DECLARATION

This project titled “Opportunity of Solar Home System Perspective Of Bangladesh”, submitted by Md.Suzan Islam & Md.Sohel Rana to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Prime University , has been accepted as satisfactory for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.Sc in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Date:

SUPERVISOR

Abdullah Al Hadi Lecturer, Department ofElectrical and Electronic EngineeringPrime University

Md. Suzan IslamID:111030301040

Batch:26th (EEE)

Md.Sohel Rana ID:111030301053

Batch:26th (EEE)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First we express our heartiest thanks and gratefulness to the Almighty ALLAH for his divine blessing makes us possible to complete this project successfully. It is our great opportunity to convey the deepest and veneration to our honorable thesis Supervisor ,Lecturer Abdullah Al Hadi, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE), Prime University (PU),for engaging me in such an important research .He was always there to share his absolute expertise and valuable time .It was his constant guidance ,helpful suggestions ,constructive criticism and endless patience throughout development of this thesis .We are also grateful to different online resources from which we have got much information .

We would like to express our heartiest gratitude to the Head, Department of EEE, for his kind help to finish our project and also to other faculty member and the staff of EEE department of Prime University (PU).

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ABSTRACTThe increasing demand of electric power and shortage of present energy resources lead today engineers and scientists to think about the alternative sources of energy, the sunlight is a potential sources for generating electric power. In recent years, it is increasingly used to generated power .The use of solar energy is attractive for solar home system application also. Solar home system are quite, need no fuel and require very little maintenance .Other advantage of a PV system are: free energy, reliable power, flexibility and quick installation. I have discussed Opportunity of solar homes system perspective of Bangladesh. Finally, I have analyzed Off-grid solar system design, installation, operation and maintenance. The government of Bangladesh should take necessary steps for solar energy development of rural area .The government institute is “Infrastructure development company limited ”(IDCOL) established from 2004 to 2014 solar home system 20 luck and produce 100 MW electricity .We know that 70% people lived in rural area. So, this project is not sufficient for development in Rural area. Sun is the source of all energy available in the world. The initial cost of the solar energy would be much higher but the experts believe that it would be a cost effective alternative to other source.

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CHAPTER:1INTRODUCTION

1.1 IntroductionPresently Global warming and climate changes effect is the burning issue all over the world. Bangladesh will be the most affected country in the climate changes effect round the world. There are so many causes of global warming. Among them power generation is the most remarkable one. We cannot think about any development without power (Electricity). Finally, sources of conventional energy like Fossil fuel, Natural gas and Coal are limited. If we used

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them in the present rate it will be finished within the short time. So, there is no other way to think about environmental friendly renewable energy production sources. In Bangladesh context solar energy is the most effective source for renewable energy production. Developing countries can them plummet .Even if fuel is available within the country transporting that fuel to remote ,rural village can be difficult .There are no load or supporting infrastructure in many remote village where transportation by animals is still common . Transportation by animals limits loads capacities and some loads, diesel generators, for example may be impossible to bring to such locations. The use of renewable energy is attractive for solar energy application in many developing Countries. This technology, referred to as photovoltaic’s (PV), converts the sun energy into Electricity through electromagnetic means when PV module is exposed to sunlight .The solar Radiation energy is converted into DC power and requires an inverter it into AC power. Bangladesh is predominantly an agrarian economy. As the contribution of industries is slowly growing, the share agriculture to GDP has been decreasing over the last few years. Yet agricultural sector dominates the economy accommodating major rural labor force. To enhance employment opportunities, policies and incentives are there to facilitate the growth of both the agricultural and the industrial sector. However, generation and supply of electrical power in the country is lagging much behind the growing demand prohibiting sustainable growth of the economy. Bangladesh has limited proven natural gas reserve but for its energy need it hugely depends on imported fossil fuel With the increase in the fuel price in the international market and reduction of gas reserve in the country, Bangladesh forced to look for alternative sources of energy i.e., renewable energy resources. The government of Bangladesh has recently taken some renewable energy friendly policies to accelerate rapid growth of renewable energy technologiesAlthough investment costs of renewable are generally higher compared to fossil fuel alternatives, this option becomes economically viable when all externalities (e.g. environmental cost, health hazards etc.) and lower operating cost are taken into consideration. Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh sets targets for developing renewable energy resources to meet 5 percent of the total power demand by 2015 and 10 percent by 2020. Bangladesh already has achieved some remarkable successes in the implementation of renewable energy technologies (RET). A range of off-grid options, in particular solar home systems (SHS), make it possible to provide the basic electricity needs of households, local communities and small businesses in rural areas where grid-electricity is not an option in the foreseeable future. The dissemination of SHS over the past two decades has improved the quality of life and livelihoods of many people in remote areas, through better quality lighting, extended working hours and powering small appliances such as mobile phones.

These benefits have been achieved with near zero carbon emissions while also reducing the use of fossil fuels, such as kerosene for lighting and diesel for battery-charging. Scaling-up the adoption of low-carbon energy technologies in developing countries must be part of the global efforts to reduce the devastating risks posed by climate change. According to the IEA projections, between 2020 and 2030 developing country emissions of carbon from energy use will exceed those from developed countries, as more than three quarters of the global increase in carbon-dioxide (CO2) emissions will come from developing countries. Reducing emissions in developed countries alone will not be sufficient to achieve the goal of limiting a global average temperature increase to no more than 2o C [1]. The World Bank has offered to loan the Bangladeshi government $78.4 million in order to finance 480,000 solar home systems. This huge solar home systems project aims to install about 7,000 photovoltaic systems in Bangladesh

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every month. If it achieves this rate, it will be the largest of its kind in the world. There are already 3 million home solar systems in the country, and they were installed because the World Bank provided the support. “Together, the government of Bangladesh and the World Bank is scaling up a program that delivered development results for millions of rural Bangladeshis this is a proven model that works. Investing in electricity in rural areas empowers men and women, leading to increased income and growth opportunities, and reducing poverty,” said acting head of World Bank Bangladesh, Christine E. Kimes.

Fig 1.1: Nagor bhabon,Dhaka

Nearly 60% of the Bangladeshi people do not have access to grid-connected electricity. The government has set a goal of 100% citizen access by 2021. Millions of people’s lives have been impacted in Bangladesh because of the addition of more solar PV power [2]. The country of Bangladesh has installed over 3 million new residential solar energy systems (as of May 2014), with support coming from the World Bank and other various agencies, according to recent reports. To be exact, the recorded number was 3.1 million new systems — with more than 15 million people now benefiting from these new systems, according to coverage from the Bangladeshi newspaper The Daily Star.

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Fig 1.2: Solar panel installed

The systems were installed as part of the country’s Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL) program for off-grid areas. The total capacity of the new systems is somewhere around 135 MW. The new systems will help the country towards the achievement of its 2021 energy target — which denotes doubling electricity generation up to 24 GW, 10% of which is set to come via renewable energy. The state-owned IDCOL reportedly has a goal of financing six million residential solar systems by 2017. The Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina commented, as quoted by Bangladeshi news company UNB: “We’ve set a target to provide solar energy facility to three million more families over the next three years through IDCOL.”The new capacity represents a significant addition to the country’s renewable energy capacity — which, as of August 2014, stood at 10,618 MW, as per the Bangladesh Power Development Board. At current rates, IDCOL is installing around 60,000 new residential solar systems a month [3].

