___________________________________________________________________________________

PO Box 148 Gansbaai 7220

Ph: 028 3848048 Fax: 028 3848100 cell: 082 4111008 email: sean@privett.co.za

BOTANICAL ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED ABALONE FARM ON THE

REMAINDER OF FARM 385, PEARLY BEACH, CALEDON DISTRICT.

VERSION 2.

Client: Michelle Naylor

LORNAY ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTING

PO Box 1990, Hermanus, 7200, South Africa

1 June 2019

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DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND EXPERIENCE

I, Sean David John Privett, declare myself to be independent in the specialist botanical assessment for this

application and that all opinions and recommendations expressed are my own.

Abridged CV

Surname: Privett

First Names: Sean David John Privett

Date of Birth: 19 November 1970

Formal Qualifications: MSc – Botany (UCT).

Conservation Director at Grootbos Nature Reserve (www.grootbos.com) from 1997 to present, Director of Grootbos

Foundation, Trustee of Flower Valley Conservation Trust, Trustee Overberg Lowlands Conservation Trust, Chairman

Walker Bay Fynbos Conservancy (www.fynbos.co.za) and Cape conservation specialist for Fauna and Flora

International. A range of conservation and social development projects with a focus on fynbos conservation. Owner

of Fynbos Ecoscapes cc since 1995, which focuses on botanical assessments, conservation management planning,

fynbos landscaping, restoration and an indigenous plant nursery. Author of various scientific and popular

publications including Field guide to Grootbos Nature Reserve and the Walker Bay region (2010).

Recent Botanical Consultancies.

2019 Botanical assessment of proposed mine site for the removal of dwyka tillite through drill and blast operation on

remainder of farm 277, Laingsburg, Western Cape.

2018 Botanical assessment for proposed sand mine on Farm 770, Remainder, Touws River, Western Cape.

2018 Botanical assessment for proposed extension of I&J abalone farm on Remainder Klipfontein 711, Danger Point

Peninsula, Gansbaai.

2018 Botanical assessment for proposed ploughing application at Melkhoute Bosch 3/497, Malgas, Western Cape.

2018 Botanical report for proposed extension to sand mine on Sand Down 220/3, Gansbaai, Western Cape.

2018 Botanical report for infrastructure development on portion 3 of Farm 215, Baardskeedersbos, Western Cape.

2018 Rehabilitation plan for Buffeljachs abalone farm.

2016 Botanical assessment of proposed sand mine on Farm 733/2, Klipheuwel, Western Cape.

2016 Botanical assessment of proposed calcrete mine on Farm 1043 (REM), Saldanha, Western Cape.

2016 Rapid botanical assessment of Erf 321, Stanford, Western Cape. Duncan Heard Environmental Consulting,

Hermanus.

2016 Botanical assessment of five proposed new dwelling sites on Farm 215/1, Baardskeedersbos, Western Cape.

2016 Botanical assessment of proposed extension area for Stanford Stone quarry, on Erf 1070, Stanford, Western

Cape. Fynbos Ecoscapes report for Site Plan Consulting, Strand.

2015 Botanical assessment for the proposed housing development on the farm Fransche Kraal 708/29, Gansbaai,

Western Cape.

2015 Botanical assessment for proposed further sand mining and rehabilitation on Brakke Fontein 32 portion 8

(remainder), Atlantis, Western Cape.

2015 Botanical assessment of Moddergat Sand Mine rehabilitation. On farm 499/8 Remainder, Worcester District,

Western Cape.

2015 Search and Rescue Philippi sand mine, farm 9216, Philippi, City of Cape Town Municipality.

2014 Botanical assessment of stone mine on remainder farm 312, Bredasdorp, Western Cape.

2014 Botanical assessment for proposed sand mine on Farm 30 Remainder and Farm 31 Remainder, Atlantis,

Western Cape.

2011 Botanical assessment of proposed abalone farm expansion on remainder of Klipfontein 711, Danger Point

Peninsula, Gansbaai, Western Cape.

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Relevant Publications

2010 Privett, S.D.J. and Lutzeyer H.H.M. (2010). Field Guide to the Flora of Grootbos Nature Reserve and the Walker

Bay region.Grootbos Nature Reserve Gansbaai.

2010 Gaertner, M. Richardson, D. M. and Privett S.D.J. Alteration of ecosystem processes by invasive plants:

implications for restoration of fynbos in the Agulhas Plain, South Africa. Applied Soil Ecology.

2009 Cowling R.M., Knight A.T., Privett S.D.J and Sharma G. Invest in opportunity, not inventory in Hotspots.

Conservation Biology.

2009 Joubert, L., Esler, K.J., and Privett, S.D.J. The effect of ploughing and augmenting natural vegetation with

commercial fynbos species on the biodiversity of Overberg Sandstone fynbos on the Agulhas Plain, South Africa. S.

Afr. J. Bot. 75(3):526-531. 2009 Thuiller W., Slingsby J., Privett S.D.J., Cowling R.M. Stochastic Species Turnover and

Stable Coexistence in a Species-Rich, Fire-Prone Plant Community. PLoS ONE 2(9): e938.doc

2008 Mergili, M. and Privett, S.D.J. Vegetation and vegetation-environment relationships at Grootbos Nature

Reserve, Western Cape, South Africa. Bothalia 38,1: 89 – 102.

2008 Privett S.D.J, & Cowling R.M. Sustainable livelihoods from fynbos. In press Fynbos management book. Fynbos

Forum.

2004 Green Futures – building sustainable, nature-based livelihoods. Urban Green File 9(4), pp 4.

2004 Anonymous. An introduction to sustainable harvesting of some commercially utilised indigenous plant species

in the Cape Floristic region. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. (contributor)

2003 Privett, S.D.J. The fynbos Garden of Eden. Veld and Flora. 89(2), 53 – 55.

2003 Privett, S.D.J., Cowling, R.M. and Juritz, J.. Biological and rarity attributes of extinction prone species in species

rich, fire prone fynbos vegetation. Journal of Vegetation Science.

2003 Privett, S.D.J. Flower Valley, a good news conservation story. Kew magazine.

2003 Privett, S.D.J. A preliminary study on the status of sustainable harvesting of fynbos flowers on the Flower Valley

supply network, Agulhas Plain, South Africa. unpublished report, Fauna and Flora International, Cambridge.

