borderlands. life on the habsburg-ottoman frontier, 1521-1881 · borderlands. life on the...

Borderlands. Life on the Habsburg-Ottoman Frontier, 1521-1881

Dr William O’Reilly, [email protected]

For over 350 years, the Military Frontier between the Habsburg and Ottoman empires served as the first site of engagement in the long struggle to define and defend European territory. This defence frontier system against the Ottoman Empire comprised of military and civilian outposts along an ever-changing frontline stretching from the Adriatic to Transylvania. A Militärgrenze and Cordon sanitare, the frontier began as a buffer against an expansive Ottoman empire in 1521, when archduke Ferdinand I of Austria began to financially and defensively support the creation of a permanent, structural fence against forces moving north and westward from the Balkans. Over time, this defensive device would become a „bulwark of Christianity‟ against the Ottoman lands and would, by the nineteenth century, develop into a separate crownland (from 1849) and, in effect, a separate state within the Austro-Hungarian empire. And so it remained until the borderland state was dissolvedin 1881. Within and along this imperial borderland, Christian refugees, both Catholic and Orthodox, settled. At other times, the borderland served as a quarantine zone, with lazarettos stopping the spread of plague and other diseases; and it was served as an economic frontier to protect trade within the Habsburg lands and between the empire and the Ottoman. Overtime, it grew into a military bulwark populated with soldiers, some retired and discharged, living together with civilians often expelled to the frontier for moral and civil transgressions. By the early 1700s, the lands along the military frontier were home to a wide-range of non-Muslim residents of every Christian denomination, of soldiers and ex-soldiers and their families, or colonists seeking a new start in life, and of waifs, strays and outcasts who now lived in close community with Ottoman subjects across the line. These frontier lands had particular rights and liberties; serfdom was forbidden and it was a land „without lords and masters‟, governed under military jurisdiction. By the time of its dissolution in 1881, this crown land comprised some 33,422 square kilometers with over 1.2 million inhabitants, stretching over 1,900 kms as a narrow strip of land from near Fiume to Transylvania. This paper will have the borderland that was the „Military Frontier‟ as its main subject, exploring in depth the development of a Grenzer (frontier) mentality and identity. The lands of Central Europe (and especially of the Habsburg monarchy) which bordered the frontier are crucial, too. Thus we will also investigate, when relevant, events in the Austrian lands, in Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Serbia, etc. Moreover, while this paper will of course examine the military history of the frontier, it will pay greater attention to its political, social, cultural, and historiographical aspects.Throughout we will be mindful of conceptual issues surrounding the study of borderlands -- definitions, processes, borderland typologies and comparative frameworks that might illuminate the study of places with multiple and contending political and legal traditions In concluding, we will look to recent events in helping to re-evaluate the place of the Habsburg-Ottoman borderlands in European history, and the place of its historiography in broader European historiography. The Habsburg borderlands of the Military Frontier, today stretching along six countries, encapsulate many of the difficulties historians encounter when they step beyond the nation state. In the spring of 1991, during the

Borderlands: Life on the Habsburg-Ottoman Frontier, 1521-1881 2

breakup of Yugoslavia, the local population of the former military frontier declared their independence as the Republic of Krajina („Frontier‟), appealing to a shared history and a shared historical memory of frontier life. In addition to introductory and revision lectures, this Specified paper will be taught mainly in weekly 2-hour classes; each student will also receive 5 supervisions. This paper will be capped at a maximum of 14 students. Below, a list of weekly topics with an outline description and reading list. A selection of additional primary-source texts in translation (obviously, there is a rich literature on this subject in German, Hungarian, Croatian, etc., but students will not be disadvantaged reading English sources). Start date October 2020 Teachers Dr William O‟Reilly (wto21), with Dr Emma Spary (Medicine and Science), Dr Helen Pfeifer (Ottoman History), and others Examination

Three-hour unseen; answer 3 questions; undivided paper

There will always be a question set on each of the class topics Faculty norms for Specified papers

Teaching hours: 28-34 hours, with 5 supervisions; students will be supervised in pairs.

Reading list: 100-150 items

Exam paper: 18-22 questions (with one or two either/ors) Teaching regime for this paper In addition to introductory and revision lectures, this Specified paper will be taught mainly in weekly 2-hour classes:

Michaelmas: 7 x 120-min classes

Lent: 7 x 120-min classes

Easter: 2 x 120-min classes

Supervisions, 5-6 per student; in either term

Total contact hours: 32

Supervision topics are the same as the class topics Reading List

All articles and PhD dissertations referenced below will be made available to students as pdfs (some articles and chapters are not readily available in the Seeley or University Library).

Where there is a larger recommended reading list for a given weekly topic, the class will be divided into groups, each taking a number of readings and presenting to the full class on their reading.


The Reading List follows the schedule of lectures and supervision topics

However, many books cover several topics, so you need to read around, and need to make regular use of items in the opening section, „Introductions‟

Students should read on every topic and not just those selected for supervision essays. Some sections do have „Additional Reading‟ sections, to aid in supervision essay preparation. General Introductory Reading List for the subject: This list serves as a source for regular reference and will be regularly referred to throughout the course. These are all broad surveys; although they are not listed again below, their individual chapters are also relevant for topics covered in the weekly classes:

Ágoston, Gábor, „The Ottoman Empire and Europe‟, in: The Oxford Handbook of Early

Modern European History: 1350 - 1750. Volume II. Cultures and Power. Ed. Hamish M.

Scott. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 612-37.

Barkey, Karen, Empire of difference: the Ottomans in comparative perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

Daniel Goffman, The Ottoman Empire and early modern Europe, New York : Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Sahlins, Peter, Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), esp. Introduction; Chapter 2, „The Frontiers of the Old Regime State‟.

Whittaker, C. R., Frontiers of the Roman Empire: A Social and Economic Study (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997).

Inalcik, Halil, and D. Quataert. An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (1300-1914). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Sugar, Peter F. South-Eastern Europe under Ottoman Rule (1354-1804). Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1993.

Findley, C. V. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire. The Sublime Porte (1789-1922). Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.

Sugar, Peter F. Nationality and Society in Habsburg and Ottoman Europe. Brookfield, Vt: Variorum, 1997

Ingrao, Charles. The Habsburg Monarchy. 1618-1815. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

Evans, R. J. W. The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy (1551-1700). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Evans, R.J.W., „Essay and Reflection: Frontiers and National Identities in Central Europe,‟ The International History Review 14, no. 3 (1992), pp. 480-502.

Jaszi, Oszkar. The Dissolution of the Habsburg Monarchy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

Ellis, Steven G. and Raingard Eßer (eds.), Frontiers and the Writing of History, 1500-1850, Hanover: Wehrhahn, 2006.

LeDonne, John. The Russian Empire and the World, 1700-1917: the Geopolitics of Expansion and Containment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Mitu, Sorin. National Identity of Romanians in Transylvania. New York: CEU Press, 2001.