1.2 Background

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The present study considers analyzing the customer satisfaction and usage of SolarHome System in Bangladesh. But to the best knowledge no study has been found to assess the customer satisfaction of Solar Home System service in Bangladesh. In this perspective, the present study may claim to have some extent of novelty in discussing the satisfaction Solar Home System service in Bangladesh. Actually very few papers dealt with the Solar Home System service in Bangladesh. Khan, HJ and Huque AJ(1998) shown a significant market for Solar Home systems in Bangladesh. The report provides market estimates based on administrative districts and household income categories. By this measure, about 4.8 million rural Bangladeshi households could pay for a solar home system. This accounts for nearly 45% of all unelectrified rural households. They showed that the rural households typically do not have sufficient income for purchasing a Solar Home System in cash. So the use of credit or other forms of extended payment can expand the potential market significantly. A more conservative market estimate “Existing SHS market” was obtained through the survey conducted for the study, based upon the current expenditure level of the households. Ability to pay for the services is measured by the current expenditure for lighting and battery charging, most of which is to be replaced by a SHS. This market isApproximately 4,70,000 households. The authors conducted a survey of 606households and 95 commercial enterprises in three different districts like Natore,Gopalgonj and Kishoregonj of Bangladesh which focused on the middle and higherIncome groups of the rural population in the selected areas. 80.5% of the surveyedHoldings have shown an interest in obtaining any SHSs. The survey did not revealwide regional variations in the preference for SHS. A typical 50 Wp solar home system supports 4 tube lights (7 watts each) and a 17” Black and White TV set. From around 2 million SHSs already installed under IDCOL’s financing with average capacity 50 Wp, total generation capacity in December 2012 is approximately 94 MW. At present around 60,000 SHSs are being installed every month under IDCOL’s SHS programmed. At this rate, by December 2015, total generation capacity from this SHS programmed should reach about 200 MW. Introduction of solar PV systems has been in progress since 1980 but the total wattage up to December 2002 was just 1,000 kW. In recent years, apart from SHSs, various other renewable energy projects such as biomass (rice-husk) gasification based power plants, biogas (from poultry litter and cow dung) based power plants; municipal waste based power plants are being implemented in Bangladesh. According to new regulations, every newly built high-rise building must install solar PV panels at the roof top before they get connection to electrical distribution lines. All these renewable energy projects are contributing in achieving the government’s target overproducing 5% power from renewable sources by 2015 and 10% by 2020 as declared in the Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh. The responses indicate that most of the consumers are either satisfied or highly satisfied with the SHS they use in their homes or rural small businesses. Keeping all these considerations in mind, the researcher has undertaken the issue as a research agendum, with a view to fulfill the vacuum that now exists with the service provided by the Solar Home System industry of Bangladesh. Panels within the range of 10-130Wp are being financed by IDCOL. Notably, 20Wp, 40 Wp and 50Wp are the popular panel sizes among which 50Wp is the most popular. Cost of a typical 50 Wp unit along with battery and other accessories is around Tk. 29,000 per unit.

IDCOL is providing around Tk. 2000 (USD 25) per unit as grant. From 2003 up to December 2012, total 1,953,886 numbers of solar home systems were installed under the finance of IDCOL

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(Source: IDCOL). Shows a sharp increase in the number of total SHS installations financed by IDCOL in recent years.

Fig.1.3: Cumulative no. of installed SHS

It shows a sharp rise in the growth of number of yearly installation of SHS in recent years.

Fig.1.4: SHS financed by IDCOL

IDCOL now has a revised target of financing 4 million SHSs by 2015. In 2012 alone, IDCOL has managed to finance 642,994 SHSs through its partner organizations. At this pace, in three years from 2013 to 2015, total Installations in the next three years will be around 1,928,982. The cumulative total will be 3,882,868. This shows that with an extra push, IDCOL can achieve its

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target of 4,000,000 installations by 2015[4]. In July, we did write about a $78.4 million World Bank loan offered to the Bangladeshi government to finance 480,000 solar home systems. Assuming 5.6 people per household (that’s apparently the average), that’s solar power for 2.688 million people. However, this isn’t the beginning of Bangladesh’s solar revolution at all. Now, Grameen Shakti (a nonprofit organization based in Bangladesh) has brought solar power systems to about 1.5 million Bangladeshi homes, or about 8.4 million people! “Mr Barua and Mr Yunus founded microfinance institution Grameen Bank way back in 1983,” Sustain ovate writes. Its innovative efforts to fight poverty won it a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. “But it was Grameen Shakti, founded in 1996, that took the work Grameen Bank was doing to the next level and enabled the deployment of much more solar, biomass, and other clean technologies in Bangladesh.”Approximately 360,000 households have now paid off the systems Grameen Shakti provided to them. And the total number of people who have benefited from Grameen Shakti’s social enterprise is estimated to be over 15 million. Aside from providing the systems to households, Grameen Shakti “also provides training and capacity development and has created 45 ‘Grameen Technology Centers.'” Grameen Shakti writes[5].

Fig.1.5: Yearly installation of SHS

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Within this paper, the general objective of the research is to assess the Customer

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Satisfaction Solar Home System service in Bangladesh. In order to study the above mentioned issue the specific objectives basically consisted in:

To gain an understanding the current usage pattern of Solar Home System in Bangladesh. To assess the monthly expenditure for lighting by rural Households and

Retailers in Bangladesh. To explore the preferable mode of payment of the consumers for a Solar

Home System in Bangladesh. To analyze the preferable price of Solar Home System in Bangladesh. To assess the gap between the expectations and perceptions of

Consumers of the Solar Home System service Solar Home System To suggest some recommendations for the improvement of the Solar

Home System service in Bangladesh.

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CHAPTER 2Literature Review &

Related Works

2.1 IntroductionThe objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of customer satisfaction Solar Home System service in Bangladesh. People find it is important to comprehend the dynamics of this industry from the perspective of the customer who is the final arbitrator of how to purchase and use the system. Therefore, an understanding of the factors that influence customer satisfaction ought to be useful in guiding the Solar Home System industry to design and deliver the right offering. Many publications cover silicon photovoltaic panels (SPV panels) in several aspect and thus, only a moderately concise depiction of PV is got here. The sun panel is a

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semiconductor linked tool that straightforwardly changes day-light in electrical energy .PV results is a straight change of photons in electrical energy (electricity). In P type and N type materials (semiconductor) an event photon can be riveted and electrify an electron from the valence band-leaving gap after. In the simplest PV cell, these photo generated carries are separated by the field resulting from p-type and n-type doping in a p-n junction. The energy bands drawing of a single band-gap p-n junction cell demonstrate the PV effect. There are so many losses in apparatus. The photo produced transporters rapidly etherealize to the border of the band-gap losing energy in surplus of band-gap. Some of the transporters recombine either radioactivity emitting a photo or non- radioactivity for instance via impurity conditions. They also exist when the transporters transverse the losses junction and at the contacts. The utilizable energy (p.v) is, therefore, significantly lesser than the energy of the incident photon and also lesser than the band-gap. Hence the photons with the power larger than band-gap are riveted raising the electron hole pairs. Generation of voltage by the light incidence up, on the semiconductor materials system is known as photovoltaic.