2002 Privett, S.D.J. A Cape flora specialist at Eden. Eden Friends magazine Winter 2002

2002 Privett, S.D.J., Heydenrych, B.J. and Cowling, R.M. Putting biodiversity to business on the Agulhas Plain, a case

of collaborative conservation management on the Agulhas Plain. In: Mainstreaming Biodiversity in Development. (Ed.

Shirley Cowling). 101 – 116. The World Bank Environment department.

2002 Privett, S.D.J. Putting Biodiversity to business on the Agulhas Plain. Veld and Flora article.

2001 Privett, S.D.J., Cowling, R.M. and Taylor, H.C. (2001). Thirty years of change in the fynbos vegetation of the

Cape of Good Hope Nature Reserve, South Africa. Bothalia 31, 99-115.

1998 Privett, S.D.J. Determinants of Pattern in Fynbos. M.Sc. thesis. Botany Department, University of Cape Town.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report considers the botanical impact of the proposed development of an abalone farm on the

Remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach. The proposal is to construct a new abalone farm of approximately

1000 tons, including associated infrastructure, on what is currently a near pristine, undeveloped property.

It is envisaged that the site will be developed in phases, with the first phase being 160 tons. The property

is 117.8 hectares in extent and characterised by Overberg dune strandveld, with some smaller areas of

Agulhas limestone fynbos.

The application extent will be a maximum of 20 ha. The majority of infrastructure development is

concentrated on the coast in an area characterised by Overberg dune strandveld, which is classified as

least threatened in terms of the NSBA. This area includes dune fynbos, thicket and duneveld communities.

Some infrastructure will be constructed on the northern border of the property in the Agulhas limestone

fynbos, which has been classified as vulnerable in terms of the NSBA. The access road to the coastal

portion will run on the existing jeep track on the eastern border, it will be hardened for truck access.

Overall the natural vegetation on site is in good condition, with some areas of invasive alien species (most

notably Acacia cyclops) and is of Moderate-High regional conservation value. The property is designated

Critical Biodiversity Area (CBA). Two species of conservation concern were recorded within the coastal

area and an additional species in the limestone vegetation (there is a however a reasonable likelihood of

more Red Data species being present).

Mitigation measures proposed include search and rescue, erection of temporary fencing, appointment of

an Environmental Control Officer, soil erosion prevention measures, as well as managing the remainder of

the property as a conservation area/nature reserve to ensure long-term maintenance of ecological

process and functioning. Special attention needs to focus on ensuring intactness of the coastal fore dune

vegetation, maintenance of corridors to the coast and inland across the R43 and collaborative

conservation planning with neighbouring landowners.

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Table of Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................................... 4

Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................... 5

1. INTRODUCTION AND STUDY AREA .................................................................................... 7

2. TERMS OF REFERENCE ........................................................................................................... 7

3. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS ..................................................................................... 8

4. VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS ......................................................................................... 9

4.1 Overberg Dune Strandveld ............................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.1 Environmental characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 11 4.1.2 Species composition .......................................................................................................................................... 12 4.1.3 Conservation value ............................................................................................................................................ 13

4.2 Agulhas Limestone Fynbos ................................................................................................................................ 13 4.2.1 Floristics ............................................................................................................................................................. 14 4.2.2 Distribution on property .................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.3 Environment ...................................................................................................................................................... 15 4.2.4 Conservation value ............................................................................................................................................ 15

4.3 Duneveld (seashore vegetation) ....................................................................................................................... 15

4.4 Species of Conservation Concern ...................................................................................................................... 16

5. ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS AND PROCESSES ........................................................................ 17

5.1 Connectivity ...................................................................................................................................................... 17

5.2 Fire ................................................................................................................................................................... 18

6. CONSERVATION AREA ......................................................................................................... 19

7. CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREA ........................................................................................... 19

8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT.......................................................................................................... 20

8.1 Coastal development node - abalone platforms and associated infrastructure ................................................ 21

8.2 Entrance area infrastructure ....................................................................................................................... 22

8.3 Access road ................................................................................................................................................. 22

8.4 Cumulative impact ...................................................................................................................................... 22

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9. MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................ 24

10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................. 25

11. LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................ 26

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1. INTRODUCTION AND STUDY AREA

This report was commissioned as part of the Scoping and Environmental Impact Assessment that is being

undertaken for the proposal to develop an abalone farm on Remainder of Farm 385, Pearly Beach,

Western Cape (Figure 1). This report covers the proposed new abalone farm of approximately 1000 tons,

including associated infrastructure. It is envisaged that the site will be developed in phases, with the first

phase being 160 tons. The farm will be established to produce abalone (Haliotis midae), which is a

commercially valuable species of large sea snail/mollusc.

The area proposed for the development of the abalone farm is a coastal farm located approximately 1 km

west of Pearly Beach. The coastal town of Gansbaai is located a further 22 km west of the site. The

Uilkraalsmond Nature Reserve, managed by Cape Nature, is located approximately 600 m west of the site.

At full production (1000 tons) the abalone farm will cover approximately 20 ha of the property and include

a hardened dirt road on the current access jeep track, growing platforms (6 phases of160 tons,

approximately 2.5 ha), processing area including canning, freezing, live packing and drying, algae culture

area, administration block, a 2 ha solar array generating approximately 2.5 megawatts, hatchery of

approximately 7500 m2, approximately nine dwellings for management personnel, intake and effluent

lines (three intake lines capable of 3600 m3 hour each), one effluent discharge line. Additional

infrastructure as required, such as ablutions facilities, canteen, sump and pump house, workshops, power

transmissions room for generators and distribution systems, parking, splitting and grading areas, blowers

rooms, feed stores, diesel store, freshwater storage reservoirs (Figures 7 & 8). The facility will be

expanded in six phases as the market and support infrastructure dictates. Although the project will be

developed in a phased approach, this report considers the cumulative impacts of the full future

development.

The property is 117.8 ha in extent, and bordered by the Lang Gelegen (Farm 5/227) to the east, private

properties made up of natural veld to the west and the R43 to the north. The property is currently

undeveloped and in near-pristine natural condition. The site is situated on the Agulhas Plain in the

lowlands of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR). The lowland regions of the CFR (ie. the non-montane areas)

have been identified by the C.A.P.E. project as one of the key systems in need of conservation, due to the

high levels of threat posed by development, agriculture, and alien plant invasions (Cowling et al 1998,

Anonymous 2003, Rouget et al. 2004). The greater Gansbaai area has experienced considerable growth in

the last three decades and the property falls within the Overberg Critical Biodiversty Area (CBA).