Cioranesco, George. Bessarabia: Disputed Land between East and West. Munich: Editura Ion Dumitru, 1985.

Manoliu-Manea, Maria, ed. The Tragic Plight of a Border Area: Bessarabia and Bucovina. Los

http://explore.georgetown.edu/publications/index.cfm?Action=View&DocumentID=82844


Angeles, Calif.: Humboldt State University Press, 1983.

Jelavich, Charles, and Barbara Jelavich. The Establishment of the Balkan Nation States. 1804-1920. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977.

Bracewell, Catherine Wendy, The Uskoks of Senj: Piracy, Banditry and Holy War in the Sixteenth Century Adriatic, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1992.

Whaley, Joachim, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire 1493-1806, 2 vols., Oxford University Press, 2012.

O‟Reilly, William, 'Border, Buffer and Bulwark. The Historiography of the Military Frontier, 1521-1881', in Steven G. Ellis and Raingard Eßer (eds.), Frontiers and the Writing of History, 1500-1850, Hanover (Wehrhahn), 2006, pp. 229-244.

For accounts, in English, of travel writers accounts of journeys to the Habsburg and Ottoman lands, the most comprehensive collections are:

An Ottoman traveller: selections from the book of travels of Evliya Çelebi, translation and commentary by Robert Dankoff and Sooyong Kim, Eland, London, 2010, esp. Books 6-7.

C.W. (Wendy) Bracewell and Alex Drace-Francis (ed), Balkan Departures: Travel Writing from Southeastern Europe. (Oxford: Berghahn, 2009).

C.W. (Wendy) Bracewell and Alex Drace-Francis (ed), Under Eastern Eyes: A Comparative Introduction to East European Travel Writing on Europe, 1550–2000. East Looks West, Vol. 2 .(Budapest: CEU Press, 2008).

For Borderlands in a non-Europe settling, the literature is vast, but by way of possible comparison the following are offered:

Daniel Power, „Frontiers: Terms, Concepts, and the Historians of Medieval and Early Modern Europe,‟ in Frontiers in Question: Eurasian Borderlands, 700-1700, eds. Daniel Power and Naomi Standen, London: Macmillan Press, 1999, pp. 1-12.

Peter Sahlins, „Natural Frontiers Revisited: France's Boundaries since the Seventeenth Century,‟American Historical Review 95, no. 5 (1990), pp. 1423-1451.

Rifaat A. Abou-el-Haj, „The Formal Closure of the Ottoman Frontier in Europe: 1699-1703,‟Journal of the American Oriental Society 89, no. 3 (1969), pp. 467-475.

Charles S. Maier, „Transformations of Territoriality 1600-2000,‟ inTransnationale Geschichte: Themen, Tendenzen und Theorien, eds. Gunilla Budde, Sebastian Conrad and Oliver Janz (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006), pp. 32-55.

Joya Chatterji, “The Fashioning of a Frontier: The Radcliffe Line and Bengal‟s Border Landscape, 1947-1952,” Modern Asian Studies 33:1 (Jan 1999): 185-242.

Ainslie T. Embree, „Frontiers into Boundaries: From the Traditional to the Modern State,‟ in Realm and Region in Traditional India, ed. Richard G. Fox (Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1977): 255-280.

Benjamin Johnson and Andrew R. Graybill, Bridging National Borders in North America: Transnational and Comparative Histories (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010)

David Weber, Barbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (Yale University Press, 2006)

Pekka Hamalainen, The Comanche Empire (Yale University Press, 2008)

Anthony P. Mora, Border Dilemmas: Racial and National Uncertainties in New Mexico, 1848-1912 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2011)

Wendy Brown, Walled States, Waning Sovereignty (Zone Books, 2010)


Michaelmas Term Week 1. Introduction: Borderlands and Frontiers: identity, culture and politics

Silviu Stoian, The Establishment and Demarcation of Borders in Europe in the Early Modern Age,Research and Science Today Supplement 2/2014, pp. 6-15.

Gábor Ágoston, „A Flexible Empire: Authority and its Limits on the Ottoman Frontiers‟, International Journal of Turkish Studies 9.1-2 (2003), pp. 15-31.

Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, „Entangled Histories: Borderland Historiographies in New Clothes?‟, AHR Forum, American Historical Review, June 2007, pp. 787-799.

Gabriel Popescu, „The conflicting logics of cross-border territorialization: Geopolitics of Euroregions in Eastern Europe‟, Political Geography 27 (2008), pp. 418-438.

Frederic Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893, http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/frontierthesis.html

Owen Lattimore, “The Frontier in History,” in Studies in Frontier History: Collected Papers (London: O.U.P., 1962), 469-491.

Hämäläinen, Pekka and Samuel Truett. “On Borderlands.” The Journal of American History 98 (2011): 338-361.

M. Baud and Willem van Schendel, “Toward a Comparative History of Borderlands”, Journal of World History 8:2 (Fall 1997): 211-242.

George Nathaniel Curzon, Frontiers: [lecture] delivered in the Sheldonian Theatre, Oxford, November 2, 1907 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1976) 1-58.

Stephen B. Jones, “Boundary Concepts in the Setting of Place and Time”, Annals of the Association of American Geographers 49:3 [Part 1] (Sep 1959): 241-255.

Leonard Thompson and Howard Lamar, „Comparative Frontier History,‟ in The Frontier in History: North America and South Africa Compared (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981), pp. 3-13.

Jeremy Adelman and Stephen Aron, „From Borderlands to Borders: Empires, Nation-States, and the Peoples in between in North American History,‟ The American Historical Review 104 (June 1999), pp. 814- 841.

Joseph E Taylor, „Boundary Terminology,‟ Environmental History 13, no. 3 (July, 2008), 454-481.

David J. Weber, „Turner, the Boltonians, and the Borderlands,‟ The American Historical Review Vol. 91, No. 1 (February 1986), pp. 66-81.

Rogers Brubaker and Frederick Cooper, “Beyond „Identity‟,” Theory and Society 29 (2000): 1-47.

Eric Hobsbawm, „Introduction: Inventing Traditions,‟ „Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914,‟ in E.Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, eds. The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge1983), pp. 1-14.

Peter Burke, What is Cultural History? (Cambridge 2004), esp. pp. 49-126.

Week 2. Ottoman and Habsburg Empires:Constructing imperial borderlands (i)The Ottoman Presence

Gábor Ágoston, „A Flexible Empire: Authority and its Limits on the Ottoman Frontiers‟, International Journal of Turkish Studies 9.1-2 (2003), pp. 15-31.

Gábor Ágoston. „Ottoman Conquest and the Ottoman Military Frontier in Hungary.‟ A

Millennium of Hungarian Military History . Ed. Béla Király and László Veszprémy. Boulder,

Co.: Atlantic Research and Publications, 2002, pp. 85-110.

http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/frontierthesis.html



Virginia H. Aksan, „Locating the Ottmans among early modern Empires‟, Journal of Early Modern History, vol. 3 (2), 1999, pp. 103-134.

