient times, and is now widely grown throughout
the temperate world, both for its fruit and as an ornamental plant. It is tree or large shrub, growing
to a height of 6.9–10 meters, with smooth white bark. Its fragrant leaves are 12–25 centimeters long
and 10–18 centimeters across, and deeply lobed with three or five lobes. The
complex inflorescence consists of a hollow fleshy structure called the syconium, which is lined with
numerous unisexual flowers. The flower itself is not visible outwardly, as it blooms inside the
infructescence. Although commonly referred to as a fruit, the fig is actually the infructescence or
scion of the tree, known as a false fruit or multiple fruit, in which the flowers and seeds are borne. It
is a hollow-ended stem containing many flowers. The small orifice visible on the middle of the fruit
is a narrow passage, which allows the specialized fig. The edible fruit consists of the mature
syconium containing numerous one-seeded fruits. The fruit is 3–5 centimeters long, with a green
skin, sometimes ripening towards purple or brown. it has milky sap.7-25
Phytoconstituents
Phytochemical investigations on a number of Ficus species including Ficus benghalensis, Ficus
Religiosa, Ficus carica and Ficus Racemosa were undertaken and led to identification of over
number of compounds. A substantial number of these compounds are myricetin, quercitin and
stigmasterol. Several coumarins were isolated from several different Ficus spp. and multiple
flavonoids have been identified from Ficus spp. stems, leaves, and roots. Also prominent were
triterpenoids from the roots, leaves and the latex additionally, 54 different triacylgylcerols were
identified in Ficus carica seed oil using mass spectrometry. The stem bark, fruits, root bark, leaves,
latex and seeds of these four ficus species are reported phytoconstituents of phenols, tannins,
steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids, β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside, vitamin K, n-octacosanol, methyl
oleanolate, lanosterol, stigmasterol, lupen-3-one. The active constituent from the root bark found to
be β-sitosteryl-d-glucoside, which showed a peroral hypoglycemic effect in fasting and alloxan-
diabetic rabbits and in pituitary-diabetic rats. The fruits contain 4.9% protein having the essential
amino acids, isoleucine, and phenylalanine. The seeds contain phytosterolin, β-sitosterol, and its
glycoside, albuminoids, carbohydrate, fatty matter, coloring matter, caoutchoue 0.7-5.1%. The
aqueous extract of dried bark has been reported to contain phytosterols, flavonoids, furanocoumarin
derivatives namely bergapten and begaptol.26-35
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Structures of some of the important constituents of ficus species (f. benghalensis, f. religiosa, f.
carica and f. recemosa)
H HOH
H
H
H
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
lanosterol
R
O
H
H H
H
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
Sitosteryl - D - glucoside
CH3 O
O
CH3methyl oleonate
OHCH3
n - octacosanol
O
H HH
H
H
HH
H H
CH3
CH3
Lupen - 3 - one
N
O O
O
Piperine
N
OO
OCH3
O
CH3OCH3
Piper legumine
OO
O
CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
H
OH
CH2
Quercitin
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OH
H
H H
H
H
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
stigmasterol
OOH
OH O
OH
OH
K a e m p f e r o l
OOH
OH O
OH
OH
OH
OH
Myricetin
O
OCH3
CH3
CH3CH3CH3
Vitamin K1
O OO
OH
Bergaptol O OO
O CH3
Bergapten
OOH
OH
OH
O
OH
OH
Methyl piperate
NHCH3 H3C(H2C)13
O
N - Isobutyl - ecosa - trans - 4 - dienamide
Phytochemical Analysis
Several methods have been reported for the analysis of phytoconstituents present in ficus species (f.
benghalensis, f. religiosa, f. carica and f. recemosa). Review of literature has revealed that the chief
constituents of the plant i.e.myricetin, quercitin, stigmasterol and sitosterol has been analyzed using
HPLC, RPHPTLC, RPLC with UV, LC(UHPLC) etc. The other phytoconstituents that have been
analyzed and quantified by various techniques are piperine, piper longumine, bergaptol, bergapten,
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lanosterol, lupen-3-one, n-octacosanol, inositol, kaemferol, methyl piperate, methyl oleonate and n-
isobutyl-ecosa-trans-4-dienamide.35-42
Pharmacological Uses
Literature reveals that lot of pharmacological investigations have been carried on ficus species. some
reported are Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti infections, anti epilepsy, Immunomodulatory
effect, Anti diabetic effect, Antibacterial effect, Anti-diarrhea, wound healing activity, ear drops,
antiasthma, anti piles, antitumor, Anthelmintic effect, analgesic and antipyretic, antistress, laxative,
demulcent, emollient, used to treat constipation, hypolipidemic, stomachic and anti ameliorative.43-50
Traditional Uses
Ficus species are used traditionally in various disorders. The different parts of the plants have been
reported to posses various activities. According to Ayurveda, these were used as astringent to
bowels, useful in treatment of biliousness, ulcers, erysipelas, vomiting, vaginal complains, fever,
inflammations, leprosy. According to Unani system of medicine, its latex is aphrodisiac, tonic,
vulnerary, maturant, lessens inflammations, useful in piles, nose-diseases, gonorrhea, etc. The aerial
root is styptic, useful in syphilis, biliousness, dysentery, inflammation of liver, etc. Milky juice is
used for pains, rheumatism, lumbago and bruises. For the treatment of spermatorrhea 2 drops of
fresh latex in a lump of sugar are taken once daily on empty stomach early in the morning. Seeds are
cooling and tonic in nature. Its leaf buds are astringent, leaves infusion is given in diarrhea and
dysentery, poultice of hot leaves is applied on abscesses. The bark is astringent and tonic and used in
diabetes and leucorrhoea, lumbago, sores, ulcers pains and bruises.50-59
CONCLUSION:
This review provides valuable information about the morphology, phytochemistry, phytochemical
analysis and pharmacological actions of the Ficus species. It is quite obvious from the review that
Myricetin, Quercitin, stigma sterol, bergaptol, bergapten, lanosterol and sitosterol are the chief
constituent of these species and it has been analyzed using various techniques. These are widely
used as a Antioxidant, Antitumor, Analgesic and antipyretic, antipiles, Immunomodulatory effect,
Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-diabetic. But a systematic and scientific approach is
required to explore the maximum potential of these species. this review will act as a eye opener of
the potential of the ficus species and encourage further research on the phytoconstituents and other
unexplored medicinal values.
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