Urban and aquaculture development along this coastline is having an impact on species habitat as well as

on spatial ecological and evolutionary processes. Over the last two decades two new abalone production

facilities have been established some 16km to the west at Buffelsjags. While the vegetation of the greater

Gansbaai to Cape Agulhas coastline is still in near pristine condition, the cumulative impact on biodiversity

of the various development initiatives need to be considered and future development of this area needs

to be carefully planned to safeguard the ongoing functioning of ecological and evolutionary processes.

Protection of sensitive habitats as well as connectivity with the mainland natural vegetation is vital, as is

the need for future fire management in what is a fire-prone natural ecosystem. As such it is important that

the proposed development of this abalone farm be examined both at the site and landscape level,

especially with regards ecological and evolutionary planning.

2. TERMS OF REFERENCE

Identify, map (vegetation and conservation value map) and describe the flora present that would

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be affected by the proposed project components, based on a field survey and available

literature.

Identify any species of special concern, namely species with conservation status, endemic to the

areas or threatened species that exist or may exist at these locations.

Investigate ecological / biodiversity processes that could be affected by the proposed project and

consider current Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs), Ecological Support Areas (ESAs), protected

areas and important biodiversity corridors.

Assess the significance of the loss of vegetation and impact on ecological / biodiversity processes

as a result of the implementation of the proposed project.

Identify practicable mitigation measures to reduce any negative impacts to the indigenous

vegetation (including species and techniques that could potentially be used for rehabilitation

purposes) and indicate how these could be implemented in the construction and management of

the proposed project.

Provide guidance for the requirement of a permit in terms of the National Environmental

Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (No. 10 of 2004) to remove or destroy threatened or

protected species.

3. ASSUMPTIONS AND LIMITATIONS

One of the primary assumptions of this study is that sufficient botanical information could be gathered

during the site visits to make accurate conclusions regarding the conservation value of the site.

Unfortunately this survey was undertaken during November and December of 2018, outside of the main

flowering season of most species. As a result, none of the winter or spring flowering bulbs were evident.

From previous experience of undertaking plant surveys in this region in autumn, winter and spring it is

known that there is a high diversity of geophytes and annuals that will have been missed in the current

survey. A rapid survey such as this provides only a short window in the flowering season and as a result

species are missed. Continual sampling over all seasons and including early post-fire succession, neither

of which was possible during this study, is the only way of determining the true botanical diversity of a

fynbos site such as this (Privett and Lutzeyer 2010). However, due to the highly regulated timeframes

stipulated within the EIA Regulations 2014 (as amended), it was not possible to sample over all seasons or

the ideal peak flowering season. However, Fynbos Ecoscapes Botanical Consulting (Sean Privett) is

confident that given its experience and local knowledge of the flora on the greater Pearly Beach area and

past surveying of site in close proximity, as well as by using a habitat based approach (where habitat type,

condition and irreplaceability) rather than species are used to inform decision making, sufficient

information of the vegetation (e.g. diversity, sensitivity) was attained in order to provide an accurate

assessment of the potential botanical impacts. Another assumption of this study is that the natural

vegetation is acting as a surrogate for a whole host of other animal species (insect, spiders, molluscs,

birds, mammals, etc.), none of which has been surveyed as part of this overall study, and thus the best

way to conserve the rich small animal community is to conserve the natural vegetation that supports

them.

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Figure 1. Locality of the remainder Farm 385 (black polygon) south east of the Danger Point Peninsula and west of

the village of Pearly Beach.

4. VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS

The majority of the natural vegetation on the remainder Farm 385, is Overberg Dune Strandveld with

thicket elements (Mucina and Rutherford 2006). There is also some Agulhas limestone fynbos in a narrow

belt near the R43 and a few small islands of calcrete outcrops with Agulhas limestone fynbos towards the

middle of the site (Figure 2&4).

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Figure 2. Major vegetation communities on remainder Farm 385, near Pearly Beach. Turquoise is Overberg dune

strandveld and pink is Agulhas limestone fynbos (source National Vegetation map, Cape Farm Mapper).

Overberg Dune Strandveld is the characteristic vegetation of the coastal region around Pearly Beach and

surrounding coastal fynbos in the area. The natural vegetation on the property is generally in very good

condition, although there are extensive areas of dense alien vegetation. Overall the structure and

composition of the veld is healthy. A large portion of the property burnt recently and the vegetation in

these burnt areas is approximately one year old.

There is scattered Acacia cyclops (rooikrans) across the site and there are some areas of dense Acacia

cyclops on the property. These areas have been mapped in Figure 3 below. There is considerable regrowth

of Acacia cyclops in the areas recently burnt.

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Figure 3. Stands of dense alien vegetation prior to recent fire on Remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach.

The Overberg dune strandveld varies across the site with the coastal dune vegetation harbouring different

species composition to the areas inland on the property. There are some small areas of thicket and

limestone fynbos on the site. The thicket species are spread across the property. Overberg dune

strandveld often transitions to thicket in the absence of fire

4.1 Overberg Dune Strandveld

4.1.1 Environmental characteristics Overberg dune strandveld is found on deep, recent marine-derived calcareous soils forming dunes that

line the coast (Quaternary Strandveld Formation of the Bredasdorp Group). The landscape is flat or slightly

undulating with the more protected areas (dune slacks) supporting vegetation of up to 4m tall, often with

a thicket component (see below). In the more wind exposed areas the vegetation seldom exceeds 1m in

height.

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Plate 1. Overberg dune strandveld with thicket mosaic (unburnt area) on remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach.

4.1.2 Species composition The most abundant species recorded on site were Osteospermum moniliferum (bietou), Metalasia

muricata (blombos), Metalasia densa, Passerina corymbosa (gonna), Salvia africana-lutea (brown sage),

Muraltia spinosa (tortoise berry), Phylica ericoides and Carpobrotus edulis (suurvy). The graminoids Ficinia

ramosissima, Ischyrolepis eleocharis, Chondropetalum microcarpum, Pentaschistis pallida, Ischyrolepis

capensis, Ficinia lateralis and Calopsis adpressa were common in the burnt areas and Ehrharta villosa

(pypgras) on the fore dunes.