Géza Pálffy, „Scorched-Earth Tactics in Ottoman Hungary: On a Controversy in Theory and Practice on the Habsburg-Ottoman Frontier‟, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae,Vol. 61, No. 1/2 (March 2008), pp. 181-200.

Gábor Ágoston, „Defending and Administering the Frontier: The Case of Ottoman

Hungary‟, The Ottoman World. Ed. Christine Woodhead. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon:

Routledge, 2012, pp. 220-236.

Özgür Kolçak, “…And yet fell all the forts to the infidels…”: Disinformation, Propaganda and Political Power in the Ottoman-Habsburg War of 1663-1664‟, Osmanli arastirmalari, 43, 2014, pp. 165-192.

Virginia H. Aksan, „Whose Territory and Whose Peasants? Ottoman Boundaries on the Danube in the 1760s‟, in Frederick F. Anscombe (ed.), The Ottoman Balkans, 1750-1830, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, 2006, pp. 61-86.

Mark L. Stein. Guarding the Frontier. Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisonsin Europe. London and New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2007.

Colin Imber, The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power, Palgrave, 2002, esp. Chapter 1, „Maps and Ottoman Consolidation‟, pp. 27-87.

Gábor Ágoston, „The Costs of the Ottoman Fortress-System in Hungary in the

Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.‟, Ottomans, Hungarians and Habsburgs in Central

Europe. The Military Confines in the Era of Ottoman Conquest. Ed. Géza Dávid and Pál Fodor.

Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2000.

Gábor Ágoston, „The Ottoman-Habsburg Frontier in Hungary (1541-1699): a

Comparison‟, The Great Ottoman, Turkish Civilization, vol 1. Politics . Ed. Güler Eren,

Ercüment Kuran, Nejat Göyünç, Ilber Ortayli and Kemal Çiçek. Ankara: Yeni Türkiye,

2000.

Palmira Brummett, Mapping the Ottomans: Sovereignty, Territory, and Identity in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), esp. Chapter 3, „Borders: the edge of Europe, the ends of empire, and the redemption of Christendom‟.

Karen Barkey, Empire of difference: the Ottomans in comparative perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, esp. „Introduction: Emergence: brokerage across networks‟; „Becoming an empire: imperial institutions and control‟; „Maintaining empire: an expression of tolerance‟; „The social organization of dissent‟; „An eventful eighteenth century: empowering the political‟; „A networking society : commercialization, tax farming, and social relations‟; „On the road out of empire: Ottomans struggle from empire to nation-state‟.

Geoffrey Parker, chapter 7, „The “Ottoman tragedy”, 1618-83‟ and chapter 8, „The “lamentations of Germany” and its neighbours, 1618-88‟, in Global crisis: war, climate change and catastrophe in the seventeenth century, New Haven, Yale Universoty Press, 2013, pp. 185-253.

Week 3. Ottoman and Habsburg Empires:Constructing imperial borderlands (ii)The Habsburg Presence

Gunther E. Rothenburg, „The Origins of the Austrian Military Frontier in Croatia and the Alleged Treaty of 22 December 1522‟, The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 38, No. 91 (Jun., 1960), pp. 493-498.

Géza Pálffy, „The Habsburg defense system in Hungary‟, in Brian L. Davies (ed.), Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1500-1800, Leiden, 2012, pp. 35-61.









Kurt Wessely, The Development of the Hungarian Military Frontier until the Middle of the Eighteenth Century, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. 9 (Jan. 1973), pp 55-110.

Martyn Rady, „Fiscal and Military Developments in Hungary during the Jagello Period‟, Chronica, vols. 9-10 (2009-2010), pp. 85-98.

Gunther E. Rothenburg , The Military Border in Croatia 1740-1881: a Study of an Imperial institution (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1966.

Timothy J. Watts, „Military Tehnologies on the Habsburg-Ottoman Frontier during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries‟, World History Encyclopedia, vol. 13, 2011, pp. 966-969.

Madalina Valeria Veres, „Redefining Imperial Borders: Marking the Eastern Border of the Habsburg Monarchy in the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century,‟ in History of Cartography, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography 7, eds. Elri Liebenberg, Peter Collier, Zsolt Török (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2014), pp. 3-23.

Week 4. Mapping the Borderlands

James P. Krokar, „New Means to an Old End: Early Modern Maps in the Service of an Anti-Ottoman Crusade‟, Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography, 60:1, 2008, pp. 23-38,

Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987), esp. Chapter 6, „Centres of Calculation‟.

Matthew H. Edney, „The Irony of Imperial Mapping,‟ in The Imperial Map. Cartography and the Mastery of Empire, ed. James R. Akerman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); pp. 11- 46.

Pinar Emiralioglu, Geographical Knowledge and Imperial Culture in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2014), esp. Chapter 1, „Negotiating Space and Imperial Ideology in the Sixteenth-Century Ottoman Empire‟.

Valerie Kivelson, Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006), esp. Chapter 5 (Messages in the Land. Siberian Maps and Providential Narratives), and Chapter 6 (Exalted and Glorified to the Ends of the Earth).

Svetlana Alpers, The Art of Describing: Dutch Art in the Seventeenth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1983), esp.Introduction; Chapter 4, „The Mapping Impulse in Dutch Art‟.

Ahmet T. Karamustafa, „Military, Administrative and Scholarly Maps and Plans,‟ in The History of Cartography, volume 2, book 1, Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies, eds. John Brian Harley and David Woodward (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 209-228.

Matthew H. Edney, Mapping an empire the geographical construction of British India, 1765-1843, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997, esp. Chapter 1, „The Ideologies and Practices of Mapping and Imperialism‟.

Jeremy Black, „Government, State, and Cartography: Mapping, Power, and Politics in Europe, 1650–1800,‟Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 43, no. 2 (2008): 95-105.

Valerie A. Kivelson, „Cartography, Autocracy and State Powerlessness: The Uses of Maps in Early Modern Russia,‟Imago Mundi: The International Journal for the History of Cartography 51 (1999), pp. 83-105.

Additional Readings

Valerie Kivelson, Cartographies of Tsardom: The Land and Its Meanings in Seventeenth-Century Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2006), esp. Chapter 3 (Signs in Space: Landscape


and Property in a Serf-Owning Society) and Chapter 4 ("The Souls of the Righteous in a Bright Place": Landscape and Orthodoxy in Seventeenth-Century Russian Maps).

Kapil Raj, Relocating Modern Science: Circulation and the Construction of Knowledge in South Asia and Europe. 1650-1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), esp. Chapter 2 (Circulation and the Emergence of Modern Mapping: Great Britain and

Early Colonial India, 1764-1820).

Lauren Benton, A Search for Sovereignty: Law and Geography in European Empires, 1400-1900. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), esp. Chapter 1 (Anomalies of Empire) and Chapter 3 (Sovereignty at Sea. Jurisdiction, Piracy, and the Origins of OceanRegionalism).

