bosch, j., las mil y una sectas

8/18/2019 Bosch, J., Las Mil y Una Sectas

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2/17

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2 7. XLHL OLDFVK KW DM OKVDBEL. Gldmsm÷e Ebgmlebj «@ustmgmbkt ^bx±.

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Glpyrmcot fy ^^G. 2=37.K. @brhmkj ^legkjb, 8. Dbhrmh-29.Emomj lfstbt0 Hr. Jbdfkrtl hk Kgokfkrräb, Gkeslr.^rmetkh me Wpbme. - Mdprksl ke Kspbòb.M. W. F. E. ?8-6??->6;=-=.Hkp÷smtl jkcbj0 D. 73.6?>-2=37.Gufmkrtb0 Irbegmsgl Mzqumkrhl.Mdprksm÷e gufmkrtb0 Liiskt Xlrrlfb.Mdprksl ke Dbrsmkcb, W. B.‘K. @brhmkj ^legkjb, 8. Dbhrmh-29.

bs dmj y ueb skgt s

^brkgk ue sukòl. L ueb jkykehb. L gubjqumkr ebrrbgmtbj ketrkdkzgjbhb gle kj eldfrk hk @ksugrmstl. ] , sme kkj duehl hk jbs skgtbs grmstmbebs ks ueb rkbjmhbh qukjjbdbehl b eukstrbs pukrtbs, mevmtbehl, sucmrmkehl, kethl. Ketusmbsdbehl, slfrk tlhl. Ybdls b tkekr lgbsm÷e hk prlfbrjl .

Wm ks kstb jb prmdkrb vkz quk jkks bjcl slfrk jbs skgtk prkcuetks bj glrrkr hk jbs pâcmebs sm kstâs ke ue duehsmlebrmls l hk prliktbs, hk sbetls l hk kdfbugbhlrks, hk dl hk bsgktbs1 sm tk keguketrbs ke ue duehl rkbj l ke uehk kesukòl1 betk ue grmstmbemsdl hksebturbjmzbhl l bettmbemsdl tbj y gldl j l obfäb mdbcmebhl @ksðs hk Ebzbr

Wkräb hkdbsmbhl iâgmj hkgmr quk tlhl ks dketmrb. bimrdbgm÷e el skräb glrrkgtb plrquk obfräb ibjtbhl b jbKj duehl hk jbs skgtbs ks hkdbsmbhl gldpjmgbhl gldl pbrgle ue sljl `umgml hk vbjlr, sme dbtmgks em prkgmsmleks,hbrels plr sbtmsikgols. Wm smkdprk iuk brrmkscbhl hkimegmsm÷e jbs irletkrbs hk jb sbetmhbh y hkj kquävlgl, el elbhlptbr hk eukvl, gldl gubehl emòls, bqukjjb g÷dlhb plsmgprkskegmbr ue imjdk hkj Lkstk0 ístls sle jls fukels y bqsle jls dbjls. Dâs fmke hkfkräbdls im`brels ke jb sketkegfjmgb, «plr sus irutls jls glelgkríms±.

Xrbs jl hmgol tk hbrâs guketb quk el tmkeks ke tus dbilj jktl mequmsmtlrmbj y bgusbhlr. Jmtkrbturb bpljlcítmgbhlrb behb dugob plr kj dkrgbhl. Bquä qumsmkrb meilrdy lf`ktmvbdketk. Ke jb dkhmhb hk dms iukrzbs, gjbrl . Mgldprkehkr. ^krl sme gbkr ke kj ksgkptmgmsdl, gldl sm jMcjksmb hkskbhb plr @ksðs kstuvmksk hkspbrrbdbhb key ueb skgtbs. Gldl gbt÷jmgl, grkl quk jb glduemhbh iuehb@ksðs ob pkrskvkrbhl b trbvís hkj tmkdpl, dkhmbetk jb bplst÷jmgb, ke. t lhbs jbs Mcjksmbs ke gld uem÷e gle Vld b.

Wm jb Mcjksmb ks jb prkskegmb pkrdbeketk hk jb ^bjby hk sus sbgrbdketls ke ueb glduemhbh hk oldfrks, kpmdk etk kstrug turbhb , gle ue gketrl kjk uemhbh vmsmfjk qudletb obstb @ksugrmstl, hmiägmjdketk plhräbdls bpjmgbr el «Mcjksmb± b jls eudkrlsls crupls hk jls quk vbdls b obf

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Kj dmsdl Ybtmgbel MM, ke kj «Hkgrktl hkj Kgudkemsdl± jl kdpjkb s÷jl pbrb hksmcebr bjcuebs Glduemhbhks. ^lr kjjl , ke kjeðd krl 2=, obfjb hk jbs «Mcjksmbs y Glduemhbh ks kgjksmbjks skpbrbh bs ke Lggmhk etk±. ] ke kj eð dk rl 28 sk rkikräb b «jbs Mcjksmbshk Lrmketk±. Ke gbdfml, kdpjkb ltrls t írdmels, gldl glduem÷e,glduemhbh, crupls grmstmbels gubehl glesmhkrb quk jbs hmsgrkpbegmbs ke jb metkrprktbgm÷e hk jb vkrhbh rkvkjbhb sle prliuehbs kmrrkglegmjmbfjks.

Ke kstk ksgrmtl el obfjl hk jbs Mcjksmbs prltkstbetks. Obfjlkxgjusmvbdketk hk jbs skgtbs, l bcrupbgmleks kst rugturbjdketk gkrrbhbs quk obe rlt l vljuetbrmbdketk gle kj crupl kgjksmâstmgl kebjcueb hlgtrmeb kskegmbj y obe gldkezbhl su vmhb b pbrtmr hk gkrl.

^krl kstk okgol el els pkrdmtk kj ekcbrjks tlhls j ls kjkdketlskgjksmbjks y grmstmbels quk plskke0 jb ^bjbfrb hk Hmls ksgrmtb, jb vmhbhk jb crbgmb, jb ik, jb kspkrbezb y jb gbrmhbh, bjcuels hleks metkrmlrks hkj Kspärmtu Wbetl, megjusl bjcuels sbgrbdketls.

Eukstrb ik el sk hkimkehk ekcbehl kj pbtrmdleml grmstmbel quk skhb iukrb hk jb Mcjksmb Gbt÷jmgb. El ks suimgmketk rkiutbr jl qukgrkkdls ue krrlr, pbrb obgkrjl hksbpbrkgkr. Wm ksb iukrb jb tâgtmgb,yb el kxmstmräbe jbs skgtbs. Wme kdfbrcl, gbhb vkz oby dâs skgtbs.

¼Ruí ks ueb skgtb


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;. Jb Fmfjmb ks glesmhkrbhb gldl Jmfrl mespmrbhl. Jb jkgturb qukobgk ks hk tmpl iuehbdketbjmstb, ks hkgmr, bimrdb quk tlhbs ygbhb ueb hk jbs pbrtks y bimrdbgmleks hkj B. y E. Xkstbdketlhkfke tldbrsk bj pmk hk jb jktrb. ^lek kspkgmbj íeibsms ke jlsJmfrls ^rli í tmgls, quk metkrprktb gbtkc÷rmgbdketk, gldl sm jbgjbvk hk jb glrrkgtb metkrprktbgm÷e fäfjmgb kstuvmksk rkskrvbhbkxgjusmvbdketk b kjjb.

Kstâ hk slfrb kj kstuhml hk jb tkljlcäb fäfjmgb l hk jb kxí-cksms dlhkreb. Wmcuk jmtkrbj y rkpktmhbdketk jb metkrprktbgm÷ehbhb ueb vkz pbrb smkdprk plr kj iuehbhlr hk jb skgtb.

Wme kdfbrcl, bjcuebs skgtbs pleke bj dmsdl emvkj hk jbFmfjmb jbs rkvkjbgmleks l keskòbez bs hkj prliktb iuehbh lr. Vkglrhkdls kj Jmfrl hk Dlrd÷e pbrb «Jb Mcjksmb hk @ksugrmstlhk jls Wbetls hk jls Ðjtmdls Häbs±, l jl quk bskcurbfb Go. Xb-zk Vusskjj, kj memgmbhlr hk jls «Xkstmcls hk @kolvâ±, bj bimrdbrquk «vbjäb dâs jkkr sus Gldketbrmls sme jb Fmfjmb, quk jb Fmfjmb sme sus Gldketbrmls±. ^lr kjjl hmiägmjdketk plhrkdls hbrkj gbjmimgbtmvl hk skgtbs grmstmbebs b bjcuebs quk pbsbe gldltbjks.

9. ^lskk dbrgbhl gbrâgtkr hk glduemhbh irbtkrebj. Wus dmkdf r ls , lrmcmebrmls hk bdfmketks hksgrmstmbemzbhls l hk crbehksMcjksmbs, keguketrbe ke jb eukvb skgtb kj gbjlr rkjmcmlsl vmvmhl , kxpkrmdketbhl y gletbcmbetk. Xmkeke glegmkegmb hk skr, elue eðdkrl dâs, smel rksplesbfjks hk ueb pkqukòb ibdmjmbrkuemhb ke tlrel b @ksðs.

Ke gubjqumkr gbsl, kj kegbetl ks dbemimkstl0 obe kegletrbhl ueb ibdmjmb rkjmcmlsb plr jb quk obe vkegmhl kj iräl belemdbtl hk jb crbe gmuhbh l kj hk jbs dmsdbs Mcjksmbs dbsmvbsy duj tmtuhmebrmbs.

3. Kxms tk, plr ðjtmd l, iukrtk sketmh l prls kjmtmstb . Jb gbptb gm÷e hkeukvls dmkdfrls el sk pbrb betk fbrrkrbs hk emecueb gjbsk,kdpjkbehl tlhb jb cbdb hk dkhmls hmsplemfjks. Hkshk kj uslhk jbs kdmsmleks hk rbhml,obstb jb vmsmtb b hldmgmjml, lplrtueb l melplr tuebdketk.

Ke kstk ðjtmdl sketmhl plgl mdplrtb quk kj olcbr bj quksk vmsmtb skb hk gbt÷jmgls l hk prltkstbetks prbgtmgbetks. Kebjcuels gbsls, y s÷jl ke bjcuebs skgtbs, sk jjkcb bj hksprkstmcml y b jb gbjudemb ke jls btbquks b jbs Mcjksmbs, gle jb sljbimebjmhbh hk gbptbr eukvls grkyketks.

Hk jl bhdmrbfjk b jl mebgkptbfjk.Bsä rkzb kj suftätujl hk jb lfrb Hkeldmebgmleks y Wkgtbs hkj

pbstlr @kbe-^buj Fkelmt, hk jb Mcjksmb Vkilrdbhb hk Irbegmb. Okdls vmstl glsbs bhdmrbfjks ke kstk frkvk rkpbsl hk jbs gbrbgtkrästmgbs hk jbs skgtbs grmstmbebs. Ybdls b tkekr lgbsm÷e hk gld

prlfbr j l mebgkptbfjk quk kegmkrrbe pbrb ueb glegmkegmeb quk jkk ke prliuehmhbh kj Eukvl Xkstbdketl .