Other species recorded in the strandveld were Roepera flexuosa, Ruschia sarmentosa, Lampranthus

fergusoniae (Vulnerable), Cissampelos capensis, Chironia baccifera (Christmas berry), Agathosma

cerefolium (anysboegoe), Pelargonium sp., Nemesia versicolor, Crassula expansa ssp. filicaulis, Indigofera

brachystachya, Morella quercifolia, Muraltia satureoides, Limonium scabrum (sea lavender), Annesorhiza

macrocarpa (wildeanyswortel), Hermannia litorale, Aspalathus forbesii, Anthospermum prostratum,

Pelargonium betulinum, Dischisma ciliatum, Helichrysum crispum, Jamesbrittenia albomarginata,

Athanasia trifurcata, Helichrysum dasyanthum, Helichrysum petiolare, Carpobrotus acinaciformis

(hottentots fig), Oxalis sp., Roepera sp., Athanasia quinquedentata, Tetragonia nigrescens, Tetragonia

fruticosa, Indigofera brachystachya, Chrysanthemoides incana and Trichogyne repen.

The Overberg Dune Strandveld in this area is typically a mosaic of Dune fynbos (<1.5 m tall) and dune

thicket (0.5-2.5m tall). Thicket patches may be small (<3 m diameter) and are spread across the site and

therefore have not been mapped separately from the Dune fynbos on site. The primary thicket forming

species are Pterocelastrus tricuspidatus (kershout), Searsia glauca (blue kuni), Olea exasperata (dune

olive), Cassine peragua (bastard saffronwood), Euclea racemos (sea guarrie), Sideroxylon inerme (white

milkwood), Robsodendron maritimum (duine-sybas) and Lauridia teragona . Climbers are common within

the thicket patches, including Asparagus scandens, A. lignosus, Cynanchum obtusifolium (melktou), and

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Kedrostis nana (dune potato).

As the sampling was done out of the main flowering season, no annuals or flowering geophytes were

recorded. During previous surveys of nearby properties with similar habitat the geophytes Haemanthus

sanguineus, H. coccineus (paintbrush) and Brunsvigia orientalis (candelabra flower) were recorded. Dry

flower heads of the geophytes Satyrium carneum (ewwa trewwa – near threatened; B1 (Raimondo et al.

2009)), Ornithogalum sp. and Bulbine annua were recorded. From surveys on adjacent sites in spring one

would expect annuals such as Ursinia sp., Zalusianskya villosa (drumsticks), Adenogramma glomerata,

Didymodoxa capensis (annual nettle), and Arctotis sp. (gousblom) as well as bulbs such as Babiana nana

(uintjie), Lachenalia rubida, L. bulbifera (rooiviooltjies), Massonia depressa (krimpvarkie, hedgehogs),

Albuca flaccida, Ferraria crispa (carrion flower), Trachyandra hispida (kool), Bulbine lagopus, Bulbine

annua, Romulea flava (froetang), Babiana ambigua, Wachendorfia paniculata, Gladiolus carinatus and

Gladiolus cunonius to be present.

4.1.3 Conservation value Overberg Dune Strandveld has been classified as least threatened at a national scale (Mucina and

Rutherford 2006) with some 95% of its original extent remaining and some 36% protected in statutory

conservation areas. Of this, some 30% is statutorily conserved in De Hoop, nearby Walker Bay Nature

Reserve, De Mond Nature Reserve and in the Agulhas National Park. A further 11% of this vegetation type

is conserved in private conservation areas such as Grootbos, Andrewsfield, Brandfontein-Rietfontein,

Groot Hagelkraal and Wolwefontein.

The vegetation vulnerability has been rated as medium vulnerability and protection level as well protected

(Mucina and Rutherford 2006). The site could potentially contribute to meeting local conservation targets

for both biodiversity pattern (species) and ecological process. Regional targets for the vegetation type

have already been fully met by provincial, national and private nature reserves. The conservation value of

the vegetation in the study area is Moderate-High in local (Gansbaai) and Moderate –High in regional

(Overstrand) terms, as it is diverse and in good condition.

4.2 Agulhas Limestone Fynbos

There is an area of Agulhas Limestone Fynbos near the R43 towards the northern boundary of the

property. This vegetation will potentially be impacted by the current proposed development layout

(Figure 5). Calcrete (or limestone) is well known as a habitat that supports numerous localised and

endemic plant species, particularly on the Agulhas Plain. Some of the plants occurring on the calcrete also

occur on the adjacent sands, but others are largely restricted to calcrete habitats.

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Figure 4. Distribution of vulnerable Agulhas limestone fynbos on calcrete (red polygons) on remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach.

Plates 2 & 3. Views of recently burnt Agulhas limestone fynbos on remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach. Plate 2 is of limestone fynbos near the entrance to the property just off the R43 and plate 3 is one of the calcrete outcrops situated near the middle of the property (outside the proposed development footprint).

4.2.1 Floristics This community is characterized by Protea obtusifolia (Bredasdorp sugarbush - Near Threatened

A2c+3c+4c; Raimondo etal. 2009), Athanasia trifurcata, Pelargonium capitatum, Metalasia muricata,

Dischisma ciliatum, Helichryum crispum (kooigoed), Carpobrotus edulis (sour fig), Lessertia frutescens

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(cancer bush), Muraltia satureoides, Struthiola argentea, Morella quercifolia, Roepera sp., Ruschia sp,

Struthiola salteri, Limonium scabrum, Falkia repens, and Otholobium bracteolatum. The thicket species

Searsia laevigata, Euclea racemosa (sea guarrie), Searsia glauca and Searsia lucida (blink taaibos) were

also recorded in the limestone fynbos areas.

4.2.2 Distribution on property The Agulhas limestone fynbos is restricted to a narrow band adjacent to the R43 and some calcrete

outcrops on the property (see Figure 4, red shaded areas).

4.2.3 Environment This vegetation type is restricted to the limestones on the Agulhas Plain between Stanford in the west and

Struisbaai in the east (Mucina and Rutherford 2006). It is found on low hills, fragmented on the coastal

margin of the Agulhas Plain. The geology is shallow alkaline bedrock and alkaline, grey regic sands on

limestones of the Bredasdorp Formation. The soils are extremely shallow and the limestone bedrock is

exposed in many places.