Palmira Brummett, Mapping the Ottomans: Sovereignty, Territory, and Identity in the Early Modern Mediterranean (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015), esp. Chapter 4 (Sovereign Space: The Fortress as Marker of Possession).

Pinar Emiralioglu, Geographical Knowledge and Imperial Culture in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2014), esp. Chapter 3 (Charting the Mediterranean: The Ottoman Grand Strategy).

Week 5. Fiscal-Military States and Imperial Surveys: Civilizing the Borderland

Michael Hochedlinger, „The Habsburg Monarchy: From “Military-Fiscal State” to “Militarization”‟, in The Fiscal-Military State in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. Christopher Storrs (Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 55-94.

Kahraman Şakul, “Military Engineering in the Ottoman Empire,” in Military Engineers and the Development of the Early-Modern European State, ed. Bruce P. Lenman (Dundee: Dundee University Press, 2013): 179-199.

Madalina-Valeria Veres, „Putting Transylvania on the map: Cartography and Enlightened Absolutism in the Habsburg Monarchy,‟Austrian History Yearbook 43 (2012), pp. 141-164.

Grete Klingenstein, „The meanings of “Austria” and “Austrian” in the eighteenth century,‟ in Royal and republican sovereignty in early modern Europe: essays in memory of Ragnhild Hatton, eds. Ragnhild Marie Hatton, Robert Oresko, G. C. Gibbs and H. M. Scott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997): 423-478.

John Pickles, A History of Spaces: Cartographic Reason, Mapping and the Geo-Coded World (London; New York: Routledge, 2004), esp. Chapter 5 (Cadastres and capitalisms. The emergence of a new map consciousness).

Roger J.P. Kain and Elizabeth Baigent, The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State. A History of Property Mapping (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), esp. Chapter 5 (The Austrian Habsburg Lands, with the Principality of Piedmont), pp. 175-195.

Benjamin Landais, „Villages, Actors of Local Cartography? The Cadastral Maps of the Banat (1772-1779),‟ in History of Cartography, Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography 7, eds. Elri Liebenberg, Peter Collier and Zsolt Török (Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2014): 129-148.

P.G.M.Dickson, „Joseph II's Hungarian Land Survey,‟The English Historical Review 106, no. 420 (1991): 611-634.

Gábor Ágoston, „Information, Ideology, and Limits of Imperial Policy: Ottoman Grand Strategy in the Context of Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry,‟ in The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, eds. Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 75-103.

László Kontler, “The Uses of Knowledge and the Symbolic Map of the Enlightened Monarchy of the Habsburgs: Maximilian Hell as Imperial and Royal Astronomer (1755-1792),” in Negotiating Knowledge in Early Modern Empires: A Decentered View, eds. László Kontler, Antonella Romano, Silvia Sebastiani and Borbála Zsuzsanna Török (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), pp. 9-105.

Madalina Valeria Veres, “Unravelling a Trans-Imperial Career: Michel Angelo de Blasco‟s Mapmaking Abilities in the Service of Vienna and Lisbon,” Itinerario, International


Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction 38, no. 2 (2014), pp. 75-100.

Steven Seegel, Mapping Europe's Borderlands: Russian Cartography in the Age of Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), esp. Chapter 3 (Purposes of Early 19th-Century Russian Imperial Cartography).

Iryna Vushko, Enlightened Absolutism, Imperial Bureaucracy and Provincial Society: The Austrian Project to Transform Galicia, 1772-1815, PhD Dissertation, Yale University, 2008. Esp. Chapter 1, „Bureaurcary as Englightenment‟, pp. 19-62; Chapter 3, „The Civilizers at Work‟, pp. 88-144.

Week 6. Reading Week Week 7. Protecting the Borderland: War, military and violence

Erik-Jan Zürcher, Fighting for a Living. A Comparative History of Military Labor, 1500-2000, Amsterdam University Press, 2013, esp.: Frank Tallet, „Soldiers in Wsetern Europe, c.1500-1790‟, pp. 135-168; Michael Sikora, „Change and continuity in mercenary armies: Central Europe, 1650-1750‟, pp. 201-242; Virginia H. Aksan, „Mobilization of warrior populations in the Ottoman Context, 1750-1850‟, pp. 331-352.

Kadir Ustun, The New Order and Its Enemies: Opposition to Military Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1789 – 1807, Columbia University PhD dissertation, 2013, esp. Chapter 1, „Historiography on the New Order and Its Opponents‟, pp. 9-60.

Gábor Ágoston, „Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500-1800‟, Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, Volume 12, Number2, Spring 2011 (New Series), pp. 281-319.

Alexander Buczynski,„Smouldering Grenzer Patriotism and the Siege of Zadar 1813‟, Historical Contributions (Povijesni prilozi), issue: 38 / 2010, pp. 235-282, at www.ceeol.com.

Michal Pavlásek, „History of the Banat military frontier with regard to the emergence of Czech enclaves on its territoty‟, Slovansky prehled, 96 (3-4), 2010, pp. 243-262.

Virginia H. Aksan, „Whatever happened to the Janissaries? Mobilization for the 1768-1774 Russo-Ottoman War‟, War in History, 5 (1), 1998, pp. 23-36.

Vojna Hrvatska: La Croatie militaire’, (1809-1813) [Military Croatia: „La Croatie militaire‟; „The Frontier Community under the French Empire, 1809-1813‟]. In two volumes. Zagreb: Stvarnost. 1988.

Caroline F. Finkel, „French Mercenaries in the Habsburg-Ottoman War of 1593-1606: The Desertion of the Papa Garrison to the Ottomans in 1600‟, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 55, No. 3 (1992), pp. 451-471.

Rhoads Murphey, Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1999.

Bela K. Király and Guunther Rothenburg (eds.), War and Scoiety in East Central Europe. Vol. I, Special Topics and Generalizations on the 18th and 19thCenturies, Brooklyn, N.Y., Brooklyn College Press, 1979.

Karl A. Roider, Jr.,‟The Perils of Eighteenth-Century Peacemaking: Austria and the Treaty of Belgrade‟, 1739, Central European History,vol. 5, No. 3 (Sep., 1972), pp. 195-207.

Week 8. The ‘Frontier Body’ and Vampirism

Katharina M. Wilson , „The History of the Word "Vampire”‟, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1985), pp. 577-583.

http://www.ceeol.com/


Peter Mario Kreuter, „The Name of the Vampire: some reflections on current linguistic theories on the origin of the word Vampire‟, in: Carla T. Kungl (ed.), Vampires: Myths and Metaphors of Enduring Evil, Oxford: Interdisciplinary Press, 2003, pp. 63-65.

Richard Sugg, „The Art of Medicine: Corpse medicine: mummies, cannibals and vampires‟, The Lancet, 372 (June 21, 2008), pp. 2078-2079.

Richard Sugg, „The art of Medicine: Pre-scientific death rites, vampires, and the human soul‟, The Lancet, 377 (February 26, 2011), pp. 712-713.