There are three main processes responsible for photovoltaic effect. 1. Absorption of light in the semiconductor to create transporters. 2. Separation and collection of these charges by an internal field.3. Distribution of these charges via an external lead. The word “Sun” is repeated 20 times and word “moon” 26 times in the Holy Quran (which was revealed to last Prophet MUHAMMAD (PBUH)). In Quran Para 29 Surah Noah here in brief that “(Allah) has made the Moon a light and sun a lamp”. The sun is complex radiator whose spectrum can be approximated by a 6050 K0 black-body. This black-body spectrum is modified by the variation in temperature across the sun dies and the effect of solar atmosphere. In outer space 98% of the total energy radiated by the sun lies between 0.25-3.0 µm ranges. The earth rotating around the sun in elliptical orbit with major and minor axes differ in by 1.7 %. The earth is closest to the sun on December 21 at a distance of about 1.45× 1011 m and further on June 22 at about 1.39× 109 m and subtends an angle of 32 minutes at the earth. For all practical purpose, therefore, the sun has an effective black-body temperature from the earth of 5762 K0. The Sun’s interior is much hotter and denser than its surface. At it’s center the temperature is estimated at 8× 108 to 40× 106 K0 and the density at about 105 Kg/m3. Total mass of the sun (a small to medium sized star) is equal to 1.6×1030Kg. mainly significant factor of the environment are the water substance, turbidity effect expressing the effect of haze and related scattering and the ozone content. According to recent research the hole in the ozone layer is equal to in size (area) equal to the size in Vatican City in Italy. The first solar PV–based rural electrification project in Bangladesh was initiated with the financial support of France, with a total installed capacity of 62 kilowatt speak (kWp), of which 29,414 kWp came from battery charge stations and the rest from SHS (Barua, Urmee, Kumar, and Bhattacharya, 2001).Khan (2006) studied the utilization of renewable energy for world poverty reduction as well as for meeting the objectives of the MDGs. The MDGs may not be met unless rapid progress is made in extending efficient and affordable energy services to the poor in support of productive economic activities or social development. His study shows some links between the development of energy services and meeting the MDGs in the context of reducing poverty, achieving primary education, promoting gender empowerment, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Islam (2005) reviewed policy formulation and institutional development processes for harnessing renewable energy sources in Bangladesh. In particular, he studied the Draft National Energy Policy 2004 and Draft National

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Energy Policy 2006, seeking to determine the barriers to the implementation of solar PV technologies in rural Bangladesh. He found that the importance of renewable energy sources had not been duly recognized in the policies. He found a need to bring changes in the thinking process, data analysis, and planning methodology to incorporate ashamed and TaufiqJournal of Rural Community Development 3 (2008) 93–103 95renewable energy development program under the framework of national energy policy. Isolated efforts may not provide satisfactory outcomes in the medium- to long-term time horizon.Hiranvarondon, Hill, and O’Keefe (1999) suggested that dissemination of solar PVsystems required an implementation strategy that should initially identify the type of system needed. Governments could accelerate the dissemination by removing barriers to market expansion, by removing excessive duties and taxes, and by removing subsidies on products that compete with solar systems. They also listed the role of key players involved in the promotion or dissemination of solar systems in developing countries: national governments, donor agencies, educational and research institutions, and private sectors/NGOs.Cabraal, Cosgrove, and Schaeffer (2000) noted that successful solar PV–market development for rural electrification requires the removal of financial and institutional barriers. The other major issues to be considered are the high initial costs, the establishment of a responsive and sustainable infrastructure and the guaranteeing of quality products and services. These findings were based on their studies in Indonesia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, and the Dominican Republic.Nieuwenhout et al. (2000), studying the use of solar energy systems in households in developing countries, noted that there was no single best organizational model to promote the dissemination of SHS.

On the other hand, dissemination depends on institutional, legal, socioeconomic, and cultural conditions in these countries. These studies illustrate that the factors contributing to the successful promotion of solar PV–based rural electrification are (a) suitable financing schemes to address the problem of high initial cost, (b) adequate means of providing regular and proper maintenance and supplying spare parts, and (c) viable choice of available configurations to suit the consumers’ needs and affordability. Development 3 (2008) 93–103 96Solar PV systems have already made significant headway in Bangladesh. Recent pioneering attempts in this field have generated enthusiasm, but they have also exposed some barriers. Table 1 indicates the existing and potential applications of solar PV in rural Bangladesh [6].

Table 2.1: Existing and Potential Applications of Solar PV in Rural Bangladesh

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2.2 Sandwip 100 kW Solar Mini Grid Island

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It is situated at the estuary of the Meghna River on the Bay of Bengal and separated from the Chittagong coast by Sandwip Channel. It has a population of nearly 350,000. There are as many as fifteen different wards, 62 mahallas and 34 villages on Sandwip Island. The entire island is 50 kilometers long and 5-15 kilometers wide. It is located at the north-eastern side of The Bay of Bengal, nearby the main port city of Chittagong. It is bounded by Companiganj on the north, Bay of Bengal on the south, Sitakunda and Mirsharai, and Sandwip Channel on the east, Noakhali Sadar, Hatiya and Meghna estuary on the west. About three hundred ships of salt per year were loaded for export from Sandwip's port. It also had a shipbuilding industry. The Sandwip Island, has a population of 400,000, is detached from Chittagong mainland by a channel of about 75 kilometers. Located along the south eastern coast of Bangladesh, the island is 50 kilometres long and 5.15 kilometers wide. There are 15 unions in Sandwip.Because of its position and inaccessibility there is no possibility of grid electrification service in this area in the distant future. Sandwip is an upazilla with very high literacy rate and remittance earnings from the United States and Middle Eastern countries. The island, however, has a dynamic population with various public and private service offerings providing support to the general public including educational institutions, health service centers, small and medium enterprises, etc. Despite shortage of reliable and consistent supply of electricity, use and willingness of use of various loads have been found in this region i.e. computers, printers, scanners, photocopy machine, refrigerators, color television, etc. At present, the electricity demand of general shops in the markets of Sandwip are served by diesel micro-grid run by several diesel generator operators who provide services for about 5 to 8 hours per day. Besides, several diesel generators are used by several shop owners for captive consumption. Average tariff rate being charged to the customers by the diesel operators currently range between BDT 53 per kWh1 and BDT 60 per kWh. Bangladesh Power Development Board also has diesel generator that supplies electricity to mainly government offices. Several non-government organizations (NGOs) have been providing off-grid electrification solution in the household levels through „solar home system2‟ units in Sandwip under a program run by state-owned financial institution named Lighting Rural Bangladesh “LRB”. LRB was established by the Government of Bangladesh to catalyze the development of private sector infrastructure and renewable energy project. [32] Observing the demand patterns in the commercial areas, the NGOs came up with an idea of installing a 100-kW solar based power station in an optimal location from where electricity will be dispatched through a distribution line. Construction of such a system would cost at least BDT 5 crore and the consortium of the NGOs could afford up to 20% of the project cost. The NGOs recognized that the Project would require extensive concessionary financing support and technical assistance. When shared the project idea with LRB, it expressed its interest to extend soft loan and arrange grant support for implementing the Project. As per its lending policy, LRB could extend 10 years loan with a grace period of 2 years at an interest rate of 6% per annum and only interest is required to be paid during the grace period. The construction period of the Project is expected to be only 4 months. The NGOs formed a Project Company called PGL for implementing the Project with individual shareholding. It has been decided that PGL will inject the equity first and will start the construction works. The expected financial closing of in the Project has been planned on 31 December 2012 and the expected drawdown of the loan will be as shown the following table:

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After rounds of survey for electricity demand in different areas, five adjacent areas have been found to have stable demand pattern. The areas are Enam Nahar Market, Malekmunsir Bazar, Khontarhat, Panditerhat, and Boktarhat.Three categories of potential customers have been identified for supplying electricity in these areas as mentioned in the following table:

Customer Total number of potential customers

Total number of targeted customers

Small shops 478 390 Health care 5 5 Schools 5 5

Currently there are about 11 diesel generator operators supplying electricity to the proposed project areas during day and night hours at prices ranging between Tk. 52.6/kWh and Tk. 73/kWh. When interviewed, the potential customers expressed a great deal of interest for availing the electricity connection immediately. 70% of the targeted customers have been expected to be acquired in the first year and the remaining 30% in the second year. Total electricity consumption among the targeted areas was studied to be 137,977 kWh of which 110,125 kWh was estimated to be sourced from solar energy source. The remaining portion of the demand will be served by diesel generator. The Project will produce electricity through solar micro-grid. The solar PV modules are the main power generation system that is operational during daytime. The other main equipment and accessories include inverter, diesel generator, batteries. About 60 kW of the PV modules will be directly connected to 6 mini central inverters which will convert from DC3 to AC4 power at 220V and supply to the micro-grid distribution line at all times. Three phase configuration of the AC distribution line will be configured through the multi-cluster box, which is the interface for all connectors and control. The unused portion of the power in the distribution line will be stored into the batteries through 12 bidirectional inverters in 4 clusters. During daytime additional 40 kW PV power will be stored into the same battery bank through DC battery chargers. When the grid power is not available, mainly during evening hours, the plant will use power from the battery bank. During the periods of lesser solar radiation, and on cloudy days, backup power will be provided by the 40kW diesel generators.Tariff would be charged in the form of one-time connection fee and regular electricity tariff. The electricity tariff will be set at Tk. 35 per kWh. The connection fee will vary depending on the type of the customer as shown in the following table:

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Customer type Connection Fee (BDT) Small shop 4,000 Health centre 6,000 School 6,000

The electricity tariff is expected to be increased by 5% from the third year of operation. The full technology of the Project will be supplied by ABC Systems on a turnkey basis. As per the arrangement, ABC Systems will procure, install and commission the Project and after implementation, will hand over the Project to PGL. ABC Systems will also provide technical assistance during the first year of operation and will train the technical team of PGL. The equipment would cost about BDT 4.25 core. ABC Systems will charge a technical assistance fee of BDT 28.66 lac. The transportation costs have been assumed to be BDT 7.25 lace and other accessories will cost about BDT 33.5 lac. The O & M cost of the Project in the first year has been estimated to be 1% of the project cost excluding technical assistance fee, which is BDT 4.76 lac. The O & M cost is expected to increase by 5% per year from the second year onwards. The annual insurance cost will be BDT 95,000. Per unit diesel requirement was identified to be BDT 0.17 liter/kWh and diesel price was BDT 45 per liters. Price of diesel has been expected to increase by 5% per year. The economic life of the Project is estimated to be 20 years. The battery bank, however, is to be replaced in 7th and 13th year at a cost of BDT 1.12 core. The technical assistance fee is to be amortized in five years. The applicable income tax rate would be 37.5%. There is, however, provision for tax holiday of 15 years for encouraging power generation in the private sector. Recognizing the economic value of the Project, LRB is looking for a minimum IRR of 9.00% and minimum NPV of BDT 2 crore.PGL, however, expects to receive equity IRR of 20%. As a thumb rule, LRB allows minimum DSCR to be 1.2 xs. In this case, the DSCR could go down as low as 1.17x.With the cost of equity being 9%, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) has been found to be 4.5%.

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2.3 Over view of 100 KW solar mini grid project at a glance Name of the Project: 100 kW Solar Mini Grid, Enamnahar , Sandwip, Chittagong Project Area : 0.6 Acre Project Cost : BDT 57.71 Million Financed By : IDCOL, kfW-Germany and World Bank Loan 30% : Tk 17.31 Million Grant 50% : Tk 28.86 Million Equity 20% : Tk 11.54 Million Proposed Electricity Supplied Area : Enamnahar Bazar, Malek Munsir Bazar, Khontar Hat & Ponditar Hat. Proposed Length of Distribution Line : 4 kilometer Proposed Number of Consumers : Commercial Shop- 390, Health Center- 5 & School- 5 Technical Assistance : Prokaushali Sangsad Limited (PSL), Dhaka, Bangladesh Technology Supplied : Energy Systems (BD) Ltd, Asantys Systems (Germany) Hardware Details : Solar Module- Kyocera , Inverter- SMA Solar Technology AG, Germany Battery- Hoppecke, Germany Introducing PGEL Management : Asma Huque, Chairman Johirul Alam, Managing Director Bimal Kumar Chandra, Director Alauddin Ahmed, Director Didarul Alam, Director 47 [7].

2.4 500MW Solar Power Programme 

Installation of Solar Irrigation Pumps

Sponsoring Ministry: Power Division, Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources Implementing Agency: IDCOL

In the FY 2009-10, the agriculture sector of Bangladesh contributed 20.16% to the GDP (Bangladesh Economic Review-2010). Out of 11 million hectares of land under rice production, modern boro rice alone covers about 4.70 million hectares and nearly 98% of this area requires irrigation. However, power shortage and low voltage affecting irrigation from the electricity operated pumps causing lower production of crops. On the other hand, there are about 1.2 Million diesel operated pumps requiring 800 Million liter imported diesel per year.Considering the energy crisis of the country and increasing price of petroleum products across the globe, it is important to explore alternative energy sources for irrigation to ensure both food and energy security.

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Solar Powered Irrigation System:

Solar powered irrigation system could be an innovative, economic and environmentally friendly solution for the agro-based economy of Bangladesh. This system mainly consists of solar panels & solar submersible pump. Solar panels utilize daily sunshine to generate electricity which in turn runs the solar pump to provide uninterrupted water supply. If a sun-tracker is used, it will help in maximizing utilization of the sunlight the panels receive. Under the proposed program, a total of 10,000 solar irrigation pumps will be installed all over the country to replace diesel based pumps. Replacement of part of agricultural pumps with Solar PV technology could save significant amount of foreign currency and would offset considerable GHG emission.

Fig 2.1: Solar Powered Irrigation

Pump Capacity

Capacity of solar irrigation pumps being used for irrigation purpose is in Bangladesh is in the range of 5-11 kW. Under the program, solar irrigation pumps with an average capacity of 8 kW will be installed which will operate at total head of 12-15 meter. The pump of this size is capable to lift 500,000 liters of water per day in local solar irradiation condition i.e. 4.5 kWh/m2/day.

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Implementation Arrangement

The was implemented through Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL), a government owned financial institution under the Ministry of Finance. Similar to IDCOL's successful Solar Home System and Biogas Programs, it will select some NGOs, MFIs or private entities (Partner Organization or PO) to implement the program on the basis of management capacity, financial strength and micro-finance experience.

POs will be responsible for selection of areas and target customers. They will install the plants and supply electricity to the customers. They will also operate those for at least the loan period. They will collect electricity bills from the customers.

POs should use maximum diligence in selecting the appropriate size of the plant. They should make a detailed survey of the proposed sites, calculate the demand at different hours of the day and also different seasons of the year. Based on the survey, they can prepare the design of the plant which will include panel capacity, size of battery bank, need for back-up diesel generator in cloudy days etc.

IDCOL will provide necessary technical, financial and promotional support to the POs for successful implementation of the program. IDCOL will assess the proposals submitted by POs, approve those based on strict guidelines and disburse grant and soft loan to the POs. Proper installation and operation of the plants will be ensured through periodic field visits by IDCOL inspection team. IDCOL's independent Technical Standard Committee will approve the equipments to be used under the program.

Fig 2.2:Using solar light

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2.5 Roof-top Solar Power Solution

Government has a directive to install solar panel to meet certain percentage of load demand as a pre-condition to get new electricity connection. Solar Power System will meet certain percentage of lighting and fan load demand. Aggregated 3 MWp Solar Panel already installed through out the country under the directive till June 2011. This Project aims to extend Credit facility to the Consumers as an incentive to install solar power solutions. Estimated solar power capacity addition from this project is 10 MW.

