borehole disposal of spent sources (boss) webinar jan 2016.pdfinteragency p&ra community of...
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Borehole Disposal of Spent Sources (BOSS)
Matthew W. Kozak
INTERA, Inc.
Denver, CO
Interagency P&RA Community of Practice Webinar
January 28, 2016
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BOSS ProgramIAEA program to address disposition of spent sources in Member States
Initiated in 1990s
Developed primarily by the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa (Necsa)
Numerous consultant meetings, analyses, and documents
Now approaching field implementation
This presentation is my independent perspective on interesting parts of the program
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The ProblemSpent sources are poorly controlled or uncontrolled in numerous countries
Spent sources pose a potential security risk
Many countries have little or no infrastructure for addressing the problem
For many countries this is the only radioactive waste problem
Many sources are in poor countries with higher priorities
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Project Foundations
Initiated 1995 at a TC‐AFRA Regional Training Course
hosted by NECSA
Uncontrolled Storagevs.
Safe & Secure disposal
Disposal solution
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Typical inventoriesHigh activity concentrations (“inappropriate” for near‐surface disposal)
Mostly short to moderate half life radionuclidesCo‐60Cs‐137Sr‐90
Some notable exceptionsRa‐226 (e.g. brachytherapy needles)Pu‐239 (Former Soviet Union)
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BOSS Disposal Concept
> 30 m
0,26 m
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BOSS system
Includes mobile surface facilities, equipment, and components for full chain of operations.
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BOSS Disposal System –What it is not
Not “near‐surface”
Not reliant on very specific site properties
Not “deep borehole”
“RADON” Boreholes
“Greater ConfinementDisposal” “Deep Borehole”
~ 5 km37 m
~ 6 m
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Fundamental considerationsSafe implementation with limited resources
Broad range of suitable (safe) site properties
Suitable for a typical national inventory Availability of qualified components / equipment
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Brief history: 1996 ‐ 2005
Phase I Phase II Phase III
Phase IV
1996 1999 2001 2005
Typical inventoriesConcept descriptionIllustrative sites
Concept evaluationPreliminary SA
Detailed designTechnical feasibilityGeneric SAWAC Guidelines
WATRP Intl. Peer Review
Range of sitesRange of inventories316L stainless steelChain of operationsInformDescribeImplement
Phase V
2005
2015
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Issues in Implementing a National FrameworkNational legal and regulatory framework is likely to be absent
Performance‐based regulatory frameworks are labor intensive and require a high level of skill
Skilled practitioners needed for both implementation and regulation
Use of internationally based subcontractors does not fully address the staffing issue
For many countries, there is no broader need for radioactive waste management
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Issues in implementing a safety strategyNormal practice in radioactive waste management is the use of multiple and redundant barriersTo take proper account of the geological setting, site characterization is needed – expensive
What is the minimum site characterization needed to assure long‐term safety?Is it possible to rely heavily (or even exclusively) on engineered barriers?Is it possible (or desirable) to rely on a generic safety assessment?Can we identify key parameters in the site characterization that provide a passive environment for the waste package?
The role of inadvertent intrusion
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Brief history: 2005 ‐ 2015
13
Phase I Phase II Phase III
Phase IV
1996 1999 2001 2005
Intl. Peer Review
2005
Technical ManualBrochureGeneric Safety AssessmentTrainingEngineering
Phase V
2015
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Emplacement – Laboratory Studies
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Conditioning facility
Mobile Tool Kit
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Conditioning Category 1‐2 Sources with MHC
Peer Review before actual operations took place
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Outlook: 2015 ‐…
National implementation
Site‐specific safety case
Licensing
Construction/Operation
17
Phase I Phase II Phase III
Phase IV
1996 1999 2001 2005
WATRP Intl. Peer Review
2005
Phase V
2015
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National ImplementationMalaysia – Ghana – Philippines ‐‐ Others?
Pilot projects in progress
Site specific safety cases
Qualified components and equipment
Licensing
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Implementation for low activity source disposal in borehole
Technique has been developed for low activity source disposal:
(Transfer Cask + Platform)
• Engineering design of these items are now available
• 2 Transfer Casks + Platform are currently manufactured and were tested in November 2015
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Implementation of the low activity source handling apparatus
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Improvements for high activity source disposal in borehole
Mobile Hot Cell has been improved allowing SHARS disposal in a borehole:
Further work to do:• Developing welding technology and
equipment for disposal container• Testing the hardware through a test
operation (demonstration)
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Summary: Main features of the BOSS system
Diameter adapted to water well drilling
Isolation from surface perturbation (depth; site properties)
Safe in either unsaturated or saturated formation
Safe in a broad range of site geochemical properties
Containment in engineered barrier systemCapsule containing sourcesBufferContainerCement backfill
Chain of operations: Encapsulation, testing, emplacement