Peter J. Bräunlein, „The frightening borderlands of Enlightenment: The vampire problem‟, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43, 2012, pp. 710–719.

Francesco Paolo de Ceglia, „The Archbishop‟s Vampires. Giuseppe Davanzati‟s Dissertation and the Reaction of „Scientific‟ Italian Catholicism to the „Moravian Events‟, Archives internationale d’histoire des sciences, vol. 61 (166), 2011, pp. 487-510.

Alan Dundes (ed.), The Vampire. A Casebook, Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998, esp. Felix Oinas, „East European Vampires‟, pp. 47-56; Friedrich S. Kraus, „South Slavic Countermeasures against Vampires‟, pp. 67-71; Veselin Cajkanovic, „The Killing of a Vampire‟, pp. 72-84; Paul Barber, „Forensic Pathology and the European Vampire‟, pp. 109-142.

Stéphanie Danneberg, „"Vampires are most untidy subjects". Considerations the Instrumentalisation of the Vampire Phenomenon at the Border Region of the Austrian

Empire‟, Journal for Transylvanian Studies (Zeitschrift fur Siebenburgische Landeskunde), issue: 2 / 2010, pages: 177-192.

Heide Crawford, Review of: Vampires: Myths and Metaphors of Enduring Evil. Edited by Peter Day. Amsterdam-New York: Rodopi, 2006., in: Comparative Literature Studies,Vol. 44, No. 4 (2007), pp. 518-521.

J. Gómez-Alonso, „Rabies: a possible explanation for the Vampire legend‟, Neurology, vol. 51 (3), 1998.

J. Théodoridés, „Origin of the myth of Vampirism‟, Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 91 (2), 1998.

Additional Reading:

Paul Barber, Vampires, Burial and Death. Forklore and Reality, New Haven and London, 1988.

L.J. Daston and K. Park, Wonders and the order of nature, 1150-1750, New York, 1988.

David Hollins, Austrian Frontier Troops 1740-98, Osprey Publishing, Oxford and New York, 2005.

Gábor Klaniczay, „Witch-belief, witch-accusation, witch-persecution in the 16th-18th centuries‟, Ethnographia 97 (2-4), 1986, pp. 257-295.

Erik Midelfort, Exorcism and Enlightenment. Johann Joseph Gassner and the demons of eighteenth-century Germany, Yale Universiy Press, 2005.

Lent Term Week 1. Medicine, Quarantine, Science and the Circulation of Knowledge

Emma C. Spary, „Introduction: Centre and periphery in the eighteenth-century Habsburg „medical empire‟, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43, 2012, pp. 684–690.

Teodora Daniela Sechel (ed.), Medicine Within and Between the Habsburgand Ottoman Empires, 18th-19th Centuries, Bochum: Winkler Verlag, 2011, esp. Section II.

Nükhet Varlik, Plague and empire in the early modern Mediterranean world : the Ottoman experience, 1347-1600, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015, esp. Part


I. Plague: History and Historiography; chapter 1. A natural history of plague; chapter 6. The third phase (1570-1600): Istanbul as plague hub; chapter 7. Plague transformed: changing perceptions, knowledge, and attitudes.

Varlik, Nükhet, „From 'bête noire' to 'le mal de constantinople': plagues, medicine, and the early modern Ottoman state‟, Journal of world history, Dec 2013, Vol.24(4), pp.741-770.

Bruno Atalic, „Differences and similarities in the regulation of medical practice between early modern Vienna and Osijek‟, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43, 2012, pp. 691–699.

Lilla Krász, „Quackery versus professionalism? Characters, places and media of medical knowledge in eighteenth-century Hungary‟, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43, 2012, pp. 700–709.

Gábor Ágoston, „Where environmental and frontier studies meet: rivers, forests and fortifications along the Ottoman-Habsburg frontier in Hungary‟, Ottoman Frontiers. Ed. A.C.S. Peacock. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 57-79.

Ana Maria Gruia, „Regional Traits of Smoking in the Autonomous Principality of Transylvania‟, Annals of the University of Alba Iulia History

(Annales Universitatis Apulensis Series Historica), issue: 16/II (2012), pp 217-234.

Teodora Daniela Sechel, „Medical knowledge and the improvement of vernacular languages in the Habsburg Monarchy: A case study from Transylvania (1770–1830)‟, Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 43, 2012, pp. 720–729.

Grigore Ploeşteanu, Travellers and quarantines in Transylvania in the period of the

Vormärz and of the 1848 revolution, Anuarul Institutului de Cercetări Socio-Umane »Gheorghe

Şincai« al Academiei Române vol. X (2007), pp. 58-63.

Gábor Ágoston, „Information, Ideology, and Limits of Imperial Policy: Ottoman Grand Strategy in the Context of Ottoman-Habsburg Rivalry‟, in: The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Ed. Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 75-103.

Arnold Huttmann, „Medical Relations between Transylvania and The Netherlands,

Belgium and Luxemburg‟, Journal for Transylvanian Studies (Zeitschrift fur Siebenburgische Landeskunde), issue: 2, 1978, pp.138-144.

Gábor Ágoston, „The Ottoman Empire and the Technological Dialogue Between Europe and Asia: The Case of Military Technology and Know-How in the Gunpowder Age‟, Science between Europe and Asia: Historical Studies on the Transmission, Adoption and Adaptation of Knowledge. Ed. Feza Gunergun and Dhruv Raina. New York: Springer, 2011, pp. 27-39.

Tatjana Buklijas and Emese Lafferton, „Science, medicine and nationalism in the Habsburg Empire form the 1840s to 1918‟, Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 38 (2007), pp. 679–686.

Marcel Chahrour, „A civilizing mission‟? Austrian medicine and the reform of medical structures in the Ottoman Empire, 1838–1850‟, Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. 38 (2007), pp. 687–705.

Alberto Fortis, Travels into Dalmatia containing general observations on the natural history of that country…, J. Robson, London, 1778 [1774].

Additional Reading:

Mario Biagioli, Galileo, Courtier. The Practice of Science in the Age of Absolutism, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1993.

Harold Cook, Matters of Exchange. Commerce, Medicine, and Science in the Dutch Golden Age, New Haven, Yale University Pres, 2007.

Roger French, Medicine before Science: The Rational and learned doctor from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Steven J. Harris, „Confession-Building, Lond-distance Networks, and the Organisation












of Jesuit Science‟, Early Science and Medicine. A Journal for the Study of Science, Technology and Medicince in the Pre-Modern Period, vol. 1 (3), 1996, pp. 287-318.

Laszló Kontler, „Polizey and patriotism: Joseph von Sonnenfels and the legitimacy of enlightened monarchy in the gaze of eighteenth-century state sciences‟, in: Caesare Cuttica and Glenn Burgess, Monarchism and Absolutism in early modern Europe, Pickering and Chatto, London, 2012, pp. 75-90.