Fig 2.3: Roof-top Solar Power

Roof-top Solar Power Solution for Commercialand Residential buildings

Sponsoring Ministry: Power Division, Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources

Implementing Agency: IDCOL/ Bangladesh Bank

Government has recently provided directive to include certain percentage of solar power in commercial and residential buildings as a pre-condition to connect to the grid. The project would largely be implemented through involvement of private sector.

A typical 10 KWp roof-top solar solution will require a roof space of about 1,000 square feet which can light around 200 no.s of energy saving lamps. If installed in 5,000 buildings in the metropolitan areas of the country, a total of 16.5 million liter diesel/year or 100,000 units of electricity/year could be saved.

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Installation of Roof Top Solar Solutions at Industries

Sponsoring Ministry: Ministry of IndustryImplementing Agency: IDCOL / Bangladesh Bank

Government is trying to encourage Industries to install solar panel to meet certain percentage of their load demand from solar power. Solar Panel may be installed at the unutilized roof-top of industries. Solar Power System will meet certain percentage of lighting and fan load demand. This Project aims to extend Credit facility to the Industries as an incentive. Primarily 400 Industries have been targeted. Estimated solar power capacity addition from this project shall be 20 MW.

Implementation Arrangement

The fund will be allocated to IDCOL or Bangladesh Bank. The Project Owner will get soft loan from those financial institutions. This is one kind of support mechanism aimed to the promotion of solar energy and an attempt to buy down the cost of investment. 

 2.6 Solar electrification at Railway Stations

Sponsoring Ministry: Railway Division, Ministry of CommunicationImplementing Agency: Department of Railway

Bangladesh Railway has so far 450 Rail stations. Many stations are at remote locations lacking dependable power supply. Some stations even do not have electricity.

Part of the project component would be installing solar PV in remote rail stations. The solar PV would also power the adjacent shops and streets. Part of the component would also install solar PV roofing in existing rail stations where the large roofing is mostly unutilized.

Under the proposed project, 25 MW Solar Power systems would be installed at the remote railway stations and 5 MW Solar Power systems would be installed at the roof-top of unutilized large railway stations.

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Solar electrification at Union Information Services Centers

 Sponsoring Ministry: A2I Project, Prime Minster's OfficeImplementing Agency: Bangladesh Computer Council

Government has taken a remarkable initiative by setting up about 4501 Information Services Centers at Union level. The Information Centers have been set up in order to ensure access to information to all citizens of Bangladesh even to a remote villager. The project has been implemented by the A2I Program administered by the Prime Minister's Office.

Since many of the unions do not have reliable electricity during day time, it would be sensible to install solar PV systems at the Union Information Centers so that the remote villagers do not suffer for electricity outage. It would also ensure self-sufficiency and quality supply of electricity to the centers. 

Solar LED Street Lighting

Sponsoring Ministry: Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government and Rural DevelopmentImplementing Agency: City Corporations and Municipalities

 

Fig 2.4: LED Street Lighting system

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There are 6 City Corporations in the country that operates approx. 5000 km streets. There are also a number of municipalities. The street lights generally used are inefficient conventional systems. Illuminating part of the streets through Solar PV LED Street Lighting system can reduce pressure on conventional power use. According to ADB's preliminary study, 40 W, 30 W and 15 W LED Lighting System could be used. Corresponding Solar Panel size would be 100 Wp, 75 Wp and 40 Wp respectively. 33 LED units might be required to electrify 1 km street. The project is aimed to add 10 MW solar power through Solar LED.

Solar electrification in rural health center

Sponsoring Ministry: Ministry of HealthImplementing Agency:

It is estimated that there are 18000 rural community clinics in remote villages. However, many health units do not have either dependable supply or even electricity access. Electricity is required for operation of health units, surgery and preservation of vaccinations and medicines. The solar electrification project would thus ensure quality medical services to the rural people.

Installation of Solar Home System in Religious Establishments

Sponsoring Ministry: Ministry of Religious AffairsImplementing Agency:

Most of the religious establishments like mosques, temples are operated through government and public support. Many mosques are even in very remote areas where there is no grid electricity. Those establishments have occasional electricity usage pattern through out the day depending on prayer times. Solar electrification of those religious establishments would not only reduce pressure on grid electricity but would also ensure fulfillment of government's social commitment.

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Solar Electrification in Remote Education Centers

Sponsoring Ministry: Ministry of EducationImplementing Agency: Directorate of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education

Government has set up secondary and higher secondary level institutions in remote villages to ensure access of education to the rural people. There are also Non-governmental educational institutions. Government plans to introduce one laptop and multimedia classroom system to each school as part of modernization of education system. However, many schools do not have either dependable supply or even electricity access. The project aims to provide 7000 solar power systems to selected government and non-governmental institutions. The solar electrification project would thus ensure quality education services to the rural people.

Solar power is the most potential source among the renewable energy resources in Bangladesh. This initiative of Bangladesh Government could become a landmark success story on how government’s commitment in combination with strong support from Development Partner could achieve the. targeted renewable energy development in a developing country. The program could also evolve as a model for other developing countries who envision making a mass break-through in solar power development.Total solar power capacity addition from this project shall be 40 MW. The project would ensure quality education services to the rural people.

Installation of Solar Home System in Government / Semi-government offices

Sponsoring Ministry: Respective MinistriesImplementing Agency: Respective Government Agencies

Government has a directive to install solar panel at government & semi-government offices by next three years to meet certain percentage of lighting and fan load demand. Capacity will vary depending on load demand and site condition. Battery back-up support shall be for 2 hrs. Estimated solar power capacity addition from this project shall be 41 MW. PWD will implement 25 MW project at Government Offices. Remaining 16 MW will be implemented by Semi-Government Offices.

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2.7 CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT

The ambitious vision of implementing 500 MW Solar Power Program requires Institutional capacity building support both in public and private sector. Strong R&D support also needs to be facilitated. Capacity development support for CDM project preparation is necessary. An integrated capacity development project may include all those essentials which may also include testing standardization of equipment.

ESTIMATED INVESTMENT REQUIREMENT FOR PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION

It is estimated that 2.76 b USD shall be required to implement the program. Out of which 1.77 b USD shall be required for Commercial Projects. Financial Support from Development Partners in the form of Grant and Credit (Grant 1.38 b USD and Credit 0.85 b USD) is expected amounting 2.23 b USD. Remaining financing shall be arranged from government and private sector.

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CHAPTER 3SOLAR HOME SYSTEM

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1.1 IntroductionSolar electricity is the energy which is extracted by Sun using solar power plants. Sun is the richest source of energies like light and heat. Huge amount of energies are available for us to take and make big impact on our electricity requirementsOur sun throws as much amount of energy on earth in one day which is equivalent to the energy requirement for the entire year. For better understating about what solar energy is and how it generated we need to know bit more about Sun which provide us with this amazing source of energy. Solar energy is radiant energy which is emitted by Sun. One interesting question which one may ask is how sun manages to provide such amount of radiant energy constantly, what does sun possess which in result produces such massive amount of energy ? It is obvious that all this energy comes from within the core of sun. This huge ball is full of gases like hydrogen and helium, hydrogen atoms however is present on larger scale Energy is formed because of nuclear fusion reaction when hydrogen atoms combine to form helium; this entire process takes place in the core of the sun which is the hottest part.

Fig 3.1: Solar Power Plant.