Rumzâ, meglesgmketkdketk, ksk suftätujl hk ueb lfrb hb jbs skgtbs kstâ bpuetbehl bj gketrl dmsdl hkj dmstkrmoldfrk y bj memetkjmcmfjk eðgjkl hk jb hmvmsm÷e grmstelsltrls, ke gbhb oldfrk, bjcl bhdmrbfjk y bjcl mebgkptbfjkke jb omstlrmb hk jls grmstmbels glsbs bhdmrbfjks y glsbsfjks. Ke kj lrmcke hk jbs skgtbs, ke su hksbrrljjl y ke su vglsb el plhräb skr hk ltrb dbekrb. Ks jb rutb lfjmcbhb qlfskrvb gubehl, hkspbgml y sme pbsm÷e, sk kstuhmb kj ey jb kvljugm÷e hk jbs hmsmhkegmbs.

Euegb, emecueb skgtb, ob ebgmhl gle kj kxprksl hkskl hvmsm÷e l hkj krrlr. Ke kj puetl hk brrbequk hk gubjqumskgtbrml sk lfskrvbrâ l fmke ueb kqumvlgbhb metkjkggm÷efäfjmgl ke gubetl b jbs grkkegmbs, bpbrtâehlsk hkj dbcmsdðe (okrk`äb)1 l fmke plr lplsmgm÷e b jls bfusls gldktmhueb hktkrdmebhb `krbrquäb, ueb pbrtk sk skpbrb hkj t lhl

Kstk ike÷dkel el ks rkgmketk. Xmkek vkmetk smcjls hkgmb. Yb hkshk jbs skgtbs ce÷stmgbs, dbemqukbs y dletbòmbpbrkgke yb ke jls trks prmdkrls smcjls‘, obstb kj brrmekstlrmbemsdl y dlelimsmsdl quk btketbe bj eðgjkl hk jb itmbeb.

Jukcl bpbrkgkräbe skgtbs dmjkebrmstbs y pkrikggmlemsjls bjfmckesks, gbtbrls y vbjhkesks. Xbdfmíe jb tkrrmfjk gm÷e hk jb Mcjksmb mehmvmsb, ketrk Lggmhketk y Lrmkcjl _YM, jls rkilrdbhlrks Dbrtäe Jutkrl y @ube Gbjvmel smemgmbhlrks hk jbs Mcjksmbs «rkilrdbhbs± l prltkstbetksdketk ebgäb ke Mecjbtkrrb, trbs ue jbrcl y gldpjmgbhl pjb Mcjksmb becjmgbeb.

^krl yb ke kj dmsdl dldketl bpbrkgke skgtbs quk jjkvbeprmegmpmls jutkrbels y gbjvmemstbs obstb sus ðjtmdbs glWkrâe pkrskcumhbs mcubjdketk plr t lhbs jbs Mcjksmbs limgksmvbdketk vbe ebgmkehl j ls bebfbptmstbs, dkeelemtbs,cbgmlebjmstbs, prksfmtkrmbels, fbutmstbs, guâqukrls, dktlhgítkrb. ] jukcl, hurbetk jls smcjls _M_ y __, t lhb ksb medjkcm÷e hk skgtbs quk ob prlvlgbhl, prmegmpbjdketk ke jls[emhls, Mecjbtkrrb y Irbegmb, hkgkebs hk pkqukòbs glduhmvmhmhbs y kegkrrbhbs ke sm dmsdbs y quk obgke sudiägmj y hkjmgbhl kj Dlvmdmketl kgudíemgl.

Jb smdpjk keudkrbgm÷e hk sus pmetlrksgls eldfrks prräb ueb slermsb ksgíptmgb quk el metketl . Kj rkguketl hkjjbs suplehräb jjkebr vbrmbs pâcmebs hkj i l j jktl . Fbstk quk ke jb ðjtmdb khmgm÷e hkj Obehflla li Hkeldmebtmles me tok[emtkh Wtbtks, hk Irbea W. Dkbh, sk objjb meilrdbgm÷e slfrk6;> mdplrtbetks crupls rkjmcmlsls hkj crbe pbäs bdkrmgbobfjb hktbjjbhbdketk hk jbs meeudkrbfjks skgtbs grmstmbhbhbs plr y pbrb jls ekcrls. Jl dmsdl plhräb hkgmrsk hk jtubj prljmikrbgm÷e skgtbrmb quk btrbvmksb kj duehl grmgbel.

Jb kxmstkegmb hk kstbs glduemhbhks grmstmbebs, kxgsk uebs b ltrbs, ks mebgkptbfjk. Jb vljuetbh hk @ksðs «¡R

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skbe uel ±, jb rkgldkehbgm÷e hk Wbe ^bfjl «quk el obyb hmskesmleks ketrk vlsltrls, betks fmke, vmvâms fmke uemhls ke ue dmsdlpkesbr y ke ue dmsdl sketmr±, obe smhl vmljketbdketk hkslfkhkgmhbs y tkrcmvkrsbhbs. ] ksk ks kj pbelrbdb quk sk prksketbb ue duehl quk hkfk skr glevkrtmhl b jb ik ke @ksugrmstl.

¼G÷dl ebgke jbs skgtbs<Betks hk metketbr trbzbr jbs ktbpbs quk mevbrmbfjkdketk bpb

rkgke ke jb ilrdbgm÷e hk jbs skgtbs, pbrkgk ekgksbrml hk`br ‘ smqumkrb suckrmhl‘, kj okgol hksglegkrtbetk quk suplek jb bpjmgbgm÷e hkj t írdmel «skgtb± b ueb bcrupbgm÷e hktkrdmebhb.Kj vlgbfjl «skgtb± y su hkrmvbhl «skgtbrml± plskke ke gbstkjjbel sketmhl pkylrbtmvl. Ks kvmhketk. Xbj bpkjbgm÷e ks kdpjkbhbsmkdprk plr bqukjjls quk «hkshk iukrb± lfskrvbe ueb lrcbemzbgm÷e ke glegrktl. Emecueb skgtb sk rkglelgk gldl tbj. Wkrâ glesmhkrbhb bsä plr ltrls dlvmdmketls l plr ltrbs Mcjksmbs1 b su vkz,vmíehlsk ke kj ùstl gketrl , bpjmgbrâ ksk tírdmel pbrb hksmcebrb bcrupbgmleks smdmjbrks.

[e gmkrtl rkjbtmvmsdl kstâ prksketk ‘kstl ks j l quk hkfk qukhbr gjbrl‘ ke jb bpjmgbgm÷e hkj tírdmel skgtb. ^brb kj ûkfjl hkMsrbkj, ke ebgmketk grmstmbemsdl prksketbfb tlhbs jbs gbrbgtkrästmgbs hk ueb skgtb ùhäb dâs. ^brb jb Mcjksmb mehmvmsb, jls cruplshk grmstmbels quk rkgobzbfbe jls crbehks Glegmjmls hk Emgkb l

Gbjgkhlemb, bpbrkgke gldl okrk`ks y gmsdâtmgls. Jb Mcjksmb gbt÷jmgb, ke su tmkdpl, rkgobzb gldl skgtbrmbs jbs glduemhbhks hkJutkrl. B su vkz, jbs Mcjksmbs jutkrbebs y gbjvmemstbs bgusbe hkskgtbrmsdl b jls bebfbptmstbs y dkeelemtbs. ^brb jb Mcjksmb hkMecjbtkrrb, j ls glecrkcbgmlebjmstbs, j ls guâqukrls, j ls dktlhmstbshk Sksjky, iukrle skgtbs ke kj sketmhl butíetmgl hk jb pbjbfrb.

Crbehks Mcjksmbs hk oly ‘bjcuebs hk kjjbs tkemhbs ke ltrltmkdpl gldl vkrhbhkrbs skgtbs ‘fbutmstbs y dktlhmstbs, plrk`kdpjl‘, glesmhkrbe gldl skgtbs b jls glrpðsgujls quk bijlrbegle gmkrtb irkgukegmb ke kj duehl grmstmbel. ¼Wkrâe ístls, dbòbeb, Mcjksmb< W÷jl plhräb gletkstbrsk bimrdbtmvbdketk sm tlhb jbgukstm÷e rksmhmkrb, gldl sk ob suckrmhl gle irkgukegmb, ke kj eðdkrl hk dmkdfrls. Gldl sm kj prlfjkdb iukrb hk gbetmhbh.

Ke ksb pkrspkgtmvb tkehräbdls ueb skgtb gubehl jb glduemhbhiukrb rkhugmhb, ueb Mcjksmb gubehl sus dmkdfrls sk gletbske plrdmjjleks. El ks kstk, kvmhketkdketk, kj grmtkrml b tkekr ke guketb.Hkfkräbdls rkglrhbr jbs smktk gbrbgtkrästmgbs keudkrbhbs betkrmlrdketk pbrb sbfkr sm els kegletrbdls l el betk ueb skgtb.W÷jl gle kj tmkdpl, gubehl sk obe mhl flrrbehl l trbesilrdbehljls rbscls hkj skgtbrmsdl, sk pukhke prksketbr lgbsmlebjdketk plsmfmjmhbhks pbrb su trbeilrdbgm÷e ke Mcjksmb, ke kj sketmhl slgmlj÷cmgl y tígemgl hkj vlgbfjl. Ruk sk trbesilrdk ke Mcjksmb ke sketmhl tklj÷cmgl, ks prlfjkdb quk hksflrhb jls jädmtks hk kstbs pâcmebs.

Rumzâ kstbdls bolrb ke glehmgmleks hk gldprkehkr dk`lr j lshmikrketks dldketls quk sk hbe ke kj lrmcke y hksbrrlj j l hk uebhktkrdmebhb skgtb. Lfkhkgke b ueb gmkrtb j÷cmgb hk kvbeckjmsdl

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quk jjkcb b glevkegkr hk jb ekgksmhbh hk rupturb tl tbcrupl kgjksmbj dbylrmtbrml.2. Kj prmdkr pbsl ebgk hkj hkskl hk gletrbplekr b ueb

imkstb hkgbhkegmb hkj kspärmtu kvbecíjmgl, ue rktlredb Fmfjmb. ^krl jkähb ístb fb`l jb ÷ptmgb hkj memglesgmketkdketk sk slfrkvbjlrb ueb hktkrdmebhb vkrfjmgb. Bhqumkrk ketlegks hksprlplrgmlebhb mdplrtbecbehl ke dugols gbsls b qukhbr bmsjbhb hkj gleùetl keskòbezbs hk jb Fmfjmb.

6. Betk jb j÷cmgb lplsmgm÷e prksketbhb plr kj dbcmstsmâstmgl y jbs hmimgujtbhks hk obgkr bgkptbr b jb imkjks jb eukvb ÷ptmgb, kj memgmbhlr vk ke su gbdml skcumr pkrdbekgmkehl ke ueb mcjksmb quk ob bphk`brsk cumbr plr kj Kspärmtu ke ueb bvketurb ksppurb lfkhmkegmb. Jb lpgm÷e ks kvmhketk. Jb rupturbsudbhb.

7. B pbrtmr hk kstk dldketl jb eukvb skgtb, glesgmketkdmsm÷e hk prkskrvbr kj Kvbeckjml ke ue duehl bhvkueb Mcjksmbs bp÷stbtbs, gldmkezb su rutb. Vutb `bjhls mhkbs gketrbjks0 jb uem÷e glokrketk, quk mdpjmgmb bfsljutb b jbs metkrprktbgmleks y rkvkjbgmleks hlr, k metrbesmckegmb rbhmgbj gle tlhl bqukjjl quk ejb skgtb. Kj hmâjlcl kgudíemgl, kj kstuhml gldpbrbtmvqukhb hk jb uem÷e gle l trls crupls bpbrkgk, ke kstb ptmvb, gldl bjcl supkrijul.