4.2.4 Conservation value Agulhas Limestone Fynbos has been classified as vulnerable (Anonymous 2009). It has a conservation

target of 32 % of which 8% is statutorily conserved in the Agulhas National Park with a further 4%

privately conserved in conservation areas such as Groot Hagelkraal, Oude Bosch and Grootbos. Only 5%

has been transformed by urban development and agriculture but it is threatened by both of these factors

as well as alien plant invasion. The vegetation of this community is in relatively good condition on this

property, although the area near the road has been impacted by alien invasive tree species. Conservation

value of these calcrete outcrops is High locally (Gansbaai) and High regionally (Overstrand), based mainly

on the good condition of the habitat, occurrence of endemic species and the possibility of rare, seasonal

bulbs. The vegetation vulnerability has been rated as medium vulnerability and protection level as well

protected (Mucina and Rutherford 2006).

The Agulhas limestone vegetation on this site could potentially contribute to meeting local conservation

targets for biodiversity pattern (species). The conservation value of this vegetation in the study area is

Moderate-High in local (Gansbaai) and Moderate –High in regional (Overstrand) terms, as it is diverse and

in relatively good condition.

4.3 Duneveld (seashore vegetation)

The alkaline coastal sands in the vicinity of the high water mark support a typical duneveld or seashore

vegetation. This occasionally extends up to about 6-8 m above sea level, where semi-mobile sands have

moved inland. The species found in this habitat are typically widespread and include Osteospermum

incanum (dune bietou), Ehrharta villosa, Dasispermum suffruticosum, Carpobrotus acinaciformis,

Drosanthemum candens (kusvygie), Osteospermum fruticosum (dune daisy) and Tetragonia decumbens

(duinkinkelbos).

From a purely botanical perspective this area has a moderate local and regional conservation value.

However from an ecological point of view it has High value, as it is provides an important interface

between sea and land, and supports a number of bird species including the endangered African Black

Oystercatcher.

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4.4 Species of Conservation Concern

Only three species of conservation concern were recorded during this survey. The ground orchid Satyrium

carneum (pienktrewwa; ewwa trewwa, near threatened, B1 (Raimondo et al 2009)) is restricted to

stabilised coastal dune sands in the south-western Cape from the Cape Peninsula to Stilbaai and is thus

vulnerable to destruction by coastal development and invasion by rooikrans (Acacia cyclops).

A few dried out leaves/flower heads were noted. This species is common along this section of coastline. It

can be successfully removed and transplanted to other areas on site as part of a search and rescue

program. From experience during previous spring surveys of the area there are likely to be high numbers

of Satyrium carneum bulbs present within the development footprint. Ideally the search and rescue

should be timed to take place in late October/early November.

Plate 4. Dried leaves of Satyrium carneum which is likely to be abundant on site and will require search and rescue.

Protea obtusifolia (Proteaeae –near threatened – (Raimondo et al. 2009)) was recorded on the limestone

areas near the R43 (see plate 5 below). This species is restricted to coastal limestone and calcrete

outcrops from Stanford to Stilbaai. It is threatened by coastal urban development, agriculture and alien

invasive species.

Plate 5. Protea obtusifolia (Bredasdorp sugarbush) on limestone’s on Remainder Farm 385.

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Lampranthus fergusoniae (Aizoaceae - Vulnerable B1(Raimondo et al. 2009)) is a vygie species restricted

to coastal habitats from Pearly beach to Knysna. Its known locations continue to decline as a result of

coastal development and related changes in fire frequency, alien plant invasion and crop cultivation.

Plate 6. Lampranthus fergusoniae in Overberg dune strandveld on Remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach.

There is a relatively high likelihood that other species of conservation concern are present but could not

be identified or were not observed due to the time of sampling. These include, Lampranthus explanatus

(endangered) and Galdiolus variegatus (vulnerable) which have been recorded in similar habitats near

Pearly Beach.

5. ECOLOGICAL DRIVERS AND PROCESSES

Given the current natural status of the entire property it will be important that any development plans

consider maintaining linkages through viable ecological corridors and do not ultimately result in the

creation of isolated natural pockets of vegetation on the property.

Spatial components and ecological drivers are seen as important components of good conservation

planning (De Villiers et al. 2005). Fragmentation of fynbos should be avoided at all costs. Although little

information is available on minimum patch sizes and the degree of connectivity required to retain species

richness it is generally agreed that small fragments (<100 hectares) are likely to be vulnerable to a loss of

species due to altered ecological processes e.g. loss of pollinators, changes in fire frequency and edge

effects which encourage alien invasions. Any conservation area planned as part of this application needs

to be both large enough to sustain long term ecological and evolutionary processes as well as be

connected to surrounding natural vegetation on surrounding properties. If this is not achievable then any

remnant natural pockets cannot be considered as having conservation value in the medium to long term.

5.1 Connectivity

The study property as well as neighbouring properties are currently all characterised by natural

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vegetation. With time, neighbouring properties could also be developed and therefore it is important to

include a connectivity plan within this proposed development. Maintaining connectivity is important for

faunal and general ecological movements to ensure the long term viability of the proposed conservation

area on the property. During the course of this study greysbok were seen and a wide variety of animal

tracks were observed on the property. According to the Fynbos Forum Guidelines corridors should be at

least 20m wide to allow for movement of birds and animals between areas of undisturbed habitat.

Figure 5. Proposed corridor layout for connectivity on the northern boundary of the conservation area..

The existing proposed layout will allow for some degree of natural connectivity with inland natural areas

across the R43 (see proposed corridor area in Figure 5). It is suggested that a natural corridor of at least 30

m should be maintained (although bisected by the R43) to connect the remaining natural vegetation on

the property with that across the R43. There also needs to be a natural corridor of at least 30 m to the

west of the coastal development node to allow for natural connectivity to the coast.

While the future development plans of surrounding properties are unknown at this stage, planning for

potential natural linkages on this property must be included in the development framework .

5.2 Fire

Fynbos systems are fire driven. In the absence of fire, species diversity declines and the vegetation

gradually converts to a less species rich, thicket vegetation. Fortunately, the majority of vegetation on the

remainder Farm 385 burnt recently and is about 1 year old at the time of the study. It will be important

for the natural fire cycle of approximately 10-15 years to be maintained for the natural areas on the

property once the site has been developed. Protection of infrastructure or safeguarding of manufacturing

processes, will understandably take preference over management of natural fire regimes. However

without a carefully planned and implementable fire management program for the natural areas on the

property, fire frequency will decline and the natural processes and species will be negatively impacted.