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3.2 Physical Perspective of Renewable Energy in Bangladesh

Bangladesh situated in the north-eastern part of south Asia is among the world‟s most densely populated nations (1099 people/km2 in 2010) with a population of 162.20 million in 2014 . Energy, and more explicitly electricity, is a prerequisite for the technological development, higher economic growth and poverty reduction of a nation. The future economic development of Bangladesh is likely to result in a rapid growth in the demand for energy with accompanying shortages and problems. The country has been facing a severe power crisis for about a decade . Out of various renewable sources hydropower, geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and bio fuel can be effectively used in Bangladesh . Solar energy is the most readily available and free source of energy in our country and traditionally solar thermal energy has been utilized in different household and industrial activities in Bangladesh. Several organizations have installed low capacity wind turbines, mainly for battery charging in the coastal regionof Bangladesh. However, progress in the wind energy sector of Bangladesh is not impressive. Micro Hydro Power Plants can be installed in the north-eastern hilly regions and in the existing irrigational canal system with a sufficient head. The only hydro power station of the country, the Karnafuly Hydro Power Station with a generating capacity of 230 MW by 7 units, is located in Kaptai across the river Karnafuly . There are scopes of integrated small tidal power plants in the coastal regions. Biomass is the fourth largest source of energy worldwide and provides basic energy requirements for cooking and heating of rural households in developing countries like Bangladesh .

An agriculture based country like Bangladesh has huge potentials for utilizing biogas technologies. According to IFRD-there is potential of about four million biogas plants in our Country . It is notable that Bangladesh Government has planned to produce 5% of total power generation by 2015 & 10% by 2020 from renewable energy sources like air, waste & solar energy . Based on the information obtained, a comparative scenario of the five leading renewable energy sectors of Bangladesh is illustrated in terms of the installed capacity .

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Fig 3.2: Different implemented renewable sources in Bangladesh

3.3 Present Status of Solar Energy in Bangladesh

Solar radiation varies from season to season in Bangladesh. So we might not get the same solar energy all the time. In the monthly average solar radiation pattern is shown.

Fig 3.3:Monthly average solar radiation profile in Bangladesh

Daily average solar radiation varies between 4 to 6.5 KWh per square meter. Maximum amount of radiation are available in the month of March-April and minimum in December-January . According to IDCOL, the total capacity of solar energy based installations in Bangladesh appears

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to be 20.75 MW [26]. The amount is significant considering the upward trend of the number of SHSs (Solar Home System) installations in the country.

Fig 3.4:SHS installation in Bangladesh

Fig 3.5:Division wise installation of SHS

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Table 3.1:Division wise installation of SHS

shows the approximate division wise SHSs installation. The figure illuminates that the distribution of the SHSs is highest in the Dhaka division whereas lowest in the newly formed division sylhet.

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3.4 Benefits and Advantages

Home solar systems, however, can not only offset our fossil-fuel-based energy consumption, but can also become a source of clean renewable energy, which can power homes and businesses long after the initial cost of the solar array has paid for itself. Home solar systems offer distinct advantages over other energy-related home improvement projects, and along with generating clean electricity, could also increase home and property values, while providing a dependable and affordable source of energy over the long term.

The environmental advantages of home solar systems are many, but the most obvious are the decreased reliance on fossil fuels, the increase in clean renewable energy entering the grid, and the reduced energy-related pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Installing a home solar system can also have a beneficial effect on our all-too-precious water resources, because it’s much less water-intensive to produce energy from the sun than with other common power sources (solar PV was found to use 21 times less water than nuclear power (per kWh of electricity produced), and about 16 times less water than coal-fired electricity).

Fig 3.6: Using Solar electricity

Two other big benefits of home solar systems are somewhat indirect, but no less potent for it. One of those solar benefits is the matching of electricity production with electrical demand, which can help reduce the cost of electricity on the market for everyone, while also increasing the resilience of the grid by diversifying the sources of electricity. Another solar benefit from installing more home solar systems is the boosting of the local economy by creating jobs, and studies have shown that money invested in solar power can create up to three times the number of jobs than the same amount of money invested in coal or natural gas, so it’s got a great return rate when compared to other energy investments.

While installing more home solar systems won’t completely solve our energy addictions (considering how much energy we waste every day), but when coupled with home energy conservation efforts and perhaps the implementation of some smart home technology, solar

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power can serve to take a big bite out of not just our energy bills, but can also help us to reduce our environmental footprint while boosting the economy.

3.5 Classification of SHS

In the future, fossil fuel power plants - namely coal plants in the world - will be replaced with clean, renewable sources of energy. Solar energy will play a major role in that future. Presently, solar power plants are gaining a foothold in utility-scale power generation. Solar power plants can produce energy in two ways[11]: 1. Solar thermal power plants - In this set-up, solar energy heats a transfer fluid, which is used to heat water. That water creates steam to spin a turbine that can then produce electricity. 2. Solar photovoltaic (PV) plants - PV plants utilize solar power panels to convert solar radiation directly into electricity.

Solar Thermal Power PlantsSolar thermal power plants also work in a few different ways. The most common type uses a parabolic trough design. In these plants, commonly known as concentrated solar power (CSP) plants, several rows of trough-shaped, parabolic mirrors are strategically designed to capture and concentrate the sun's rays onto a focal point; much like a child might use a magnifying glass to burn ants. That point is a black pipe running the length of the row of mirrors. Inside this pipe is a transfer fluid, which heats up to very hot temperatures, often upwards of 300 degrees Fahrenheit. The heated fluid is piped to a power generator, where its heat is used to boil water, creating steam and electricity.

Fig 3.7: Solar Thermal Power Plants

Another version of a solar thermal power plant is a "power tower". Power towers take CSP technology in a new direction. Mirrors are situated to focus solar radiation onto a single focal point: a tall tower which houses a receiver that boils water to create steam. Mirrors are usually connected to a tracking system that allows them to follow the sun across the sky. Power towers have some key advantages, such as smaller footprints and relatively fast construction time.

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Solar Photovoltaic PlantsPhotovoltaic plants are very straightforward. Several solar power panels are installed to form an array. Typically, a handful of panels will be "strung" together in series on a single mounting system. Each set of panels collects solar energy, converts it directly into electricity, and sends that electricity through wiring to the electric grid. PV power plants are relatively rare because solar thermal power is currently much more efficient at producing electricity on a large scale.

Fig 3.8: Solar Photovoltaic Plants

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Photovoltaic TechnologyA solar panel consists of number of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells connected in series and parallel. These cells are made up of at least two layers of semiconductor material (usually pure silicon infused with boron and phosphorous). One layer has a positive charge; the other has a negative charge. When sunlight strikes the solar panel, photons from the light are absorbed by the semiconductor atoms, which then release electrons. The electrons, flowing from the negative layer (n-type) of semiconductor, flow to the positive layer (ptype), producing an electrical current. Since the electric current flows in one direction (like a battery), the electricity generated is DC.

Solar PV technologiesWith the growing demand of solar power new technologies are being introduced and existing technologies are developing. There are four types of solar PV cells:

Single crystalline or mono crystalline Multi - or poly-crystalline Thin film Amorphous silicon

Single-crystalline or mono crystallineIt is widely available and the most efficient cells materials among all. They produce the most power per square foot of module. Each cell is cut from a single crystal. The wafers then further cut into the shape of rectangular cells to maximize the number of cells in the solar panel.

Fig 3.9: Single-crystalline or mono crystalline panel

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Polycrystalline panels They are made from similar silicon material except that instead of being grown into a single crystal, they are melted and poured into a mold. This forms a square block that can be cut into square wafers with less waste of space or material than round single-crystal wafers.

Fig 3.10: Polycrystalline panels

Thin film panelsIt is the newest technology introduced to solar cell technology. Copper indium dieseline, cadmium telluride, and gallium arsenide are all thin film materials. They are directly deposited on glass, stainless steel, or other compatible substrate materials. Some of them perform slightly better than crystalline modules under low light conditions. A thin film is very thin-a few micrometer or less.