8. Jb bgkptbgm÷e hk kstk kspärmtu plr ueb rkhugmhb obgk quk jls jbzls sk kstrkgoke dâs y dâs, j jkcâehlsk ilrdbr vkrhbhkrbs glduemhbhks irbtkrebjks. Kj gbjlr dmjmb rkjmcmlsb ks gletrbpukstl b jb irmbjhbh sketMcjksmbs hk jbs quk prlgkhke. Kjjl bgketðb jb glevkstbr ke kj ðemgl gbdmel quk jjkvb b jb sbjvbgm÷e

;. [e jbtketk pkjmcrl sufsmstk. Jb dkelr hksvmbgm÷e hkmemgmbj pukhk prlhugmr ue gmsdb hketrl hk jb dmsdirkguketk lfskrvbr quk kj pksl mekxlrbfjk hkj tmkdpl rrbehl jb iukrzb y kj ketusmbsdl prmdmtmvls. Ketlegukrpl sk vbe hkscb`behl crupls quk sk hmgke y glegletmeubhl rks l okrkhk rls jkcätmdls hkj kspärmtu hkj Ltrls, ke gbdfml, vbe pkrhmkehl dbtmgks hk metrbehujgmimgbe bqukjjb vkrhbh bmsjbhb y iuehbdketbj qrbgtkrmz÷, bfrke hmâjlcl gle l trls crupls bimeks, uebquäb dâs kstrug turbhb lgupb kj jucbr hkj prliktb iuJb skgtb hk`b hk skr rbhmgbj y sk mestbjb. Wle jls mehmgmgjbrls hk su trbesilrdbgm÷e ke ueb Mcjksmb.

Ks ístk, gle bjcuebs vbrmbetks, kj prlgksl skcumhl kedbgm÷e hk jbs eukvbs skgtbs. W÷jl bsä pukhk kxpjmgbrpbelrbdb, hmvmhmhl y dujtmilrdk, quk prksketbe jbs skgduehl grmstmbel.

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7/17

¼Wle grmstmbebs tlhbs jbs skgtbs<Kstk ike÷dkel quk b crbehks rbscls bgbfbdls hk bebjmzbr

bikgtb b tlhbs jbs bcrupbgmleks oudbebs. Gubjqumkr bslgmbgm÷ehk tmpl pljätmgl, gujturbj l rkjmcmlsl kegmkrrb ke sä ue obz hkplsmfmjmhbhks y tkehkegmbs quk pukhke, ke eudkrlsbs lgbsmleks,glevmvmr y gldpjkdketbrsk. Gbfk ue pjurbjmsdl quk el bikgtbpbrb ebhb jb uemhbh iuehbdketbj rkqukrmhb. ^krl ke lgbsmleks,jbs hmikrketks lpgmleks sk rbhmgbjmzbe hk tbj ilrdb quk kj gukrplketkrl sk ksgmehk. El sk ob sbfmhl l el sk ob plhmhl cubrhbr kjkqumjmfrml ekgksbrml.

Jls pbrtmhls pljätmgls b ksgbjb duehmbj kstâe duy jk`ls hkilrdbr irketk uemhl. Megjusl gbhb pbrtmhl hketrl hk ue dmsdlpbäs kstâ irbggmlebhl, ke lgbsmleks, ke hmvkrsbs tkehkegmbs megbpbgks hk jjkvbr bggmleks gldueks bhkjbetk.

Jbs crbekjks rkjmcmleks lrmketbjks obe glelgmhl tbdfmíe jbjugob metkstmeb. Oby skgtbs msjâdmgbs y skgtbs fuhmstbs. Kj fuhmsdl dmsdl, ¼el ks bgbsl prlhugtl hk ueb rkijkxm÷e y supkrbgm÷e hk jbs betmcubs grkkegmbs omehuästbs hk jbs quk jukcl skbpbrtbräb hâehljk eukvls keilquks<

Kj grmstmbemsdl, jl okdls vmstl, el ob smhl b`kel b kstk ike÷dkel. ^krl okgol gurmlsl. Jbs hmvkrsbs tkehkegmbs, plr betbc÷emgbs y gletrbhmgtlrmbs quk sk prksketke, prktkehke smkdprk gletmeubr kj butíetmgl kspärmtu hkj iuehbhlr.

Bquä vmkek eukstrb prkcuetb0 ¼sle grmstmbebs tlhbs jbs skgtbsquk pbsbe gldl tbjks< Kvmhketkdketk, el . El t lhbs jbs skgtbsquk bgtðbe ke Kspbòb y quk sk glesmhkrbe y prksketbe gldlgrmstmbebs, j l sle rkbjdketk. Kj smdpjk okgol hk quk kj iuehbhlrhk ueb skgtb obyb smhl fbutmzbhl l iuksk dmkdfrl bgtmvl hk uebMcjksmb grmstmbeb l megjusl hk quk obfjk hk @ksugrmstl l sk fbskke jls jmfrls hk jb Fmfjmb, el els pkrdmtk, sme dâs, bimrdbr qukels kegletrbdls betk ueb bcrupbgm÷e butíetmgbdketk grmstmbeb.

]l dk bgl`l bj grmtkrml, dâs hmcel hk gríhmtl, kxprksbhl ke kjbrtägujl prmdkrl hk jb Glestmtugm÷e hkj Glesk`l Kgudíemgl hk jbsMcjksmbs y quk rkvkjb jb ckeumeb pkrslebjmhbh grmstmbeb hk uebhktkrdmebhb ibdmjmb. Ks jb «fbsk± quk hkfk susgrmfmr gubjqumkrcrupl rkjmcmlsl quk qumkrb ketrbr b ilrdbr pbrtk hkj G. K. M. Ksueb fbsk grmstlgíetrmgb y trmemtbrmb. Hmgk bsä0

«Kj G. K. M. ks ueb bslgmbgm÷e irbtkrebj hk Mcjksmbs qukgleimksbe b eukstrl Wkòlr @ksugrmstl gldl Hmls y Wbjvbhlr skcðe jbs Ksgrmturbs y sk ksiukrzbe plr rksplehkr`uetbs b su gldðe vlgbgm÷e pbrb jb cjlrmb hkj ðemglHmls, ^bhrk, Om`l y Kspärmtu Wbetl±.

Gleiksbr jb hmvmemhbh hk @ksugrmstl, bgkptbr kj dmstkrml hk jbXrmemhbh hk ^krslebs ke kj ðemgl Hmls kstâ ke jb fbsk hkj grmstmbemsdl. Wu ekcbgm÷e, ks ekcbgm÷e hk grmstmbemsdl.

Kstk grmtkrml ks kj quk dk ob okgol hksgbrtbr gldl grmstmbebsbjcuebs hk jbs skgtbs quk vmkeke smkehl glesmhkrbhbs gldl tbjkske eukstrl pbäs. Dâs hk ue jkgtlr qukhbrâ kxtrbòbhl bj vkr b jls

2>

«Xkstmcls hk @kolvâ± y b jls Dlrdleks hketrl hkj crupl «el-grmstmbebs±. Butlrks gbt÷jmgls y prltkstbetks quk obehl kstk gldpjmgbhl duehl hk jbs skgtbs obe tkemhl quk gkr kj okgol.

Kj pbstlr prltkstbetk @kbe ^. Fkelmt kegubhrb, purb ydketk, ke kj bpbrtbhl «el-grmstmbebs± jbs skgtbs hk jls «hk @kolvâ±, hk jls Dlrdleks, hk jb Gmkegmb Grmstmbeb,

Kj slgm÷jlcl @kbe Wkcuy, smcumkehl b Bjckrdmsske, kj gbjmimgbtmvl hk grmstmbeb b bqukjjb skgtb quk glesmgldl kj slj l jmfrl mespmrbhl. Kxgjuyk bqukjjbs ltrbs pbrb jls ksgrmtls hk sus iuehbhlrks clzbe hk ueb butlrmhbh megjusl supkrmlr b jb Fmfjmb dmsdb. Hksgbrtb, plr tbetl , gmb Grmstmbeb, b jb «Mcjksmb hk jls Wbetls hk jls ÐjtmDlrdleks, ktg.

Kj ^. Goíry ke su jmfrl Jb likesmvb hk jbs skgtbs fbsb su gjbsmimgbgm÷e ke ltrls grmtkrmls. El obgk kxpjägmtb jb hskgtbs grmstmbebs y el grmstmbebs. ^krl bj trbtbrjbs hktk , beltb jb hmimgujtbh hk btrmfumr kj bpkjbtmvl hk grm b tbjl gubj skgtb. Ebrrbehl, plr k`kdpjl, jb hlgtrmeb hk jls «Xhk @kolvâ± hmgk tkxtubjdketk0 «.. .rkgobzbe jb Xrmemdbe quk kj Ykrfl el ks Hmls, Grmstl ks ðemgbdketk ueb Bsä jl kskegmbj hkj grmstmbemsdl sk kvbplrb±. Hk jls hmgk0 «^rlgkhke hk ueb 'rkvkjbgm÷e' gldpjktbdketk lrmcmpukhke gljlgbrsk ke gletmeumhbh gle jbs l trbs hkeldmegrmstmbebs±.^brtmkehl hk kstb hmvmsm÷e, bdpjmb y rkvkjbhlrb, prilrdbr jkbjdketk ‘golgbehl s÷jl gle jbs jmdmtbgmleks hkj gml‘ hk bjcuebs skgtbs quk bgtubjdketk sk objjbe ke KDk bjmvmb jb tbrkb, sme kdfbrcl, kj okgol hk quk prksgmkdfbrbzlsbs k mekxbgtbs gmirbs quk elrdbjdketk sk hbe. hk quk dugols hk jls eðdkrls quk glrrke sle hk huhlsb prhkegmb, el tlhbs jbs skgtbs tmkeke ke guketb jls dmsdls b jb olrb hk sus kstbhästmgbs. [e okgol rkvkjbhlr ks gmkrglmegmhkegmb ke jbs bprkgmbgmleks hk jls butlrks gubetbfmjmzbr jls dmkdfrls hk ueb skgtb sk trbtb. El qumsmkbquä dâs gleiusm÷e b kstk yb gldpjmgbhl pbelrbdb.

Obfmíehldk gkòmhl bj duehl hk jbs skgtbs, el dkegmle bjb Mcjksmb Kvbecíjmgb Kspbòljb, b jb Mcjksmb Kspbòljb VkilrdbhKpmsglpbj, plr glesmhkrbrjbs «Mcjksmbs±, em bj gle`uetl hk McjksmbsFbutmstbs k Mcjksmbs hk Grmstl. Xbdplgl ke trbe ke kstk metketjbs Mcjksmbs lrt lhlxbs em jbs glduemhbhks dusujdbebs hk eukstrl pbäs. ^rksgmehl, plr su gbrâgtkr kxtrbòl b euksdb kspmrmtubj, hk jb Wlgmkhbh hk jb Gmkegmb Grmstmbeb, hk jb Bsbd-fjkb Kspmrmtubj Fbobä y hkj K`írgmtl hk Wbjvbgm÷e, bcrupbgmlekstlhbs kjjbs quk kstâe hbehl j ls prmdkrls pbsls ke eukstrb

Hk jbs skgtbs kstuhmbhbs, prksketks tlhbs kjjbs ke Kspglesmhkrbhbs gldl grmstmbebs jbs gubtrl smcumketks0

• «Wlgmkhbh hk Bdmcls± l Guâ qukr ls.• «Bh vketms tbs hkj Wíptmd l Häb±.

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• «Bsbdfjkbs hk Okrdbels±.• «Bsbdfjkbs hk Hmls± l ^ketkglstbjks.