Ian MacLean, „Evidence, logic, the rule and the exception in Renaissance law and medicine‟, Early Science and Medicine, vol. 5 (3), 2000, pp. 227-257.

Nuzzolese and Borrini, „Forensic Approach to an Archaeological Csework of „Vampire‟ Skeletal Remains in Venice: Odontological and Anthropological Prospectus‟, Journal of Forensic Sciences, vol. 55 (6), pp. 1634-1637.

Abigail Tucker, „The Great New Enland Vampire Panic‟, Smithsonian, vol. 43 (6), 2012, pp. 58-65.

Week 2. The Practice of Religion

Tijana Krstic, Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire, Palo Alto, CA, USA: Stanford University Press, 2011, esp. „Introduction: turning "Rumi": conversion to Islam, fashioning of the Ottoman imperial ideology, and interconfessional relations in the early modern Mediterranean context‟; In expectation of the Messiah: inter-imperial rivalry, apocalypse, and conversion in sixteenth-century Muslim polemical narratives‟; Illuminated by the light of Islam and the glory of the Ottoman Sultanate: self-narratives of conversion to Islam in the age of confessionalization‟; Between the turban and the papal tiara: Orthodox Christian neo-martyrs and their impresarios in the age of confessionalization‟; Everyday communal politics of coexistence and Orthodox Christian martyrdom: a dialogue of sources and gender regimes in the age of confessionalization‟; Conclusion: Conversion and confessionalization in the Ottoman Empire : considerations for future research.

Brian Porter-Szucs ,‟Introduction: Christianity, Christians and the story of Modernity in Eastern Europe‟, in Berglund, Bruce R. and Brian Porter-Szucs, eds. Christianity and Modernity in Eastern Europe (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2010), pp. 1-34.

Paul Mojzes, „Religious Topography of Eastern Europe‟, in Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 36:1-2, Winter-Spring, 1999, pp. 7-43.

Selim Deringil, „Redefining Identities in the late Ottoman Empire: Policies of Conversion and Apostasy‟, in Imperial Rule, eds. Alexei Miller and Alfred Rieber, pp. 107-130.

Marc David Baer, Honored by the glory of Islam: conversion and conquest in Ottoman Europe, New York : Oxford University Press, 2008, esp. chapters, „Converting the Jewish prophet and Jewish physicians‟, „Conversion and conquest: ghazi Mehmed IV and Candia‟, „Conversion and conquest : ghaza in Central and Eastern Europe‟, „Hunting for converts‟.

Febe Armanios, „Contested Conversions to Islam: Narratives of Religious Change in the Early Modern Ottoman Empire‟, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2012, Vol.44(3), pp.580-582.

Gábor Ágoston, „Muslim Cultural Enclaves in Hungary under Ottoman Rule‟, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 45, No. 2/3 (1991), pp. 181-204.

Felicita Tramontana, „Contested conversions to Islam: narratives of religious change in the early modern Ottoman Empire‟, Mediterranean Historical Review, 2013, Vol.28(1), pp.82-86.

Daniel Goffman, „Ottoman millets in the early seventeenth century,‟ New Perspectives on Turkey 1 1(1994), pp. 135-58.


Anton Minkov, Conversion to Islam in the Balkans: Kisve bahası petitions and Ottoman social life, 1670-1730, Boston: Brill, 2004, esp. chapters „Conversion to Islam before the Ottomans Theories of Conversion‟, pp. 9-27; „Periods of Conversion to Islam in the Balkans and Demographic Processes‟, pp. 28-63; „Forms Factors and Motives of Conversion to Islam in the Balkans‟, pp. 64-110.

G. E. Rothenberg, „Christian Insurrections in Turkish Dalmatia 1580-96‟, The Slavonic and East European Review,vol. 4o (94) (Dec., 1961), pp. 136-147.

Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997 – Chapter 8 „Religion Further Considered‟, pp. 185-209.

Viliam Cicaj, „The Period of religious disturbance in Slovakia‟, in Mikulás Teich (ed.), Slovakia in History, 2011, pp. 71-86.

Gábor Ágoston, „Coexisting cultures in Ottoman Hungary, Jewish religious and cultural life in Ottoman Hungary, Muslim culture in an occupied land, Dervishes and their orders, Muslim libraries in Hungary‟, A Concise History of Hungary. Ed. István György Tóth. Budapest: Corvina and Osiris, 2005.

Gábor Ágoston, „Muslim-Christian Acculturation: Ottomans and Hungarians from the Fifteenth to the Seventeenth Centuries,‟ Chrétiens et Musulmans à la Renaissance. Ed. Bartalomé Bennassar and Robert Sauzet . Paris: Honoré Champion, 1998.

Rogers W. Brubaker, „Aftermaths of Empire and the Un-mixing of Peoples: Historical and Comparative Perspectives‟, Ethnic and Racial Studies 18 (1995) 2, pp. 189-218.

Maria Todorova, „The Balkans: From Discovery to Invention‟, Slavic Review (1994) 53:2, pp.453-482.

Paul Mojzes, „Religious Topography of Eastern Europe‟, in Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 36:1-2, Winter-Spring, 199, pp. 7-43.

• Richard Clogg, „The Greek Millet in the Ottoman Empire‟ in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, vol. 1, pp. 185-207

Martin Schulze Wessel, “Religion, Politics and the Limits of Imperial Integration: Comparing the Habsburg Monarchy and the Russian Empire”, in Comparing Empires: Encounters and Transfers in the Long Nineteenth Century, Jörn Leonhard, Ulrike von Hirschhausen, eds. (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011), pp.337-358

Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950 (New York, 2005), esp. Chapters 10-12.

The Ottoman Empire The millet structure of the Ottoman Empire; religious and ethnic identities and their interplay in Rum-millet (i.e. Christian lands). Co-existence of Christians, Muslims and Jews under the Ottoman Rule. Christians: quasi-state role of the Orthodox Church. Readings:

Marc David Baer, Honored by the glory of Islam : conversion and conquest in Ottoman Europe, New York : Oxford University Press, 2008, esp. chaptes, „Converting theJewish prophet and Jewish physicians‟, „Conversion and conquest: ghazi Mehmed IV and Candia‟, „Conversion and conquest : ghaza in Central and Eastern Europe‟, „Hunting for converts‟.

Anton Minkov, Conversion to Islam in the Balkans: Kisve bahası petitions and Ottoman social life, 1670-1730, Boston: Brill, 2004, esp. chapters „Conversion to Islam before the Ottomans Theories of Conversion‟, pp. 9-27; „Periods of Conversion to Islam in the Balkans and








Demographic Processes‟, pp. 28-63; „Forms Factors and Motives of Conversion to Islam in the Balkans‟, pp. 64-110.

Kemal H. Karpat, „Millets and Nationality: The Roots of the Incongruity of Nation and

State in the Post-Ottoman Era’, in Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire, vol. 1, pp. 141-169.