Fig 3.11: Thin film panels

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Amorphous SiliconAmorphous silicon is newest in the thin film technology. In this technology amorphous silicon vapor is deposited on a couple of micro meter thick amorphous films on stainless steel rolls. Compared to the crystalline silicon, this technology uses only 1% of the material.

Fig 3.12: Amorphous Silicon

3.6 Types of solar system designThere can be various types of solar system design. But there are two basic design consideration, they are-1.Grid-tied2. Off-grid

Grid-tied SystemWithout a battery bank or generator backup for your grid inter-tied system, when a blackout occurs, your household will be in the dark, too. To keep some or all of your electric needs (or “loads”) like lights, a refrigerator, a well pump, or computer running even when utility power outages occur, many homeowners choose to install a grid-inter-tied syste with battery backup. Incorporating batteries into the system requires more components, is more expensive, and lowers the system’s overall efficiency. But for many homeowners who regularly experience utility outages or have critical electrical loads, having a backup energy source is priceless. The following illustration includes the primary components of any grid inter-tied solar electric system with battery backup. [20]

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Fig 3.13: The primary components of any grid-tied solar electric system

Off Grid SystemAlthough they are most common in remote locations without utility grid service, off-grid solar-electric systems can work anywhere. These systems operate independently from the grid to provide all of a household’s electricity. That means no electric bills and no blackouts—at least none caused by grid failures. People choose to live off-grid for a variety of reasons, including the prohibitive cost of bringing utility lines to remote homesites, the appeal of an independent lifestyle, or the general reliability a solar-electric system provides. Those who choose to live off-grid often need to make adjustments to when and how they use electricity, so they can live within the limitations of the system’s design. This doesn’t necessarily imply doing without, but rather is a shift to a more conscientious use of electricity. The following illustration includes the primary components of any off grid solar electric system.[20]

Fig 3.14: The primary components of any off grid solar electric system.

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In this segment, you can install solar power plant on your roof top, generate electricity and store it in the battery. The system functions in such a manner – the battery is charged priority by solar power and if not by EB power. When the battery is full, if the solar power is available – then the load is connected to solar power – even when EB power is available. When solar is not available, if the battery is full – the load is connected to EB power if available.

When both Solar and EB power is not available – the load is supplied from battery. Generally hese systems are highly suitable for power cut situations and for capacities ranging.

If our home or home site is more than half a mile from the nearest power line you may want to consider going with an off-the-grid solar system using some combination of passive and active PV systems with batteries.

Fig 3.15: The design of off grid household

Currently in Bangladesh, most of the PV systems are installed in rural areas which have very little chance of getting connected to the national grid within 5-10 years. That’s why off-grid SHSs are the most popular standalone renewable energy application enjoying maximum growth.

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3.7 SOLAR HOME SYSTEMS

For those homeowners who would like to achieve long-term energy independence solar photovoltaic (PV) systems using solar panels are one of the very best options. Solar energy systems for the home are relatively simple, last for decades and over the long term can save homeowners significant money, particularly in those states or countries that provide incentives for solar energy. Moreover, solar PV systems create no pollution and give off no hydrocarbon which makes them one of the best energy options from an environmental standpoint. They are definitely a home energy option i can feel good about. A key thing to remember with PV systems is that what they are harvesting is light energy, not heat or solar thermal energy.That means they work as well in colder climates as they do in warmer climates.

Fig 3.16: SHS household

All that matters is how much light a location gets and in most of the U.S. there is more than sufficient light on average for PV systems to be very effective. If i want to learn exactly how much light your location has during the year look at our section on solar maps. These will show you exactly how many hours of sunlight per day your area gets at different times of the year. Photovoltaic systems (PV systems for short) are any energy generation systems that make use of photovoltaic cells. A photovoltaic cell is a cell which generates electricity directly from light energy. Photovoltaic cells come in many sizes, but most are 10 cm by 10 cm and generate a little more than half a volt of electricity. PV cells are bundled together in interconnected solar panels to produce higher voltages and increased power. A 12-volt solar panel typically used in home solar energy applications has 30 to 50 PV cells. And can generate anywhere between 80 to 200 volts of electricity. In a residential application multiple solar panels are strung together into one or more modules. The number of panels you need is a function of your energy use and the amount of space you have available on your southern facing roof.

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Solar Home Systems in BangladeshSolar photovoltaics appear to be the only appropriate options for renewable electricity generation in Bangladesh. The coastal area of Bangladesh has some potential of wind but its ultimate feasibility is still questionable. The country has a very good monthly average solar radiation all over the country.

Fig 3.17: Electricity generation from solar irradiation

Shows the monthly average solar adiation data of the important cites of the country. Radiations higher during the months of March, April and May and lower in the months of December and January. In Bangladesh, the SHS project has been implemented under Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL).

Fig3.18: Comulative power generation from SHSs

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Table 3.1. Solar radiation (kWh/m2/day) at different locations in Bangladesh.

Month Dhaka Comilla Rajshahi Chittagong TangailJanuary 4.23 4.27 4.19 4.28 4.21 February 4.88 4.98 5.21 4.94 5.03 March 5.52 5.52 5.88 5.38 5.80 April 5.65 5.45 6.21 5.41 5.93 May 5.27 5.01 5.71

  5.08 5.48

June 4.51 4.36 5.02 4.14 4.72July 4.21 4.27 4.39 4.02 4.24 August 4.19 4.30 4.26 4.09 4.20 September 3.96 4.04 3.97 3.96 3.85 October 4.28 4.31 4.38 4.24 4.32 November 4.19 4.25 4.31 4.22 4.24 December 4.10 4.12 4.10 4.15 4.06

The operational and financial flow diagram of solar home system in Bangladesh is shown in Figure 1. IDCOL is a financial institution established by the government of Bangladesh. Donors such as World Bank, Global Environment Facility, GTZ, KFW, IDA & GEF, KfW and IDB provide soft loans and grants to IDCOL to fund projects. Partner Organizations (POs) select the project area, buy the system, install it and provide maintenance support using funds from IDCOL with 6% interest for 12 years. POs sell the solar home system to the user either on credit or cash.Each POs offer different type of installment, terms and conditions and loan repayment year. Table 2 shows the number of solar home system installed by the POs up to January 2014 and table 3 shows the division wise SHSs installation in Bangladesh. Grameen Shakti is one of the major implementer and pioneer of solar system in Bangladesh. BRAC Foundation, RSF and Srizony, Bangladesh are the other key implementer of the solar home system.

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3.8 Solar Energy source of BangladeshSolar Energy is a great source for solving power crisis in Bangladesh. Bangladesh is situated between 20.30 and 26.38 degrees north latitude and 88.04 and 92.44 degrees east which is an ideal location for solar energy utilization . At this position the amount of hours of sunlight each day throughout a year. The highest and the lowest intensity of direct radiation in W/m². The amount of hours of sunlight in Bangladesh Infrastructure development company limited (IDCOL) has supported NGOs in installation of solar home systems (SHSs) and a total of 1,429,440 SHSs having capacity of about more than 36.5 MW have been installed upto February 2014. Bangladesh power development board (BPDB) has implemented an excellent Solar PV electrification project in the Chittagong hill tracts region. The Solar PV electrification has emerged as the most appropriate technological option for the electrification of these areas. A 10 kW central AC solar PV system has been installed in one selected market in each of the three Rangamati district‟s sub-districts. With these systems, the shops of that market have been electrified with normal AC electricity.