Hk jbs el grmstmbebs sk trbtb bquä hk0

• «Xkstmcls hk @kol vâ± .• «Jb Mcjksmb hk @ksu grmst l hk jls Wbe tls hk jls Ðjtmdls Häbs±

l Dlrdleks.Ke jb prksketbgm÷e hk gbhb ueb hk jbs skgtbs smcl kstk frkvk

ksqukdb0 Iuehbhlr, Hlgtrmebs y ^brtmgujbrmhbhks. Gle kjjl obfrkdls hbhl ue rkpbsl bj suckstmvl y dujtmilrdk duehl hk jbsskgtbs.

26

«JB WLGMKHBH HK BDMCLW± L G[ÂR[KVLW

Iuehbhlr0 Cklrck Ilx (2968-29=2), ebgmhl ke Jkmgkstkrs(Mecjbtkrrb), hk dlhkstb glehmgm÷e. Hkshk emòl tmkek odketmrb. Jb jkgturb bsmhub hk jb Fmfjmb jk glevkegk hk rbdketl ks ueb prâgtmgb betmkvbecíjmgb. Wmketk prliuehgm÷e obgmb jb sljkhbh. B jls hmkgmlgol bòls ueb grmsms bjk`b hk su ibdmjmb. Wljmtbrml, gle su Fmfjmb fb`l kj frbjls gbdmels hk Mecjbtkrrb. Mesbtmsikgol, prkcuetb b sbgkcjmgbels y b pbstlrks fbutmstbs l glecrkcbgmlebjmstbs. Wutbs jk prlhugke smkdprk kj dmsdl hksgletketl .

Hmikrketks rkvkjbgmleks jk vbe hkvljvmkehl gleimbezdmsdl. Gldmkezb b prkhmgbr megjusl ke jbs pjbzbs y gbjjgmuhbhks. ] glelgk ujtrb`ks y prmsmleks. Wus hmsgäpujlsäbe hk jbs imjbs hk jls el-gleilrdmstbs, ks hkgmr, hk bqukjtmbels quk vkäbe ke jb Mcjksmb limgmbj (becjmgbeb) hkdy gkrkdlembs hk sbflr gbt÷jmgl. Obfmkehl kstbhl bj prmibvlr hk Grldwkjj gletrb jb dlebrquäb, j l bfbehlebrâ gubístk mdplek kj smstkdb y lrcbemzbgm÷e hk tmpl gbjvmemhkskbe Ilx y jls el-gleilrdmstbs ks skegmjjbdketk jb bfsjmfkrtbh rkjmcmlsb.

^rkhmgb ke Oljbehb, ke jbs Betmjjbs, ke Bdírmgb hkj Ebyuhbhl imebegmkrbdketk plr rmgls bdmcls, uel hk kjjls ^kee, skrâ kj gljlemzbhlr hk ue vbstl tkrrmtlrml ke jbs gbdkrmgbebs quk skrvmrâ hk rkiucml b jls pkrskcumhls g

Hlgtrmebs0• Jb ik hk jls guâqukrl s kstâ fbsbhb kxgjusmvbd ketk ke

fjmb. ^krl el mdpleke hlcdbs. @ksugrmstl, vkrhbhkrl Hmsu dukrtk els ob rksgbtbhl. Kj oldfrk plr skr hk jb rbzbvmeb, plskk ke sä dmsdl ueb «gomspb hmvmeb± quk jglelgkr b Hmls. Ke rkbjmhbh ks jb prkskegmb hkj Kspäoldfrk.

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• El prb gtmgb e em kj fbu tmsd l em jb kugb rmstäb. Kj gujtl sk gkjkfrb gbhb hldmecl y ke íj prkhldmebe kj smjkegml y jb bhlrbgm÷e. Gubjqumkr imkj, bdmcl ke kj jkecub`k hk jls guâqukrls,pukhk obgkr jb jkgturb fäfjmgb pbrb jls rkuemhls l prlgjbdbrke vlz bjtb jb mespmrbgm÷e rkgmfmhb ke vmstb b khmimgbr jb glecrkcbgm÷e.

• Hkskbe rktlreb r b jb dâs bfsljutb smdpjmgmhbh grmstmbeb, pbrbkjjl bflcbe plr kj mcubjmtbrmsdl betk Hmls. Hk boä quk kxgjuybe jb lrhkebgm÷e hk dmemstrls pbrb kj gujtl . Xlhl grmstmbelks dmemstrl. ] kj gujtl ks jb bjbfbezb b Hmls hbhb ke jb metmdmhbh hkj smjkegml.

^brtmgujbrmhbhks0• Kj bpkjbtmvl hk guâquk rl jks vmkek hkj okgol hk tkdfjbr, ke

mecjís0 «tl qubak±. Wkcðe ueb vkrsm÷e, j ls prmdkrls skcumhlrkshk Ilx «tkdfjbfbe± gubehl kj Kspärmtu sk bplhkrbfb hk kjjls.Wk bimrdb mcubjdketk quk bj skr prksketbhls b jls ùkgks pbrbjls gletmeuls metkrrlcbtlrmls b jls quk kstuvmkrle sldktmhls,rkpktäbe quk «tkdfjbfbe± betk kj ùmgml hk Hmls.

• Ke tmkdpls hk jb dâs bfsljutb metrbesmckegmb, jls guâqukrlsprmdmtmvls pkhäbe yb jb jmfkrtbh rkjmcmlsb, jb skpbrbgm÷e hk jbMcjksmb y hkj Kstbhl. Iukrle j ls prmdkrls ke jugobr gletrb jbksgjbvmtuh k metketbrle jb rkilrdb pkemtkegmbrmb gle ue g÷hmcl pkebj dâs oudbel.Wuprmdmkrle kj ùrbdketl , j ls tätujls. Bflcbrle plr ueb slgmkhbh sme k`írgmtl y iuehbrle, gubehl ebhmk sk bglrhbfb hkkjjls, bsmjls pbrb jls bjmkebhls rkcmhls plr prmegmpmls oudbemtbrmls.Dâs tbrhk iukrle, gldl hmgk @. ^. Fkelmt, jls «prmdkrls keprklgupbrsk hk jls gbdpls ebzms.. . y hkspuís hk jls gbdplspbrb jls ebzms±.

• Bgtubjdketk jls guâqukrls ke Kspbòb ilrdbe ue crupl duyrkhugmhl. Jb dmtbh hk kjjls rksmhke ke Fbrgkjleb. ^krl kstâevmegujbhls b eukstrb ^btrmb plr hls okgols mdplrtbetks0 kjprltkstbetmsdl kspbòlj hkfk b uel hk sus dmkdfrls, hle Jums[slz y Väl, jb pufjmgbgm÷e hk jb lfrb Vkilrdmstbs betmculs ks-pbòljks, lfrb quk gletmkek jls tkxtls iuehbdketbjks hkj prltkstbetmsdl omspbel hkj smcjl _YM. Hurbetk jb cukrrb gmvmj, j lsGldmtís guâqukrls hk buxmjml b jbs vägtmdbs, prkstbrle skrvmgmls gbrmtbtmvls b jls gletkehmketks hk jbs hls zlebs. ] ke jlsprmdkrls bòls hk jb plscukrrb, ksls skrvmgmls gletmeubrle hksmetkrksbhbdketk.Wle b`kels b tlhb ilrdb hk prlskjmtmsdl. Jb Oudbemhbh ketkrb kstâ ke hkuhb bj kspärmtu grmstmbel hk jb «Wlgmkhbh hkBdmcls±.

28

BHYKEXMWXBW HKJ WÍ^XMDL HÄB

Iuehbhlrks0 Smjjmbd Dmjjkr (23?6-2?8=) crbe`krl hk ^mttsim([WB) y dmkdfrl hk jb Mcjksmb fbutmstb. Xrbs ueb prvketuh hk megrkhujmhbh sk ketrkcb, b jls trkmetb y gubtkstuhml hk jb Fmfjmb, dkhmtbehl prmegmpbjdketk jls prliktb Hbemkj y kj Bplgbjmpsms. Jjkcb b jb glegjusm÷e dmel häb ke jls prliktbs ks smdf÷jmgl, yb quk ke rkbjmhbhsketb bòl. Glevkegmhl hk jb pr÷xmdb vkemhb hk Grmstl, sus kxtrbòls gâjgujls, beuegmbehl pbrb 2?87 kj rktlrel hkjJls bgletkgmdmketls el jk hbe jb rbz÷e. Vkobgk sus gâjprkgmsb qu k Grmstl vkeh râ kj 66 hk lgtufr k hk 2?88. Be tk uhkgkpgm÷e, dugols hk sus skcumhlrks jl bfbehlebe. Ks khk jb Mcjksmb fbutmstb1 gle sus imkjks iuehb jb skgtbquk sme btrkvkrsk b im`br eukvbs ikgobs pbrb kj rktlrel hjb glesmhkrb duy pr÷xmdb.

Kjjke Clujh äjbrdle (2?63-2=2;), lrmcmebrmb hkj Kstbhl hkek, du`kr hk crbe tbjketl , ks jb vkrhbhkrb lrcbemzbhlrb hvmdmketl bhvketmstb, quk trbs hmvkrsls rkvksks obfäb b hkfmjmtbrsk skrmbdketk.

Duy `lvke grkk ke jbs mhkbs ksgbtlj÷cmgbs hk S. Dmjjkrke 2?89 gle kj prkhmgbhlr bhvketmstb @. Somtk, hk guyl pbrtmgmpbrâ tlhb jb vmhb. Ksk dmsdl bòl iuehb «Xok Bhvket Vkvmkbeh Wbffbto Okrbjh± y hkshk 2?9> hkeldmebe b jb glecrkcbMcjksmb Bhvketmstb hkj Wíptmdl Häb.

Jb skòlrb Somtk hml eukvb metkrprktbgm÷e b jls gâjDmjjkr. Ke rkbjmhbh, ke 2?88 lgurrm÷ bjcl duy crbehk, pkjb tmkrrb, gldl hkgäb Dmjjkr, smel ke kj gmkjl. @ksugrm«jucbr sbetl± bj «sbetubrml gkjkstk±, hkj quk obfjb Hbemsbetubrml gkjkstk sk gkjkfrb kj ùmgml hk jls dukrtls, y bgbfbhl tlgbrâ kj turel b jls quk tlhbväb vmvke ke jb tmksmcemimgb, sme jucbr b huhb, quk kj imebj kstâ gkrgb.

Iuehbräbe tlhbväb ue «Mestmtutl pbrb jb rkilrdb sbemtbrjb du krt k hk su dbrmhl , ke 2??2, gle tmeu brâ sljb jb lfrb pbesm÷e bhvketmstb rkglrrmkehl Bdírmgb, Kurlpb y Bus

2;


10/17

2=2;, bj dl rmr, kj grkhl bhv ketms tb kstbf b kxtke hmhl pl r tlhls jlsgletmeketks.

Hlgtrmebs• Jb Mcjksmb bhv ketms tb rkglelgk gldl ðemgb rkcjb hk ik jb Wb

crbhb Ksgrmturb. ^rliksb tlhbs jbs vkrhbhks trbhmgmlebjdketkgrmstmbebs hketrl hkj kspärmtu hk jb Vkilrdb0 Xrmemhbh, hmvmemhbh hk @ksugrmstl, `ustmimgbgm÷e plr jb ik. Gldl jbs Mcjksmbs fbutmstbs, prbgtmgb kj fbutmsdl plr medkrsm÷e, gleikrmhl b qumkekssle gbpbgks hk prliksbr su ik pkrslebjdketk.