Mark Mazower, Salonica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950, New York, 2005, Chapters 10-12.

The Habsburg Empire Structure and composition of the multinational Empire. Enlightenment - idea and policy of secularization. Political activities of the Catholic Church along the Frontier: the Franciscans in Bosnia, Greek-Catholics in Transylvania. The church-school autonomy of the Orthodox Serbs and Romanians in Southern Hungary. Political and confessional loyalties of the rulers and peoples. Readings:

Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1980, c1974. – Ch. 7 „Cultural Trends from Late Enlightenment to Liberalism (from mid-eighteenth century to the 1860s)‟ ; Bogdan Murgescu, „”Phanariots” and “Pamanteni”. Religion and Ethnicity in Shaping Identites in the Romanian Principalities and the Ottoman Empire‟.

Toader Nicoara, „Le Discours antigreque et antiphanariot dans la societe roumaine (XVIIe et XVIIIe sciecles)‟ in Maria Craciun, Ovidiu Ghitta (eds.) Ethnicity and Religion in Central and Eastern Europe. Cluj: Cluj University Press, 1995, pp. 196-204 and pp. 205-211.

Islam Readings:

Aydin Babuna1, “The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism”, in Nationalities Papers, Vol. 32, No. 2, June 2004, 287-321.

Mark Pinson (ed.), The Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina: Their Historic Development from the Middle Ages to the Dissolution of Yugoslavia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, c1996. Introduction.

Tone Bringa, Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, c1995. (Introduction)

Rogers W Brubaker, „Aftermaths of Empire and the Un-mixing of Peoples: Historical and Comparative Perspectives‟, Ethnic and Racial Studies 18 (1995) 2, pp. 189-218.

Week 3. Voluntary and Penal Settlement on the Borderland

Stephan Steiner, „Austria‟s Penal Colonies‟, in Transnational Penal Colnies: New Perspectives on Discipline, Punishment and Desistance, Abingdon, Oxon; Routledge, 2015, pp. 115-126.

Stephan Steiner, “An Austrian Cayenne”: Convict Labour and Deportation in the Habsburg Empire of the Early Modern Period‟, in iGlobal Convict Labour, 2015, pp. 126-143.

Colin Thomas, „The Anatomy of a Colionization Frontier: The Banat of Temesvar‟, Austrian History Yearbook, 19-20 (1983-I984), pp. 3-22.

Gábor Ágoston. „The population of Hungary in the Turkish period, Migration and stability,Coexistence of ethnic groups‟, in: A Concise History of Hungary, ed. István György Tóth, Budapest: Corvina and Osiris, 2005.





G. E. Rothenberg, The Austrian military Border in Croatia, 1522-1747, Urbana, University of Illinois Press, 1960.

G. E. Rothenberg, The military Border in Croatia. 1740-1881. A study of an imperial institution,Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1966.

H. Dama, „Banat: A Penal Colony of Maria Theresa?‟, Transylvanian Review, vol. 17 (3), 2008, pp. 38-53.

Robert A. Selig, „Carlowitz, the Rakoczi Revolt, and the Origins of German Settlement in Hungary‟, German Life, vol. 5 (5), (Mar. 31, 1999), p. 21.

Karl A. Roider and Robert Forrest, „German colonization in the Banat and Transylvania in the Eighteenth Century‟, in Charles Ingrao and Franz A.J. Szabo (eds.), The Germans and the East, West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University Press, 2008, pp. 89-104.

Mark L. Stein, Guarding the Frontier: Ottoman Border Forts and Garrisons in Europe, I.B. Tauris, London, 2007.

William O‟Reilly, Selling Souls. The Traffic in German Migrants: Europe and America, 1648-1780, manuscript in print, chapters 3 and 5 on colonisation and settlement.

Week 4: Trade and Commerce, Law and Order

Karen Barkey, „Rebellious Alliances: The State and Peasant Unrest in Early Seventeenth-Century France and the Ottoman Empire‟, American Sociological Review, 1 December 1991, Vol.56(6), pp.699-715.

Trian Stoianovich, The conquering Balkan Orthodox merchant, Journal of economic history, Jun 1960, Vol.20(2), pp.234-313.

Kelly Hignett, „Co-option or criminalisation? The state, border communities and crime in early modern Europe‟, Global Crime, 9:1-2, 2008, pp. 35-51,

Gerard Delanty, „The Frontier and Ideas of Exclusion in European History‟, History of European Ideas, 22 (2), 1996, pp. 93-103.

Gábor Ágoston. "Knowledge, Technology and Warfare in Europe and the Ottoman Empire in the

Early Modern Period." The Ottomans and Europe: Travel, Encounter and Interaction. Ed.

Seyfi Kenan. Istanbul: ISAM, 2010, pp. 471-480.

Gábor Ágoston. "Ottoman artillery and European military technology in the 15th and 17th

centuries." Warfare in Early Modern Europe 1450–1660. Ed. Paul E.J. Hammer.

Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007.

Gábor Ágoston. "Behind the Turkish War Machine: Gunpowder Technology and War Industry in

the Ottoman Empire, 1450-1700." The Heirs of Archimedes: Science and the Art of War

through the Age of Enlightenment . Ed. Brett Steele and Tamera Dorland. Cambridge,

MA: MIT Press, 2005, pp. 101-133

Gábor Ágoston. "Early Modern Ottoman and European Gunpowder Technology." Multicultural

Science in the Ottoman Empire . Ed. Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Kostas Chatzis and

Efthymios Nicolaidis. Turnhout: Brepols, 2003.

Gábor Ágoston, „The organization and structure of Ottoman Hungary, Ottoman

administration in Hungary, Ottoman taxation, The condominium‟, A Concise History of

Hungary. Ed. István György Tóth. Budapest: Corvina and Osiris, 2005.

Mehmet Sinan Birdal, „Legal evolution and state formation: a comparison of Roman law

and Islamic law‟, in ibid., The Holy Roman Empire and the Ottomans :from global imperial power

to absolutist states, I.B. Tauris, 2011, pp. 59-85.

Huri İslamoğlu-İnan, „State and peasants in the Ottoman Empire: a study of peasant

economy in north-central Anatolia during the sixteenth century‟, In Huri İslamoğlu-















İnan, The Ottoman Empire and the World-Economy, Cambridge University Press, 2004,

pp. 101–159.

Week 5: Reading Week Week 6: The Challenge of Nationalism

Wolfram W. Swoboda, „Marx and Engel‟s views of the Austrian Nationalities‟, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. 9 (Jan. 1973), pp. 3-28.

Agnieszka Gucka, „The awareness of ethnic affiliation among inhabitants of the former military frontier between the 16th and 20th centuries. A historical

outline‟, Nationalities Affairs (Sprawy Narodowościowe), issue: 31, 2007, pp. 333-343.

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of

Nationalism, London; New York: Verso, 2006, Chapter 10, „Census, Map, Museum‟.