Controlled burns at an interval of between 10-15 years should therefore be included in a conservation

management plan drawn up for the property.

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6. CONSERVATION AREA

As a guideline at least 60% of an area’s natural vegetation should be left intact to ensure the maintenance

of basic ecological processes such as pollination and seed dispersal, and to minimise fragmentation effects

such as edge effects (De Villiers et al 2005). On this basis, a nature reserve area of at least 71 hectares of

the site (which is 117.8 ha in extent) should be set aside for long term conservation on the property. At

full production (1000 tons) the abalone farm will cover approximately 20 ha of the property. This means

that potentially a 97.8 hectare area on the property could be set aside for conservation. It is proposed that

this conservation area be formally established through the signing of a conservation servitude that will set

aside this area for conservation in perpetuity.

7. CRITICAL BIODIVERSITY AREA

Figure 6. The farm in relation to the Overberg Critical Biodiversity Area map. The development footprints fall within

the darker Green CBA area on the map which is terrestrial CBA.

The proposed area for the construction of the abalone farming fascilities on Remainder Farm 385 are

within the demarcated Overberg Critical Biodiversity Area (CBA) (Figure 6, source SANBI – BGIS).

According to the Western Cape Biodiversity Spatial Plan (WCBSP, Pool-Stanvliet et al. 2017) Critical

Biodiversity Areas (CBA’s) indicates areas of land as well as aquatic features which must be safeguarded in

their natural state if biodiversity is to persist and ecosystems are to continue functioning. CBAs

incorporate: (i) Areas that are required to meet biodiversity targets for species, ecosystems or ecological

processes and infrastructure. These include:

• All areas required to meet biodiversity pattern (e.g. species, ecosystems) targets;

• Critically Endangered (CR) ecosystems (terrestrial, wetland and river types);

• All areas required to meet ecological infrastructure targets, which are aimed at ensuring the continued

existence and functioning of ecosystems and delivery of essential ecosystem services; and

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• Critical corridors to maintain landscape connectivity. areas that need to be safeguarded in order to

meet national biodiversity thresholds (ii) areas required to ensure the continued existence and

functioning of species and ecosystems, including the delivery of ecosystem services; and/or (iii) important

locations for biodiversity features or rare species.

The WCBSP used a systematic biodiversity planning approach to identify priority areas that meet both

national and provincial targets in an efficient manner, emphasizing landscape resilience to a changing

climate, and while trying to avoid conflict with other land uses.

This site has been demarcated as CBA owing to its intact state, and in order to ensure continual existence

and functioning of species and natural ecosystems in the Pearly Beach area.

Any further development on this property needs to carefully consider the long term impacts on the areas

biodiversity, both with regards pattern and process.

8. IMPACT ASSESSMENT

This proposed development of the abalone farming facilities and associated infrastructure on the

remainder Farm 385 will result in the total, permanent loss of approximately 20 hectares of natural

vegetation on the property. This will include a hardened dirt road on the current access jeep track,

growing platforms (6 phases of160 tons/approximately 2.5 ha), a processing area including canning,

freezing, live packing and drying, algae culture area, administration block, a two ha solar array generating

approximately 2.5 megawatts, hatchery of approx. 7500 m2, approximately nine dwellings for

management personnel, intake and effluent lines (three intake lines capable of 3600 m3/hour each), one

effluent discharge line. Additional infrastructure as required, such as ablutions facilities, canteen, sump

and pump house, workshops, power transmissions room for generators and distribution systems, parking,

splitting and grading areas, blowers rooms, feed stores, diesel store, freshwater storage reservoirs. For

the purpose of this study, the infrastructure development has been divided into three main components.

Firstly the proposed abalone growth platforms and associated infrastructure on the coast, secondly the

entrance area infrastructure near the R43 and thirdly the access road (Figures 7 & 8, Appendix 1).

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Figure 7. Location of the proposed coastal development node (abalone platforms and associated infrastructure) on

remainder Farm 385, Pearly Beach (the green are processing plants, blue are growth platforms).

8.1 Coastal development node - abalone platforms and associated infrastructure The developments footprint will be cleared of vegetation upon project commencement. A total of at least

15 hectares of Overberg dune strandveld/thicket mosaic will be destroyed during this process. The coastal

fore dune will be impacted for the construction and laying of intake and effluent pipelines. However if the

pipeline construction is carefully implemented, the section of dune impacted can be rehabilitated. This

loss of 15 hectares of natural vegetation is likely to have an impact of HIGH significance without mitigation

and MEDIUM to HIGH with mitigation.

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Figure 8. Proposed entrance road, guard hut, storage, staff housing.

8.2 Entrance area infrastructure A total of at least 3.7 hectares of Agulhas limestone fynbos and Overberg dune strandveld will be removed

to create the entrance area infrastructure. This loss of natural vegetation is likely to have an impact of

MEDIUM to HIGH significance without mitigation and MEDIUM significance with mitigation.

8.3 Access road The access road will follow the existing jeep track on the south eastern border of the property. The road

would be 4 m wide with lay‐bys provided for vehicle passing. A short section of new road will need to be

constructed linking the new access point to the existing jeep track. The existing jeep track will be widened

and surfaced. There will be a loss of some natural vegetation and potentially an impact on the natural

vegetation and fauna (higher possibility of road kills and impact on pollination/dispersal).

The impact on the vegetation as a result of the access road along the existing jeep track is considered to

be of MEDIUM significance without mitigation and of LOW significance with mitigation.

8.4 Cumulative impact Of particular significance is the cumulative negative impact of all the proposed components of this

application on the currently near pristine natural vegetation of the area. It is a generally accepted

planning principle that ribbon coastal development is not desirable in sensitive coastal areas (DEAT

Coastal Management Policy Program 1999), and it also states that clearance of indigenous vegetation

along the coast will need to be strictly controlled and minimized. Development should ideally not be

planned or allowed in a pristine natural area like Remainder 385, however it is recognised that the site is

earmarked for an abalone farming facility, a fast growing industry that can provide economic and social

benefits to the region. It is suggested that this new development should be offset against a real

conservation gain. This is a vital junction in securing a significant piece of the property for conservation in

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the long term. Should development proceed, the remainder of the property must be managed as a

conservation area /nature reserve to ensure long-term maintenance of ecological process and functioning

and contribute to regional conservation targets (see mitigation section below).