• Jb lrmcmebjmhbh bhvketmstb rksmhk ke jb glevmggm÷e hk quk jbkspkrbezb hkj duehl sk iuehbdketb ke jb prldksb hkj rktlrelmedmeketk hk Grmstl. Ks ueb Mcjksmb grmstmbeb pbrb jb quk jb «ks-gbtljlcäb±0 rkvkjbgm÷e hk jbs glsbs ðjtmdbs, tmkek tlhb jb mdplrtbegmb.Kstuhmls dlhkrels hk tkljlcäb fäfjmgb els hkdukstrbe oly quíjucbr lgupbfb jb ksgbtljlcäb ke jb lfrb y ke kj dkesb`k hkjdmsdl @ksðs.

• ^krl jb kxpjmgbgm÷e bhvketmstb prksketb elvkhbhks rkspkgtl bltrbs Mcjksmbs grmstmbebs0Kj bjdb oudbeb el ks medlrtbj. Jb medlrtbjmhbh sk glegkhk

râ b jls `ustls ke kj dldketl hk jb skcuehb vkemhb hkj Wkòlr1b jls quk durmkrle pkgbhlrks, dmj bòls dâs tbrhk.Kj ime hkj dmjkeml smcemimgbrâ jb vmgtlrmb tltbj hkj Wkòlr y jbhkstruggm÷e pbrb smkdprk hk Wbtâe y hk jls pkgbhlrks. Jls288.>>> kjkcmhls clzbrâe pbrb smkdprk ke kj ^brbäsl. Kj purcbtlrml y jbs lrbgmleks plr jls dukrtls sle rkgobzbhls plr glesmhkrbrsk gldl bjcl el keskòbhl plr jb Fmfjmb.

^brtmgujbrmhbhks0• Lfskrvbe rmc urlsbd ketk kj hksgbesl hkj sâfbhl, síptmdl häb hk

jb skdbeb, plr glesmhkrbrjl gldl dbehbtl hk mdplsmgm÷e fäfjmgb. Ke jb gkjkfrbgm÷e kugbrästmgb bòbhke kj rmtl hkj jbvbtlrmlhk jls pmks.^rbgtmgbe ksgrupujlsbdketk kj hmkzdl, quk ketrkcbe pbrb kjgujtl y pbrb jls eudkrlsls pukstls hk dmsm÷e.

• Jb skòlrb Somtk obfäb grkbhl ue kxtkesl prlcrbd b hk «rkilrdb sbemtbrmb±, guyl lf`ktmvl el krb sljbdketk kj gumhbhl hkjbjdb, smel tbdfmíe kj hkj gukrpl, gldl pbrtk metkcrbetk hk jblfrb hk sbjvbgm÷e hk @ksugrmstl. Kj ekgksbrml usl dlhkrbhl hkjls bjmdketls jks j jkvbräb b glegjusmleks duy pbrtmgujbrks0‘ bfstkegm÷e tltbj hk fkfmhbs bjglo÷jmgbs y hkj tbfbgl,‘ kj gbií, kj tí, jb gbrek hk gkrhl, sle hksbglesk`bhls,‘ vmvb rkgldkehbgm÷e hkj vkck tbrmbemsd l.

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• ^br kgk quk jb lfrb bhvke tmstb sk memgmb ke Kspbòb kegle jb jjkcbhb hk trks dmsmlekrls hk Gbjmilremb. Gbtbjujkegmb sle jbs rkcmleks ke jbs quk sk glegketrbe prmegjbs trks bslgmbgmleks bhvketmstbs ke eukstrl pbäs0 «Mtmbeb Bhvketmstb hkj Wíptmdl Häb±, «Mcjksmb Bhvkdmketl hk Vkilrdb± k «Mcjksmb Bhvketmstb±.

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BWBDFJKBW HK HMLW LDLYMDMKEXL ^KEXKGLWXBJ

Lräckeks0 Bsbdfjkb hk Hmls ks ue eldfrk ckeírmgl fb`l kjgubj kstâe gldprkehmhls jls ^ketkglstbjks (hk jls quk gmkrtbs«Bsbdfjkbs hk Hmls± sle jbs skgtbs dâs mdplrtbetks), jbs Mcjksmbshk jb Wbetmhbh y jbs Bslgmbgmleks Kvbeckjästmgbs. Kstb gjbsmimgbgm÷ehk G. Grmvkjjm sk iuehb ke kj íeibsms pukstl ke bjcuels hk kstlskjkdketls0 kj hle hk jkecubs, jb prlpmb sbetmimgbgm÷e l jb kvbeck-jmzbgm÷e. Bquä obfjbdls kxgjusmvbdketk hk jls ^ketkglstbjks lBsbd fjkbs hk Hmls, guyls lräckeks oby qu k fusgbrjls b prmegmpmlshkj smcjl __ ke jls Kstbhls [emhls y ke kj ^bäs hk Cbjks, hkj Vkmel [emhl.

Kj sukjl kstbfb yb prkpbrbhl. B jl jbrcl hkj smcjl _M_ hmvkrsls«hkspkrtbrks± (rkvmvâms) obfäbe sbguhmhl jbs Mcjksmbs prltkstbetkshk Bdírmgb y hk Mecjbtkrrb. ^rkhmgbhlrks fbutmstbs, dktlhmstbs,prksfmtkrmbels obfäbe rkglrrmhl kstls pbäsks skdfrbehl eukvbs mequmktuhks rkjmcmlsbs. Memgmbjdketk imkjks b sus rkspkgtmvbs hkeldmebgmleks, plgl b plgl jks iuk pbrkgmkehl ekgksbrmb jb grkbgm÷e hkueb eukvb skgtb, guyb gbrbgtkrästmgb dâs mdplrtbetk skräb kj Fbu-tmsdl hkj Kspärmtu.

Iuehbhlrks0Obgmb 2=>2, ke A besbs, kj pbstlr Go. ^b rob d obfäb rkgmfmhl kj

hle hkj Kspärmtu, iuehbehl b gletmeubgm÷e crupls meilrdbjks hklrbgm÷e, sbjpmgbhls irkguketkdketk gle gbrmsdbs.

Ke 2=>9, kj prkh mgbh lr ekc rl Wky dlu r, hk Jls Bec kjks (G bjmilremb), obgk kxpkrmdketbr b dugols grmstmbels ue «eukvl ^ketkglstís±, plr dkhml hkj Fbutmsdl hkj Kspärmtu, guyl kikgtl prmdkrly prmegmpbj ks kj obfjbr jkecubs kxtrbòbs.

Ke 2=>3, kj pbs tlr dk tlhms tb D. Fbrr bt jjkv b b Lsjl jb kx pkrmkegmb hk Gbjmilremb. Wu glecrkcbgm÷e sk lplek y iuehb ue dlvmdmketl mehkpkehmketk guybs gbrbgtkrästmgbs sle gldueks b jbs vm-

6>

vkegäbs hk Bdírmgb y b jbs quk pbrbjkjbdketk sk hbe kehk Crbe Frktbòb.

Kvbe Vlfkrts, `lvke dmekrl hkj ^bäs hk Cbjks, tuvl keueb prliuehb kxpkrmkegmb rkjmcmlsb. Wk prkpbr÷ pbrb kdkt lhmstb y ke ueb skrmk hk rkue mlek s hmrmcmhbs plr 6>.>>> pkrslebs rkgmfmkrle kj Fbutmsdl hkj Kspärmtu. Kj jks ketkrl kstuvl gledlvmhl hk 2=>8 b 2=>3. Mehkpkehmkpkrl gle gbrbgtkrästmgbs gldueks, obfäbe ebgmhl jbs «BsbdHmls±.

Hlgt rmebs0• Xmke ke ke gld ðe gle tlhls jls grmstmbe ls jb grkkeg mb k

emhbh, ke jb hmvmemhbh hk @ksugrmstl, ke kj pkgbhl jb sbjvbgm÷e y glehkebgm÷e iuturb hk jls oldfrks.

• Xmkek e ke gld ðe gle jbs Mcjksmbs kvbecíjmg bs jbs mhdketbjks hkj prltkstbetmsdl0 jb Fmfjmb sljb y jb `ustmimjb ik.Gle jbs Mcjksmbs fbutmstbs dbetmkeke kj rkgobzl hkj fbjls emòls, y gle jls dktlhmstbs jb plsmfmjmhbh y jb ekgjb prlpmb sbetmimgbgm÷e. Gle jbs Mcjksmbs el-gleilrdmke ckekrbj, ueb metkrprktbgm÷e iuehbdketbjmstb hk jb Gkjkfrbe jb kugbrmstäb fb`l jbs hls kspkgmks, gldl dkdjb dukrtk hkj Wkòlr.

• Jb gbrbgtkrästmgb iuehbdketbj ks jb mesmstkegmb ke hkj Fbutmsdl hkj Kspärmtu, gldl ekgksbrml pbrb jb pjkjb vmhb grmstmbeb. Wm kj Fbutmsdl hk bcub plr medb ue eukvl ebgmdmketl, jb sbetmimgbgm÷e pkrikgtb jjrkgkpgm÷e hkj Kspärmtu Wbetl.Kj Kspärmtu sk dbemimkstb kxtkrmlrdketk plr j ls gbrmjls gubjks sle glesmhkrbhls gbsm ueâemdkdketk gldl ekgkj obfjbr ke jkecubs y jb gurbgm÷e hk jls keikrdls plr jbsmgm÷e hk jbs dbels y jb lrbgm÷e ikrvmketk.

• Kj ^ketkglstís hksgrmtl ke kj E. Xkstbdketl sk rkeukv

[e hksflrhbdmketl hk clzl kspmrmtubj obgk quk kj oldfrfk b Hmls ke ueb jkecub hksglelgmhb plr íj. Gubehl ksfbezb b Hmls kstâ hkstmebhb tbdfmíe pbrb jb khmimgbbsbdfjkb, ketlegks bjcumke quk plskb kj hle hk jb metgm÷e, trbhugk ke jkecub`k skegmjjl bqukjjbs pbjbfrbs dketk memetkjmcmfjks pbrb tlhls.

• Ks ue prmegmp ml pketk glstb j quk «kj tmkd pl hk jls dmob pbsbhl±. Wmcumkehl kj k`kdpjl hk jls hmsgäpujls hmdpleke jbs dbels slfrk jls keikrdls, dmketrbs quk jls ipmhke b Hmls, ketrk bgjbdbgmleks y gle j ls frbzls kxtjb gurbgm÷e dmjbcrlsb.

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^brtmgujbrmhbhks0• Kj tk÷jlcl Ybe Huske ob hmgol quk oly kj Dlvmd mketl ^ ket k-

glstbj ks jb tkrgkrb iukrzb grmstmbeb, ketrk kj ^rltkstbetmsdlgjâsmgl y kj Gbtljmgmsdl rldbel, pkrl dâs vmclrlsl quk gubjqumkrb hk kjjls.Wu hmiusm÷e ob smhl kspkgtbgujbr. Xmkek rbz÷e V. Wbjbhrmcbsgubehl btrmfuyk kstk grkgmdmketl bgkjkrbhl bj okgol hk «quk jbsBsbdfjkbs hk Hmls ks jb gleiksm÷e kvbecíjmgb quk sk lrmketbdâs hkgmhmhbdketk obgmb kj duehl hk jb cketk plfrk, hk jb dmskrmb, hk jls hksokrkhbhls±.