Jason D. Hansen, Mapping the Germans: Statistical Science, Cartography, and the Visualization of the German Nation, 1848-1914, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015, esp. Chapter 1, „Counting Germans: The Search for a Practical Means to Measure Nationality‟; Chapter 2, „Mapping Germans: Making the Cultural Nation Visible‟.

Robert Nemes, „Mapping the Hungarian Borderlands,‟ in Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian and Ottoman Borderlands, eds. Omer Bartov and Eric D. Weitz, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013, pp. 209-227.

Benjamin C. Fortna, Imperial Classroom. Islam, the State, and Education in the Late Ottoman Empire, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002, esp. Chapter 5, „Maps‟.

Iaroslav Hrytsak, “History of Names: A Case of Constructing National Historical Memory in Galicia, 1830-1930,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas 49, no. 2 (2001): 163-177.

Andriy Zayarnyuk, “Obtaining History: The Case of Ukrainians in Habsburg Galicia, 1848- 1900.” Austrian History Yearbook 35 (2005): 125-151.

Larry Wolff , The Idea of Galicia . History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture (Stanford 2010), 111-157 (chapter 3: “The Galician Childhood of Sacher-Masoch”);

Steven Seegel, Mapping Europe's Borderlands: Russian Cartography in the Age of Empire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012, esp. Chapter 6, „Modern European Ethnoschematization and the Vienna-St. Petersburg Axis‟.

Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion, and Nationalism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Anthony D. Smith, Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

Martin Schulze Wessel, ed. Nationalisierung der Religion und Sakralisierung der Nation im östlichen Europa, Stuttgart, Steiner, 2006.

Sanja Lazanin, „Count Joseph von Rabatta and the image of the Croatian frontiersmen (end of the 17th-beginning of the 18th century)‟, Migracijske i ethnicke teme, vol. 19 (4), 2003, pp. 413-432.

Istvan Deak, The Lawful Revolution: Louis Kossuth and the Hungarians, 1848-1849, New York: Columbia University Press, 1979.

Gunther E. Rothenburg, Jelacic, the Croatian Military Border, and the Intervention against Hungary in 1848, Austrian History Yearbook, vol. 1 (Jan. 1965), pp 45-68.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press


Tomislav Markus, „The Serbian Question in Croatian Politics, 1848-1918‟, Review of Croatian History, 1, pp.165-188.

Fred Singleton, „The South Slavs under Foreign Rule‟, in A Short History of the Yuglslav Peoples, 1985, pp. 35-71.

Vesna Goldsworthy, „Invention and In(ter)vention: The Rhetoric of Balkanization‟, in

Balkan as Metaphor: Between Globalization and Fragmentation. (eds.) Dušan I. Bjelić and

Obrad Savić. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2002, pp. 25-38.

Istvan Deak, Beyond Nationalism : A Social and Political History of the Habsburg Officer Corps, 1848-1918, Cary, NC, USA: Oxford University Press, 1990.

Week 7: Dissolution and Legacy

Charles and Barbara Jelavich, The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1977, esp. ch. 15 „Balkan Nationalities in the Habsburg Empire‟, pp. 235-265

Robert A. Kann, A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980, esp. Ch. 7, „Cultural Trends from Late Enlightenment to Liberalism (from mid-eighteenth century to the 1860s)‟.

Jaroslav Pelikan, Christian Doctrine and Modern Culture since 1700, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), esp. Ch. 6 „The Sobornost of the Body of Christ‟, pp. 282-336.

Paschalis M. Kitromilides, „”Imagined Communities” and the Origins of the National Question in the Balkans‟, in European History Quarterly (1989) vol. 19, pp. 149-194

Carsten Riis,Religion, Politics, and Historiography in Bulgaria, Boulder, Colo.: East European Monographs; New York: Columbia University Press, 2002, esp. Ch. 6 „San Stefano and the National Triumph‟, pp. 121-142.

Greg Gaut, “Can a Christian be a Nationalist? Vladimir Solov‟ev‟s Critique of Nationalism.” Slavic Review 57, No. 1 (Spring 1998): 77-94

Peter F. Sugar, „Nationalism and Religion in the Balkans since the 19th Century‟, in Peter F. Sugar, East European Nationalism, Politics and Religion, Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1999, IX, pp. 7-50.

Tone Bringa, Being Muslim the Bosnian Way: Identity and Community in a Central Bosnian Village. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1995, esp. Introduction, Chs. 1 and Conclusion.

Keith Hitchins, „Gindirea: Nationalism in a Spiritual Guise‟, in Kenneth Jowitt (ed.), Social Change in Romania, 1860-1940: A Debate on Development in a European Nation,

Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1978, pp. 140-173. Week 8: Exoticising the Borderlands. Conclusions, Historiography and the Legacy of the Military Frontier

Frontiers, Boundaries, Borderlands: A Terminological Maze or Distinct Categories?

Frontiers, Borderlands, Contested Zones and “The System of Continental Empires:” A New Approach to Empire Studies?

Easter Term


Week 1: Revision class Week 2: Revision class

Sample Exam Questions

Answer three questions How, and to what extent, is „borderlands‟ historiography useful in understanding the history of early modern Habsburg and/or Ottoman history? EITHER: Why did Vienna support the maintenance of the Military Frontier, 1521-1881? OR: Why did Istanbul tolerate the maintenance of the Military Frontier, 1683-1881? Assess the role of cartography in the creation of the „Military Frontier‟. How important were surveyors, military engineers and travellers‟ accounts in creating a „frontier identity‟? Discuss with reference to AT LEAST THREE accounts. How, and to what extent, were Grenzer „fighting for a living‟? Account for the „Vampire obsession‟ along the Habsburg-Ottoman borderland in the 18th century. To what extend was the Military Frontier an Austrian penal colony? In what ways, and to what extend, was the Habsburg-Ottoman borderland an „experiment in colonial government‟? Account for the reluctance of Roman Catholics to settle the Habsburg-Ottoman borderland in the eighteenth century. How, and to what extent, was the Ottoman-Habsburg frontier a „zone of toleration‟ in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? Discuss with reference to Serbian Orthodox and Uniate Christians. Account for and outline the emergence of particular rights and liberties for women moving to and living in the borderland. Consider the role of borderland quarantine practices (cordon sanitaire) in the emergence and development of Habsburg and/or Ottoman medicine. How, and to what extent, was Ottoman-Habsburg trade and commerce facilitated, rather than inhibited, by the military frontier? Assess the role of conversion to Islam in the development of Habsburg administrative attitudes towards the frontier, c.1600-1800.


EITHER: How, and to what extent, did the Habsburg-Ottoman borderland challenge more metropolitan views of Hungarian and/or Slavic nationalism, in the nineteenth century? OR: How, and to what extent, were residents of the Habsburg-Ottoman borderland „beyond nationalism‟ [Istvan Deak]? Why was the Military Frontier crownland dissolved ?

borderlands. life on the habsburg-ottoman frontier, 1521-1881 · borderlands. life on the...

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