It is estimated that a total area of approximately 18 hectares of natural vegetation will be lost within the

development footprint, and approximately 2 hectares will be disturbed by associated construction, such

as earthmoving, piling of sand on natural vegetation, etc. The latter is significant, as the soil conditions are

one of the prime drivers of fynbos structure and dynamics (De Villiers et al. 2005). Substantial alteration

to the soil structure (such as by earthmoving) will have long term (rather than permanent) negative

impacts on the vegetation, as rehabilitation is arguably possible, although unlikely to allow for re-

establishment of the full complement of original biodiversity.

For all three components of this project described above botanical impacts will occur at both the

construction and operational phases, with the former being the source of most of the direct impacts, and

the latter being the source of some indirect impacts. Most construction phase impacts are direct impacts

which involve loss of natural habitat and species as a result of construction. Owing to the sandy nature of

substrate on site, as well as high winds experienced in the area, there is also a high probability of wind

erosion following clearing of vegetation. Operational phase impacts are less obvious and more difficult to

define but in this site would include potential spread of alien species, impact on pollination and dispersal,

impact on faunal habitat and movements and impacts on natural fire cycles.

The No‐Go alternative represents the option not to proceed with the proposed abalone farming facility,

which leaves the project areas of influence in their current state except for variation by natural causes and

other human activities. It thus represents the current status quo and the baseline against which all

potential project related impacts are assessed. The EIA will consider the no‐go alternative.

Summary Table 1: Botanical Impact assessment for direct impacts for the proposed development before mitigation.

Activity Impact (ha) Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance

New platforms

Loss of vegetation 15.3 ha

Negative High Local Permanent definite High High

Access infrastructure

Loss of vegetation 3.7 ha

Negative Medium-high

Local Permanent definite High Medium-High

Access road on existing jeep track

Loss of vegetation 1 ha

Negative Medium Local Permanent definite High Medium

Summary Table 2: Botanical Impact assessment for direct impacts for the proposed development after mitigation.

Activity Impact (ha) Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance

New platforms

Loss of vegetation 15.3 ha

Negative Medium-high

Local Permanent definite High Medium-High

Access infrastructure

Loss of vegetation 3.7 ha

Negative Medium Local Permanent definite High Medium

Access road on existing jeep track

Loss of vegetation 1 ha

Negative Low Local Permanent definite High Low

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Summary Table 3: Botanical Impact assessment for indirect impacts from the development before mitigation.

Sites Impact Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance

All Fire management

negative High Local permanent probable High High

All Ecological/evolutionary processes

negative Medium-High

Local permanent definite High Medium-High

All Alien plant invasion

negative Medium-High

Local temporary probable medium Medium-High

Summary Table 4: Botanical Impact assessment for indirect impacts from the development after mitigation.

Sites Impact Status Intensity Extent Duration Probability Confidence Significance

All Fire management

negative Medium Local permanent probable High Medium

All Ecological/evolutionary processes

negative Medium Local permanent definite High Medium

All Alien plant invasion

negative Low Local temporary probable medium Low

All impacts (with exception of alien invasive species) are considered to be irreversible with irreplaceable loss of existing vegetation cover both over a medium to long term.

9. MITIGATION

The following mitigation measures are considered essential if the proposed development is to be

approved. If all the mandatory mitigation is not likely to be carried out the development should not be

approved.

Search and rescue of all transplantable plant material prior to construction (bulbs, succulents, and

any others deemed translocatable). A suitably qualified botanist/horticulturalist should be

appointed to undertake this work, which if it is to be done successfully should be carried out in

late autumn and late spring. Bulbs should be collected in late spring (July – October), before they

go dormant and succulents and shrubs should be collected in autumn after the first winter rains. If

the search and rescue cannot be performed in the period July-October, a large proportion of the

bulbs will not be located, and this is unacceptable and incomplete search and rescue. No

construction work can commence until search and rescue has been completed. Some of the bulb

species that need to be moved include Satyrium carnuem, Haemanthus sanguineus, Haemanthus

coccineus, Lachenalia bulbifera, Lachenalia rubida, Massonia depressa, Brunsvigia orientalis and

Ornithogalum sp. These plants must be planted directly into new areas on site as determined by

the ECO (either areas already under rehabilitation or into the conservation area). Plants/cuttings

of Lampranthus fergusoniae should be collected and transplanted as part of S&R.

The erection of temporary fencing around the proposed development area to ensure that there is

no damage to the natural flora outside of the development footprints. Only one access route,

which will later become the main access route to the site, should be used. Designated lay‐bys

must be clearly demarcated for vehicle passing prior to construction commencing.

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The appointment of an external Environmental Control Officer (ECO) for the duration of the

construction phase. The ECO should be responsible for enforcing no-go areas, environmental

induction for all construction workers and awarding penalty fines for any transgressors and

making sure that search and rescue is done.

The construction of the proposed platforms and pipelines through what is an undulating

landscapes will result in significant areas of exposed, unconsolidated sand after construction.

Stockpiled topsoil should be spread over these exposed slopes and then these areas need to

immediately be stabilised using a soil saver (such as Geojute 250) and planted with local, fast

growing pioneer species such as Tetragonia decumbens and Carpobrotus acinaciformis.

There is concern that the proposed development will impact on the coastal fore dunes and

pipelines will be constructed through this sensitive habitat. The route of the proposed pipelines

should be determined on site with a botanist to ensure minimum impact on coastal seashore

vegetation. All pipelines should be installed underground and topsoil must be carefully managed

to enable natural regeneration. It is important that a strip of natural vegetation be maintained

along the coastline.

A natural corridor should be maintained to the coast as well as to the R43 and natural vegetation

to the north of the property. The remainder of the farm must be managed as a conservation

area/nature reserve to ensure long-term maintenance of ecological process and functioning and

contribute to regional conservation targets. This should be a condition of approval in the

Environmental Authorisation and Consent Use application.

10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The site is characterised by Overberg Dune Strandveld (least threatened in terms of the NSBA)

which includes dune fynbos, thicket and duneveld communities as well as some smaller areas of

Agulhas limestone fynbos (vulnerable in terms of the NSBA).

Most of the natural vegetation on site is in good condition, and is of Moderate-High regional

conservation value.