• Gub ehl tbetb s Mcjksmbs suirke jls kikgtls hk ue b lrcbe mzbgm÷ ekxgksmvb, hk ue jkcbjmsdl b ujtrbezb l hk ue rmclrmsdl jmtðrcmgl , j ls dlvmdmketls hk ^ketkglstís, gle su hkskevljturb gbräs-dâtmgb y su obfjbr hmrkgtl bj glrbz÷e k`krgke ueb plhkrlsbbtrbggm÷e slfrk dujtmtuh hk grmstmbels hk tlhbs jbs jbtmtuhks.

• Bpr lxmd bhbd ketk hkshk 2=9; sk kegu ketrb e ke euks trl pbäs bjcuebs glduemhbhks pketkglstbjks. Ks fmke glelgmhb jb okrdlsbkvbeckjmzbgm÷e hk jls cmtbels quk ke Kspbòb y ke Irbegmb kstâe jjkvbehl b gbfl jbs Bsbdfjkbs hk Hmls.

• Ke jls ðjtmdls bòls kstbs dbemikstbgmleks g brmsdâtmgbs pke tkglstbjks obe okgol su bpbrmgm÷e ke Mcjksmbs jutkrbebs, prksfmtkrmbebs y kpmsglpbjks. Hkshk 2=93, ke jls Kstbhls [emhls, sk bprkgmb tbdfmíe ue pketkglstbjmsdl gbt÷jmgl quk ob okgol t ldbrpbrtk, kstb vkz ke sketmhl plsmtmvl, b jb `krbrquäb gbt÷jmgb hkElrtkbdírmgb.Jb rkvmstb Ymhb Eukvb, eðd krl ?=8, meilrdbfb rkgmketkd ketkquk 6>>.>>> gbt÷jmgls hk bqukj pbäs sk jjbdbe b sä dmsdls «pketkglstbjks±. Bgbf be hk gkjkfrbr jb Wíptmdb Gleikrkegmb hk V kelvbgm÷e Gbt÷jmgl-Gbrmsdâtmgb. Kj gbrhkebj Wukekes, quk pbrtmgmp÷ ke jb Gleikrkegmb, hkgjbrbräb0 «Kstb rkelvbgm÷e gbrmsdâ-tmgb y pketkglstbj ks ue kjkdketl hk rkelvbgm÷e y kspkrbezbke jb btrmfujbhb Mcjksmb bgtubj±.

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XKWXMCLW HK @KOLYB

Iuehbhlrks0 Go. Xbzk Vussgjj (2?;6-2=29), ebgmhl ke ^kesmjvbhk ibdmjmb prksfmtkrmbeb, pbsb dâs tbrhk ‘trbs bòls hk jmcmlsb‘ bj bhvketmsdl hk S. Dmjjkr. B pbrtmr hk 2?36, imkjks bdmcls rkgmfke kj eldfrk hk Kstuhmbetks hk jb Fmfjmb skobfäb prlhugmhl jb rupturb gle j ls bhvketmstbs. Ksgrmfk dmelsb lfrb tmtujbhb Kstuhmls hk jbs Ksgrmturbs, b jb quk íj dmsdl btrmfuyk ueb butlrmhbh dlrbj gbsm supkrmlr b jb dms

Iuehb «Jb Btbjbyb± y hmiuehk sus hlgtrmebs dmjkebrmstgrâtmgbs plr kj duehl. Xrbs hmvkrsls irbgbsls gldl prliktbjbehl jb vkemhb hk Grmstl, dukrk ke 2=29.

@lskpo I. Vutokrilrh (... t 2=86), hk Dmsslurm, mfb b hbr eukvl mdpujsl b jbs tklräbs hk X. Vusskjj. Kxpjmgbfb quk keduehl tlg÷ b su ime «jkcbjdketk±, hbehl gldmkezl kj dmjkglegjumrâ ke jb fbtbjjb hk Brdbckh÷e. Dmketrbs tbetl ks pl hk jb ilrdbgm÷e hk jb vkrhbhkrb tklgrbgmb quk vkeglfrb hmbf÷jmgb rkprksketbhb ke kj lrhke rkjmcmlsl, pljätdkrgmbj.

Beue gm÷ crbeh ks okgols pbrb 2=6;. Grmstl y dugol s hktrmbrgbs hkj B. Xkstbdketl bpbrkgkräbe plr jb Xmkrrb. fmrjls hmcebdketk dbeh÷ glestrumr ue dbceäimgl pbjbgmHmkcl (Gbjmilremb) quk iuk rkbjdketk su prlpmb dlrbhb.hk kstb ikgob, Vutokrilrh, oldfrk meckeul y vmsmlebrml,vmrtm÷ ke ue dmstkrmlsl `kik hk skgtb. Hurbetk su jmhkrtuhmbetks hk jb Fmfjmb± gbdfmbrle kj eldfrk plr kj hk hk @kolvâ±. B su dukrtk, lgurrmhb ke gmrguestbegmbs qugkdls, hk`÷ b su sugkslr, Ebtobe O. Aelrr, ueb hk jbs lrcgmleks skgtbrmbs dâs kemcdâtmgbs quk `bdâs obybe kxms

Hlgtrmebs• Jls brtägujls hk jb ik grmstmbeb0 Xrmemhbh, hmvmem

grmstl, medlrtbjmhbh hkj bjdb, ekgksmhbh hk jb Mcjks

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cuels dmemstkrmls ekltkstbdketbrmls, sle ekcbhls1 k megjusl slebtrmfumhls b mevkegmleks hk Wbtâe.

• Kj dmj keb rmsd l ks kskegmbj b jb ik hk jls Xkstmcl s. @k be ^ . Fk -elmt ob ksgrmtl quk «jls Xkstmcls hk @kolvâ sle ue sufprlhugtlhkj Bhvketmsdl±. Ke rkbjmhbh mesmstke dugol ke jb omstlrmb hkjb grkbgm÷e hkj oldfrk y hkj duehl. Kstk kstâ hmvmhmhl ke jbssmcumketks ktbpbs0‘ Hk jb grkbgm÷e hkj duehl bj hmjuvml. (Hkj bòl 8>69 bj 6837

betks hk @ksugrmstl.) Kstk pkrälhl iuk gleimbhl b jls âeckjksy ke íj rkmebfb jb brdleäb y jb pbz uemvkrsbjks.

‘ Hkj hmjuvml b jb duk rtk hk Grmstl. Wbtâe gld kezbfb su rkfkjm÷e gletrb jls pjbeks hk @kolvâ.

‘ Hk jb du krt k hk Grmstl b 2=28. ^krä lhl hld mebhl plr jbslfrbs hk Wbtâe.

‘ 2=28. Yke mhb mevmsmf jk hk Grmstl b jb tmkr rb. B pbr tmr h k kstbikgob, @kolvâ rkðek sus Xkstmcls quk hkfke jugobr gletrbjbs iukrzbs hk Wbtâe. Kstb jugob sk kxtkehkrâ obstb jb fbtbjjb hk Brdbckh÷e, ke jb quk tlhls j ls el-tkstmcls skrâebemqumjbhls.Wkrâ kj tmkdpl ke quk jls 288.>>> vkrhbhkrls Xkstmcls plfjbrâe kj gmkjl gldl dlrbhb pkrdbeketk. Xlhls j ls l trlsùstls rkgmfmrâe jb eukvb tmkrrb, quk b pbrtmr hkj imebj hkjdmjkeml, ks hkgmr ke 6=28, skrâ ue pbrbäsl ikjmz pbrb tlhb jb

ktkremhbh.• Els kegletrb dls ke kj dld ketl hk jb prkhmgbgm÷e hk jls Xkstmcls, tmkdpl ke kj quk hkfk gldkezbr b kstbfjkgkrsk jb «tklgrbgmb±, ks hkgmr, kj clfmkrel hmrkgtl hk @kolvâ slfrk jb tmkrrb.Gldl kj häb hk jb g÷jkrb kstâ pr÷ xmd l, ks ekgks brml rkiuc mbrskke jb lrcbemzbgm÷e hk jls Xkstmcls, jb sljb plsmfmjmhbh hk sbjvbgm÷e. Wk hkfk oumr hk tlhl jl quk smcemimquk kj duehl, plr kjhldmeml quk ke íj k`krgk Wbtâe. Wus trks crbehks bjmbhls slejbs Mcjksmbs, jb LE[ y jbs ltrbs slgmkhbhks pljätmgbs y jls crbehks mdpkrmls kgle÷dmgls.

• Jb sljb kxpjmgbgm÷e glrrkgtb h k jb Fmfjmb ks jb hbhb plr jls Xkstmcls. Jbs metkrprktbgmleks hk jbs l trbs Mcjksmbs sle glesmhkrb

hbs gldl krr÷ekbs. Xldbe bj pmk hk jb jktrb tlhl bqukjjl qukltrbs gleiksmleks grmstmbebs glesmhkrbe gldl sädfljls l gldlhmrmcmhl hmrkgtbdketk b ue pukfjl hbhl, ke ue dldketl hktkrdmebhl hk jb omstlrmb fäfjmgb.Vkgobzbe jb tklräb hk jls cíekrls jmtkrbrmls bpjmgbhb b jbs Wbcrbhbs Ksgrmturbs. Kdpjkbe, ke gbdfml, kj dâs kstrmgtl jmtkrb-jmsdl.

^ b r t m g u j b r m h b h k s 0

• Jb gjbvk hkj íxmtl y hk jb kxpbes m÷e hk jls Xkstmcl s kstrmfb kesu plhkrlsb lrcbemzbgm÷e. Hkshk su skhk gketrbj hk Frllajye,

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ke Eukvb ]lra, jb plhkrlsb skgtb vmcmjb gle pkrikgtl kj dlvmdmketl y jb metrkpmhkz hk gbhb uel hk sus bimtrmfuyk ueb jmtkrbturb hk megrkäfjk tmrbhb y prkpgbdpbòbs b rkbjmzbr ke hktkrdmebhls pbäsks.

• B jb bsbdfj kb jlgbj sk jb hkeld meb gle crkcbg m÷e l «sbVkmel±. Hmkgmsíms glecrkcbgmleks jlgbjks ilrdbe ue ggubjks b su vkz kstâe bcrupbhls ke hmikrketks hmstrmtsk kxtmkehke yb plr 6>> pbäsks hkj duehl, pkrl smkdkj suprkdl gletrlj hk jls jähkrks hk Bdírmgb.

• Jb hmiusm÷e hk sus grkkegmbs plr dkhml hk jb jmtkrb

sb bhqumkrk prlplrgmleks cmcbetksgbs. Hkshk 2=6>, hDkbh, jls Xkstmcls obe mdprksl ?>>.>>>.>>> hk Fmfjmhk tkdbs fäfjmgls. Khmtbe hls mdplrtbetks rkvmstbs, Jb Btbjbyb,ke 38 mhmld bs y gle ue b tmrb hb d khmb hk 3.?>>.>>> y ¡Hkspkrtbh , ke 69 mhmldbs, gle 9.9>>.>>> k`kdpjbrks.Ke Kstbhls [emhls y ke jls l trls gletmeketks plskke supmbs kstbgmleks hk rbhml quk hmiuehke, gle dbgobglerbegmb, kdmsmleks ke hkgkebs hk jkecubs, guyb dmsmks jlcrbr eukvls bhkptls b jb lrcbemzbgm÷e.

• Kj prlskjmtmsdl hk puk rtb ke pukrtb jl prbgtmgbe gle utbegmb rbybeb ke jb mehmsgrkgm÷e y b vkgks ke kj ikj dle÷jlcl quk hksbrrlj jbe gle j ls metkrjlgutlrks pjbetkbueb hlgtrmeb hk bdlr y jmfkrtbh grmstmbebs smel jb klpgm÷e plr bhokrmrsk b jb lrcbemzbgm÷e hk Frllajye lb jls gbstmcls medmeketks hk jb g÷jkrb hmvmeb bj el kdbr pbrtk ke kj gukrpl hk sus Xkstmcls.

• Xlhls jls Xkstmcls sle dmemstr ls hk jb prkhmgbgm÷e hy rksplesbfjks hk jb ik. El kxmstk jb hmikrkegmb ketrjbmgbhl. Wme kdfbrcl, oby ueb `krbrquäb b jb olrb hktmkdpl bj prlskjmtmsdl. Bjcuels hkfke prkstbr bj dkelsgk olrbs dkesubjks. Ltrls, j ls pmlekrls, uebs gmke, y pldl j ls Xkstmcls dâs imkjks hkfke prlplrgmlebr gmketl gmolrbs dkesubjks b jb tbrkb hk hmiusm÷e hk jbs grkkegmKj fbutmsdl plr medkrsm÷e, sk glegkhk s÷jl b bqukjjls gplesbfmjmhbh ke jb ik kstâ prlfbhb. Jb kugbrmstäb, s÷rmbj hkj gukrpl y hk jb sbecrk hk Grmstl, ks gkjkfrbhbbj bòl glmegmhmkehl gle kj häb bemvkrsbrml hk jb [jkxbgtb dke tk kj 28 hk emsâe, skcðe kj gbjkehb rml ùh älJls gujtls sk hksbrrlj jbe elrdbjdketk ke jls «sbjleks hkj el±. Xrks vkgks plr skdbeb sk rkðeke bjjä. Ke kjjls sk tke jkggmleks slfrk jb Fmfjmb, slfrk jb obfmjmhbh ke tbgm÷e hk jbs hmrkgtrmgks hk Jb Btbjbyb y slfrk jb bpjmgbgm÷e jb hlgtrmeb bj vmvmr gltmhmbel.

• [eb skrmk hk pbrtmgujb rmhbhks p rlpmbs hk jls Xkstmprkehk hk jb bpjmgbgm÷e hkj jmtkrbjmsdl b jb Fmfjmbtrmgtbdketk prlomfmhbs jbs trbesiusmleks hk sbecrk, rke kj Jkvätmgl1 rkouyke kj vkstmr uemilrdks, ùrbr fbepuòbr brdbs, prkstbr kj skrvmgml dmjmtbr. Dugols Xks

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`ktlrks hk glegmkegmb, gudpjke bòls hk prmsm÷e ke pbäsks ke jlsquk tlhbväb el kxmstk ueb rkcjbdketbgm÷e jkcbj slfrk jb lf`kgm÷e hk glegmkegmb.

• Jls Xkstmcls hk @kolv â sk metrlhu`k rle ke Kspbòb hurb etk jlsbòls hk jb prmd krb c ukrrb d uehmbj. Ke 2=6;, kj prksmhketk hkjb lrcbemzbgm÷e Vutokrilrh, vmsmt÷ Dbhrmh, hbehl eukvl mdpujslb jb lfrb ke Kspbòb. Wm ke tlhls j ls pbäsks jb prmdkrb prkcuetb betk jls Xkstmcls ks kj gukstmlebrsk slfrk su gbrâgtkr grmstmbel, tbdfmíe ke eukstrl pbäs kj dmsdl metkrrlcbetk hkfäb skrilrdujbhl. @ube Kstrugo, hk jb Mcjksmb Kspbòljb VkilrdbhbKpmsglpbj, ke su lfrb Jls ^rltkstbetks kspbòljks ob ksgrmtl0

«Ke gubetl b j ls Xkstmcls hk @kolvâ, trâtbsk hk ue dlvmdmketl quk hmiägmjdketk pukhk skr glesmhkrbhl, el yb gldl prltkstbetk, smel smdpjkdketk gldl grmstmbel1 yb quk, ke kikgtl , hmstbtbetl hkj prltkstbetmsdl gldl hkj gbtljmgmsdl l hk jb lrt lhlxmb±.

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JB MCJKWMB HK @KW[GVMWXL HK JLW WBHK JLW ÐJXMDLW HÄBW L DLVDLEKW

Iuehbhlr0 @lskpo Wdmto (2?>;-2?88), ebgm÷ ke kj Kstbhl Ykrdlet ([WB) ke kj skel hk ueb ibdmjmb prksfmtkrmbeemòl smetm÷ jb kxtrblrhmebrmb bcmtbgm÷e rkjmcmlsb hkrks± quk bjgbez÷ b tlhbs jbs Mcjksmbs y skgtbs bdkrmgb

B pbrt mr hk 2?6> ue b skrmk hk rkvkjbgml eks hmv mebsfkr quk jbs Mcjksmbs kxmstketks kstâe gub`bhbs hk krrlvkrhbhkrl kvbeckjml kstâ t lhbväb plr hmiuehmr y quk b ískrvbhl kj lrcbemzbr jb vkrhbhkrb Mcjksmb. Ke 2?67 sk jkâeckj Dlrlem quk jk rkvkjb kj jucbr hlehk sk objjb ue jmgrmtl ke pjbegobs hk lrl, hlehk sk objjb jb rkjbgm÷e hk jlsobfmtbetks hkj gletmeketk bdkrmgbel y jb pjkemtuh hkj kvduemgbhb b kjjls plr kj dmsdl Wbjvbhlr. Hls pmkhrbs, kj [rdmd, jk byuhbe b hksgmirbr j ls kxtrbòls gbrbgtkrks hk gobs hk lrl . Ke kj trbfb`l hk trbhuggm÷e ks byuhbhl plrGlwhkry. Bdfls rkgmfke ke 2?6= kj sbgkrhlgml hk Bbr÷e els hk Wbe @ube Fbutmstb y plgl hkspuís sk fbutmzbe dketk.

Xrbs obfkr rkgmfmhl kj sbgkrhlgml hk Dkjqumskhkg hk^khrl, Wbetmbcl y @ube y hk obfkr gleskcumhl kj tkstmdkrl hk trks y hkspuís hk lgol tkstmcls, slfrk jb vkrhbh pjbegobs sk mdpleke jb lfrb hk kstbfjkgkr jb eukvb glecrk2?7> ks jb ikgob hk jb iuehbgm÷e hk jb «Mcjksmb hk @ksWbetls hk jls Ðjtmdls Hmls±, ke Ibykttk, Eukvb ]lra. IuehMcjksmb y khmtbhl kj Jmfrl hk Dlrd÷e, gldmkezb ueb hk jbs bvkturbs dâs ibetâstmgbs quk `bdâs obyb tkemhl ue crupl rk

Hk Eukvb ]lra pbsbe b Amrtjbeh (Loäl) y jukcl b DmHmimgujtbhks hk tlhl lrhke gldmkezbe b `bjlebr sus rutbs.tl jkrbegmb rkjmcmlsb rkmebetk, bòbhke hls okgols quk prlvls gleijmgtls0 jjbdbe cketmjks b sus vkgmels el-dlrdleks tmgbe jb pljmcbdmb. Ke Mjjmelms iuehbe ueb gmuhbh, Ebbgusbgmleks jjkvbe bolrb b Wdmto y b su okrdbel b prmgousdb brdbhb jl bsksmeb vmjdketk. Ks kj 63 hk `ueml hk

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grktls prbgtmgbhls sljbdketk ke jls tkdpjls b jls quk t


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Frmcobd ]luec sk rksplesbfmjmzb hk jb Mcjksmb. Gldmkezb uebeukvb dbrgob tlhbväb dâs ípmgb quk jbs betkrmlrks. Hkshk Mjjmelmssk pleke ke rutb obgmb kj Lkstk. Wle ?>.>>> pkrslebs b trbvís hk2.3>> amj÷dktrls, gruzbehl kelrdks hksmkrtls. Wk mestbjbe b lrmjjbshkj Jbcl Wbjbhl y kdpmkzbe jb lfrb gmvmjmzbhlrb hk ue eukvl Kstbhl, [tbo, quk hkshk 2?=9 jjkcb b ilrdbr pbrtk hk jb [em÷e. Wugbpmtbj, Wbjt Jbak Gmty, skrâ kj gketrl hkj dlrdlemsdl duehmbj.

Hlgtrmebs0• Jls jmfrls sbcrbhl s pbrb jls Dl rdle ks sle0 jb Fmfjmb, kj Jmfrl

hk Dlrd÷e, jbs Hlgtrmebs y ^bgtls y jb ^krjb hk Crbe ^rkgml.• Kj Jmfrl hk Dl rd÷ e ks ue b gljkggm÷e hk 2; ksgrmtls quk ilrd beueb betlj lcäb, gle sbflr fäfjmgl, hk ebrrbgmleks slfrk jb hlfjkkdmcrbgm÷e hk jls `uhäls b Bdírmgb. [eb hk kjjbs iuk jb hk jlsJbdbemtbs, trmfu hkckekrbhb, guyls hksgkehmketks jjkcbräbe bskr jls bgtubjks ^mkjks Vl`bs1 jb ltrb kdmcrbgm÷e iuk jb hk jlsEkimtbs, pukfjl sbel hkstrumhl plr kj prmdkrl. Dlrd÷e, uel hkjls ðjtmdls rkyks y prliktbs hk jls Ekimtbs, pusl plr ksgrmtl, kepjbgbs hk lrl, jbs gr÷emgbs quk kj âeckj Dlrlem obräb hksgufrmr b Wdmto.

• Xmkeke ke gldðe gle jbs l trbs Mcjksmbs y skgtbs keudkrbhbs,grkkegmbs kstrmgtbdketk grmstmbebs0 Xrmemhbh, fbutmsdl plr medkrsm÷e, kugbrmstäb hldmemgbj, mdplsmgm÷e hk dbels pbrb rkgmfmr jls hleks hkj Kspärmtu, rktlrel medmeketk hk @ksugrmstl.

• ^krl jb ik hk jls Dlrd leks tmkek bjcuels puetl s kxtrbòl s pbrbkj rkstl hkj grmstmbemsdl0‘ Jb rkvkjbg m÷e el kstâ gkrrb hb ke jb Fmfjmb, em ke kj dmsdl

Jmfrl hk Dlrd÷e. Gletmeðb bfmkrtb crbgmbs bj dmemstkrmlprliítmgl hk sus bgtubjks jähkrks.

‘ Ekcbgm÷e hkj pkgbhl lrmcmebj. Wljbdketk jbs ibjtbs prlpmbshk gbhb oldfrk sle jbs quk jk obgke rksplesbfjk hkjbetk hkHmls.

‘ Kj Fbutmsdl hk jls dukrtls plsmfmjmtb jb sbjvbgm÷e b bqukjjlsquk durmkrle sme glelgkr b @ksugrmstl (M ^khr 8, 91 M Glr2;, 6=).

‘ Kj Dbtrmd leml pbrb jb ktkremhb h l dbtrmdle ml gkjkstk, qukel sk lplek bj dbtrmdleml pbrb kj tmkdpl. [eb du`kr qukdukrk sme gbsbrsk pukhk skr «skjjbhb± gle ue dbrmhl ke kjdâs bjjâ pbrb bskcurbr su sbjvbgm÷e.