A total area of about 20 hectares of natural vegetation (Overberg Dune Strandveld and Agulhas

limestone fynbos) will be destroyed by the proposed development.

Three Red Data species was recorded within the area that will be impacted by the proposed

layout. It is however important to mention that there is a moderate to high likelihood that other

red data species (especially bulbs) may be present, but could not be identified owing to the

season of sampling.

The natural vegetation on Remainder of Farm 385 has been designated as a CBA.

It is important that the development allows for natural corridors to the coast as well as to the R43

on the northern side of the property. The remaining natural vegetation on the property should

remain connected through a functional network of ecological corridors.

The site of the proposed pipelines should be determined on site with a botanist to ensure

minimum impact on the coastal seashore vegetation. All pipelines should be installed

underground and topsoil must be carefully managed to enable natural regeneration. Wherever

possible the coastal fore dune vegetation should be kept intact. These dunes must be maintained

to provide an ecological and visual buffer between the coastline and the abalone farm.

As far as possible, all services related to the construction of the abalone farm should follow

existing disturbed areas (jeep tracks) to minimise impacts on vegetation.

Within all development footprints, search and rescue must be undertaken and the plants moved

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directly into the conservation area on site. This S&R should include all red data species, all bulbs

and other plants that can be moved (such as vygies) and be undertaken by a qualified

botanist/horticulturalist.

Overall the direct impact associated with the proposed development is medium-high after

mitigation.

It is suggested that the remaining natural areas on the property (approximately 100 hectares) be

formally managed as a conservation area. A conservation management plan should be drawn up

for this area for the long term maintenance of ecological processes such as fire, pollination and

faunal movements.

Effort should be made to develop collaborative conservation partnerships with neighbouring

properties to ensure that the proposed nature area on the property remains connected and is

managed together with surrounding natural areas. It will only be through this larger scale

partnership arrangement that fire and alien vegetation management will be effective and that

natural corridors and conservation areas will provide effective functional habitats for the regions

special biodiversity in the long term.

Ongoing alien vegetation management is important on the property. Dune fynbos is highly

susceptible to invasion by alien species, in particular Acacia cyclops and Kikuyu grass, and

particularly following disturbance.

S D J Privett

1 June 2019

11. LITERATURE CITED

Anonymous 2003. C.A.P.E. Agulhas Biodiversity Initiative (ABI). United Nations Development Programme,

Global Environment Facility. UNDP Project ID: SAF/03/G31/A/G/99.

Cowling, R. and C. Heijnis. 2001. The identification of Broad Habitat Units as biodiversity entities for

systematic conservation planning in the Cape Floristic Region. SA J Bot. 67: 15 – 38.

De Villiers, C, Driver, A., Clark, B., Euston-Brown, D., Day, L., Job, N., Helme, N., Brownlie, S. and Rebelo, T.

2005. Fynbos Forum Ecosystem Guidelines for Environmental Assessment in the Western Cape.

De Villiers E & Blood J. 2018. Scoping Report for the proposed expansion of an existing abalone farm at

Danger Point near Gansbaai. Authority Reference number: 16/3/3/6/7/1/E2/4/1002/18. SLR Consulting.

Germishuizen, G & Meyer, N. L. (eds) 2003. Plants of southern Africa: an annotated checklist. Strelitzia 14.

National Botanical Institute, Pretoria.

Helme N. 2004. Revised botanical assessment of erf 623 Gansbaai. (Revised August 2004). For SRK

Consulting, Cape Town. Nick Helme Botanical Surveys, Scarborough.

Helme N. 2005. Botanical baseline survey of proposed Perlemoenpunt development site at Kleinbaai,

Gansbaai. Unpublished report for Doug Jeffery Environmental Consultants, Klapmuts. Nick Helme

Botanical Surveys, Scarborough.

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Helme N. 2006. Botanical Baseline survey of proposed Romansbaai development site (ptns. 2, 17 & 18

of the farm Klipfontein, Gansbaai), Revision 1. Unpublished report for Doug Jeffery Environmental

Consultants. Nick Helme Botanical Surveys, Scarborough.

Helme N. 2007. Specialist Botanical Impact Assessment for proposed Birkenhead Hotel Development,

Danger Point. Unpublished Report for Doug Jeffery Environmental Consultants, Klapmats. Nick Helme

Botanical Surveys, Scarborough.

Helme N. 2008. Botanical basic assessment of proposed expansion of Roman Bay aquaculture facility,

phase 2 & 3 (ptn. 2 of the farm Klipfontyn 711), Gansbaai. For Pierre Joubert Landscape Architect. Nick

Helme Botanical Surveys, Scarborough.

Mucina, L. & Rutherford, M. (eds) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia

19. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Pool-Stanvliet, R., Duffell-Canham, A., Pence, G. & Smart, R. 2017. The Western Cape Biodiversity Spatial

Plan Handbook. Stellenbosch: CapeNature.

Privett S D J and Cowling R M (2001) Thirty years of change in the fynbos vegetation of the Cape of Good

Hope Nature Reserve. Bothalia 31, 99-115.

Privett S.D.J. 2007. Botanical study of proposed development of the van Dyksbaai allotment area,

comprising 8 erven numbered 1222 to 1229, subdivisions of erf 1214, Kleinbaai, Western Cape.

Unpublished report for Wrap Consulting. Fynbos Ecoscapes, Gansbaai.

Privett S.D.J. 2009. Botanical assessment for Birkenhead master plan, Danger Point Peninsula, Gansbaai.

Fynbos Ecoscapes Report, Gansbaai.

Privett S. D. J. and Lutzeyer H.H.M. 2010. The Flora of Grootbos Nature Reserve and the Walker Bay

region. Grootbos Nature Reserve.

Raimondo, D., von Staden, L., Foden, W., Victor, J.E., Helme, N.A., Turner, R.C., Kamundi, R.C. and

Manyama, P.A. (eds) (2009) Red List of South African Plants 2009. Strelitzia 25, South African National

Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

Rouget M., Reyers, B., Jonas, Z. Desmet, P., Driver, A., Maze, K., Egoh, B., Cowling, R. M., Mucina L., and

Rutherford M. 2004. South African Biodiversity Assessment 2004: Technical Report Vol. 1. Terrestrial

component. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

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Appendix 1. Whole Farm View SDP Rev 6