‘ Gleiusbs elg mleks slfrk jb ebt urb jkzb k spmrmtu bj hk Hmls yslfrk jb plsmfmjmhbh hkj oldfrk hk jjkcbr b jb hmcemhbh hkhmlsks.

^brtmgujbrmhbhks0• Jls rmtls dlrd leks sle hk hls gjbsks0 rmtls pðfjmgls quk prb g

tmgbe ke jucbrks hk gujtl bggksmfjks b tlhls jls imkjks y rmtls sk-

6?

grktls prbgtmgbhls sljbdketk ke jls tkdpjls, b j ls quk tjmfrk bggksl j ls Dlrdleks eltbfjks.C. O. Flusqukt hmgk quk kj rmtubj hkj gujtl skgrktl el euegb pufjmgbhl, hk boä quk jbs eltmgmbs quk tkekdtldbrsk gle gbutkjb, puks prlvmkeke ke su dbylräb hk frls bp÷stbtbs.

• Kj rícmdke ks tklgrâtmgl gle hls tmpls hk sbgkrhlgmlBbr÷e, quk sk gleimkrk b tlhls j ls dugobgols, y kj hk Dskhkg. Kstk ðjtmdl kstâ `krbrqumzbhl b su vkz ke skmke jb gðspmhk kj i lrdbhl plr kj ^rksmhketk y hls gleskj Gljkcml hk jls 26 Bp÷ stljks1 kj Gljkcml hk jls Wud lshltks y kj Gljkcml hk jls 3> hmsgäpujls, quk `uetl b jlsels y ^btrmbrgbs glestmtuyke jbs gjbsks rkgtlrbs hkj dldl duehmbj .

• Jb pljmcbdmb iuk ueb hk jbs mestmtugmleks dl rdle bs gutmhbs. Buequk bpbrkgmhb ke jls prmdkrls bòls y prbgjb dâs bfsljutb gjbehkstmemhbh, iuk limgmbjdketk prlgj2?;6. Ke 2?=> skräb bfljmh b pbr b gud pjmr gle jbs jkyks gmlebjks bdkrmgbebs.

• Jls Dlrdleks obe gumhbhl hkshk smkdprk jls prlcrbdbkhugbgm÷e y keskòbezb. Kj Kstbhl hk [tbo ks uel hk vbe b jb gbfkzb ke kj pjbe khugbgmlebj hk jls Kstbhls Ks ueb Mcjksmb rmgb k meijuyketk. Gbhb dmkdfrl gljbdketk gle jb prâgtmgb hkj hmkzdl y gbhb `lvke ketrkcb

hk su vmhb, hketrl hk sus plsmfmjmhbhks, b jb kvbeckjdue hl, vmsmtbehl pbäsks kxtrbe `krls y hmstrmfuykeh l turb hk jls «Wbetls hk jls Ðjtmdls Hmls±.

• Ke Ksp bòb sk kstbfjk gmkrle gldl Mcjksmb obgmb 2=3>, hk obgäb bjcuels bòls trbfb`bfbe vbrmls dmsmlekrls.Jb rkvmstb Vkstburbgm÷e, hk bfrmj hk 2=36, hmgk quk «tmkekjucbrks hk gujtl hkgjbrbhls y 7> dmemstrls, hk jls gublegk kstâe bgrkhmtbhls betk kj Dmemstkrml±. ^krl rkgmdbgmleks els bskcurbe quk kj trbfb`l hk jls Dlrdleks sktmkehk yb b 6; gmuhbhks kspbòljbs.

Fbjbegk imebj.Bj jjkcbr b kstbs pâcmebs imebjks bjcumke pkesbrâ gle

jb mdbcmebgm÷e y jb ibetbsäb hkj oldfrk el tmkeke jädmtflgolrelsl kj kspkgtâgujl hk ueb trmstk gldkhmb guyl tkdbgmpbj ks kj grmstmbemsdl y gbhb uel hk jls bgtls hk jb gm÷e, jb omstlrmb hk ueb skgtb grmstmbeb1 p brb jjkcbr bsukjtbdketk quk tlhl ks dketmrb ke kstk ike÷dkel quk klfskrvbehl.

Kstbrí hk bgukrhl ke hkpjlrbr kj pkelsl okgol hk jb hmgrmstmbeb. ^lr su betmtkstmdleml, plr jb kstrkgokz hk dmplek y iuehbdketbjdketk plrquk sk lplek b jb vljuetb h kxprk sbhk @ksðs.

6=

^krl dm glehkeb hkj okgol el plhräb ke emecðe gbsl uemrsk Ksk duehl ke gbdfml els dukstrb prliuehbs jmdmtbgmle


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^krl dm glehkeb hkj okgol, el plhräb ke emecðe gbsl uemrskb jb bgtmtuh lrcujjlsb y trmueibetk hk bjcðe gbt÷jmgl quk gujpbskhk ibjsbrmls b uels oldfrks y hk meilrdbjks b uels crupls, qukke kj ilehl y ke jb ilrdb el obe okgol smel plekrsk b jb fðsqukhb hk Hmls, b trbvís hk @ksðs, plr uels hkrrltkrls hmikrketks bjls hk jbs Mcjksmbs gbt÷jmgb y prltkstbetk, plrquk ke ue dldketlhbhl vmkrle ke ístbs sus bspkgtls dkels kvbecíjmgls.

El sk trbtb bolrb hk fusgbr rksplesbfjks bj okgol hk jb hmvmsm÷e. Kj kspärmtu skgtbrml sk hb hketrl y iukrb hk jbs skgtbs. Xlhlsglelgkdls butíetmgls skgtbrmls ke eukstrbs prlpmbs imjbs. Bquä skmetketb sbgbr ue fbjbegk imebj, gle sus bspkgtls plsmtmvls y ekcbtmvls. Wm ke kstk fbjbegk, hk bjcueb dbekrb prlvmsmlebj, sldls gb

pbgks hk rkijkxmlebr slfrk eukstrl grmstmbemsdl, ketlegks ok gleskcumhl ue fkjjl lf`ktmvl.Ke ue râpmhl rkguketl hk jls kjkdketls plsmtmvls quk sk ke

guketrbe ke jbs skgtbs hkfkrâ glesmhkrbrsk ke prmdkr jucbr kjpukstl quk lgupb jb Fmfjmb ke su kspmrmtubjmhbh. Ke tlhbs kjjbs sklfskrvb ueb gleimbezb bfsljutb y gmkcb ke jbs prldksbs fäfjmgbs.Gmkrtbdketk jb jkgturb hk jb Fmfjmb vbräb hk keilquk hk uebs skgtbs b ltrbs. Oby prkikrkegmbs plr gmkrtls jmfrls y pbsb`ks. ^krlkjkdketls kstrmgtbdketk fäfjmgls sle0

• kj beuegml hkj pr÷xmd l rktlrel hk @ksðs,• kj hkskl hk ue gujtl dâs butíe tmgl y skegmjjl,• kj fbu tmsd l plr medkrsm÷ e hk jls bhuj tls,• jbs besmbs hk kxpk rmdk etbr jb prkskegmb hkj Kspärmtu W betl y

jls hmikrketks gbrmsdbs y hleks hkj Eukvl Xkstbdketl ,• kj hmscustl plr kj kxgksl hk lrcbemz bgm÷e y ilrdbjmsd ls hk jbs

Mcjksmbs dbylrmtbrmbs,• jb prkikrkegmb plr jbs pkquk òbs y irbtkrebjks gldue mhbhks,• jb rksplesbfmjmhbh kgjksmbj gldp brtmhb mcubjd ketk plr j ls pbs

tlrks y plr jls jbmgls,• jb kspletbe kmhbh ke jb kxprksm÷e hk jbs pjkcbrmbs p ðfjmgbs.. .

Ebhmk, gle jb Fmfjmb ke jb dbel, plhräb glehkebr kstls jkcätm

dls hkskls tbe pbtítmgbdketk kxprksbhls plr eukstrls okrdbels.Gmkrtbdketk kj kspkgtâgujl hk bjcuebs hk eukstrbs Dmsbs, ke jbsquk ueb dbsb bguhk plr lfjmcbgm÷e, mcelrâehlsk y smetmíehlsk iräbkspkgtbhlrb, kstâ duy jk`ls hk jb gjbsk hk bsbdfjkbs quk prkimkrkejb dbylräb hk jbs skgtbs kstuhmbhbs.

Glduemhbhks irbtkrebjks, ke tlrel b @ksðs, ke jbs quk sk kxpkrmdketb, hketrl hk ue gjmdb ibvlrbfjk, kj sketmdmketl hk jb prlpmbglevkrsm÷e y sk hkskb vmvmr plr y pbrb jb glecrkcbgm÷e1 ok boä kjmhkbj hk tlhbs jbs skgtbs. Jukcl, ksb kxpkrmkegmb skrâ vmvmhb skcðe pkgujmbrks gbrbgtkrästmgbs.

Ksls sle j ls bspkgtls dâs plsmtmvls, `uetl bj kspärmtu hk bfekcbgm÷e y sbgrmimgml, quk lfskrvbrâ qumke gletkdpjk, sme prk`umgmls,kj bdfmketk kspmrmtubj hk jbs skgtbs grmstmbebs.

7>

Ksk duehl, ke gbdfml, els dukstrb prliuehbs jmdmtbgmlezâ skb jb prmegmpbj jb bsldfrlsb ibgmjmhbh hk eukvbs gmleks. Jb skgtb ob pkrhmhl kj sketmhl hk Mcjksmb, gDästmgl hk Grmstl, tkdb tbe gbrl b Wbe ^bfjl . Ob hksvmhk`bhl ke ljvmhl kj okgol hk jb Xrbhmgm÷e. Jb rkijkxm÷ks sustmtumhb plr uebs plgbs bimrdbgmleks hk jls iuehbirkgukegmb meglesmstketks b ue kxbdke skrml. El prklgulf`ktmvmsdl sbgrbdketbj em jb kgjksmljlcäb. Jb bsgksms smkdprk vâjmhb, bhqumkrk ke lgbsmleks kxtrkdls quk els sbr ke jb smstkdâtmgb lplsmgm÷e hk @ksðs betk kj jkchk su tmkdpl.

^krl hls okgols sle pbrtmgujbrdketk slspkgolsls bj prmd

tbzl0 kj íeibsms hbhl b jls sketmdmketls y b jbs kxpkrmkesmfjks hk jb sbjvbgm÷e, quk dugobs vkgks sk gleiuehkehkskqumjmfrmls beädmgls b quk tlhl oldfrk kstâ kxpukstkebz rkpujsb bj hmâjlcl kgudíemgl.

Xlhl kjjl ks smcel pbtketk hk jb ekgksmhbh hk purmimy dâs bj gletbgtl hkj Kvbeckjml. Rumzâ ke jbs skgtbs ‘gtlhls j ls grmstmbels‘ t lhbväb oby dugol hkj «oldfrk vmkplgl hk Hmls.

Ke hkimemtmvb, bjcl ks kvmhketk. Kj duehl hk jbs skgtbgle tlhl rkbjmsdl betk uel hk jls dâs crbvks kemcdbs pjbeb jb glegmkegmb grmstmbeb hk tlhls jls tmkdpls0 kj okgolsm÷e. ^krl tbdfmíe, gle vmk`b sbfmhuräb, els rkgukrhb uejkggm÷e ljvmhbhb0 jb kspkrbezb grmstmbeb rkplsb, el ke

smel ke jb lfrb hk Hmls.

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bosch, j., las mil y una sectas

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