Table 3.2. SHS installation figure in Bangladesh Partner Organization Number of SHSs InstalledGrameen Shakti 795,957RSF 216,434BRAC 77,019Srizony Bangladesh 58,927Hilful Fuzul Samaj Kallyan Sangstha 37,078UBOMUS 25,234BRIDGE 20,449Integrated Development Foundation 14,238

TMSS 13,059PDBF 10,672SEF 21,720AVA 12,817DESHA 10,931BGEF 16,995RDF 20,027Others 77,883Total 1,429,440

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The impact on households would depend on what prices they actually pay, which depends on the behavior of the POs, given that there are several incentives that are on offer to them. The POs are provided several incentives. These are: (a) A buy-down grant (on average about 10 percent of the original cost of SHS) provided by the EU is designed to help POs reduce the cost of SHS at the household level and also to promote SHS in remote areas; (b) Refinancing of their initial capital from IDCOL (80 percent of the credit extended to customers by the POs) at a flat rate of interest of 6 percent for a period of 6-8 years; and (c) A grant from the EU for ‘Institutional Development’ which is about 18 percent of the POs’ contribution to the credit facilities (i.e. 20 percent of the credit provided by POs to customers). Against such direct incentives to POs, households receive the solar home system on credit for 3 years at a flat rate of 12 percent, thus providing further incentives to POs to reap the benefits from both the interest spread and the repayment period. Of course, that depends on specific circumstances, particularly the competition from other POs. There is also a provision for buy back of batteries and battery replacement when their life is over.

The objectives for such grants are to encourage the POs to pass on the subsidy as much as possible to the clients so that rural households receive SHS at a cheaper price and that a robust and regulated market chain is established at the rural level that ensures (a) quality of products, (b) environmental safety, (c) availability of facilities for repair and maintenance and (d) supply of spares, bulbs, etc. at the local level. The rate of interest charged to SHS buyers by POs varies between 6 percent and 12 percent and the duration of loan is 3 years in most cases. At the same time, POs have also established a system through which buyers can buy SHS at discounted prices if the loan repayment period is reduced and/or buyerspurchase the system using cash on delivery and installation. There is, within an apparently regulated marketing system, thus scope for flexibilities, making effective prices vary by PO and also by the nature of demand from the client.

Figure 3.19: Distribution of cumulative installations of Solar Home System by POs

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3.9 SHS price and subsidy over time

It is important to note that the solar panels marketed by IDCOL’s POs were subsidized. Thus, grant and subsidized loan policies were introduced around 2003. Although the extent of the grant per unit solar panel has declined over time, the subsidy was nonetheless instrumental in pushing the frontier by shifting market demand through entry of small NGOs marketing various types of solar panels. With both PO competition and increased market demand, the price of SHS has declined despite the decline in subsidy.

Source: BIDS-World Bank survey, 2012 Figure 3.20: Change in SHS price and subsidy over time

both the price offered to consumers and the subsidy offered to POs per unit of Wp have declined over time. For example, in 2004, the offered price to the consumer per unit of Wp was close to Tk. 385 and the grant subsidy was Tk.95 per unit of Wp. By 2012, the unit price had dropped to Tk.256 and the grant subsidy to POs to Tk.25 per unit of Wp. This is an interesting scenario, as the prices of solar panels declined despite the decline in the grant subsidy given to POs. the subsidy declined more rapidly than the price itself. In fact, the subsidy was about 25 percent of the SHS unit price in 2004 and dropped to less than 10 percent by 2012. Interestingly, despite the decline in subsidy and price support by IDCOL and its donors, the demand for SHS continued to increase. This was in part because of a steeper decline in the prices of solar units, thanks to technological advances in solar panels over time.

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Source: BIDS-World Bank survey, 2012Figure 3.21: Change in subsidy as % of SHS price over time

3.10 Energy consumption in SHS and non-SHS householdsHouseholds, regardless of their SHS adoption, are primarily dependent on kerosene and biomass for their energy requirements. About 80 percent of the households use fuel wood or non-fuel wood biomass for cooking and related activities . While 62 percent of the SHS households use kerosene, the incidence is significantly higher, at 99 percent, among the non-SHS households. In contrast, uses of other sources of energy vary between 53 percent among the SHS households to 64 percent among the non-SHS households. Although a large share of households uses other sources, energy consumption from these sources is very low. Insofar as the analysis based on the above percentage may be misleading, the actual energy consumption (in kgOE/month) was compared between SHS households and those without SHS. The results presented in SHS households consume about 64 kgOE/month of energy from fuel wood vis-à-vis 51 kgOE/month for households without the SHS, and this difference is statistically significant. Similarly, SHS households consume 62 kgOE/month of energy from non-fuel wood biomass vis-à-vis 65 kgOE/month for households without the SHS. However, these empirical findings on biomass consumptionre not important per se as the ownership of an SHS does not substitute these types of energy consumption. However, it may be noted that ownership of the SHS replaces consumption of fossil fuels such as kerosene mong the SHS households. For example, SHS households consume less than 1 liter of kerosene per month, compared to almost 3 liters per month consumed by the non-adopters. This means that SHS adoption has probably reduced average household consumption of kerosene by 2 liters per month. The difference in the level of consumption of kerosene is statistically significant. But the overall consumption of energy does not differ significantly between SHS adopters and non-adopters, and hence, one can surmise that the use of SHS only changes the composition of energy consumption.[19]

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The substitution of keroseneOne of the main uses of the SHS is for lighting. Depending on the capacity of the SHS panels, households would have 2-5 lighting points. The more lighting points a household has, the lower the use of kerosene for lighting, which is mainly used in rural areas. While other possible uses of kerosene include cooking, this is a costly alternative to biomass cooking fuel and hence is rarely seen in rural households. Given that there are about 1.9 million SHS households in rural Bangladesh, the decrease in kerosene consumption amounts to over 40 million liters of kerosene saved annually due to SHS adoption.

SHS and appliance useEven though the POs offer SHS of different Wp levels, most households choose 20, 40, 50, or 65 Wps. The most popular choice appears to be the 50 Wp size. As expected, there is a positive correlation between the size of the system and the number of lights that it supports; while only one lightbulb is used in a 20 Wp size, as many as 5 lightbulbs are used in an 75 to 90 Wp size unit of SHS. Charger lights, one of the most common appliances, are used by 13 percent of all SHS adopters. Thirty-seven percent of the SHS households use SHS-powered electricity to run a television.

Energy consumption and SHS capacityAs energy consumption from the SHS panel increases with Wp size. This means consumption of energy form SHS must have alternative uses besides lighting. For example, with a higher- capacity SHS unit, households often purchase a TV, a source of entertainment and information for enhancing the productivity of inputs used in household production. Thus, the time use pattern of household members may change toward productivity-enhancing activities to boost their income. On the other hand, knowledge about health and education through TV programs can improve outcomes in these domains as well as give advantages to household members, especially women in SHS households, compared with those in non-SHS households. These changes are expected to contribute to improved welfare for all members of rural households in Bangladesh.

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Source: BIDS-World Bank survey, 2012 Fig 3.22: HH energy consumption from SHS by SHS capacity

Energy consumption by wealthThe average price of SHS per Wp is approximately Tk.400 and the minimum size to purchase is 20 Wp, which costs Tk.8,000. This amount of money to be spent in purchasing this solar panel of minimum size is a lot of money for many rural households. Hence, those who can afford to purchase SHS panels are relatively wealthy households. In rural areas, landholding is a proxy for wealth. As energy consumption from SHS is higher with greater landholding, implying energy consumption is an increasing function of landholding. This implies that, as electricity/energy produced per unit of SHS is given, both household adoption of solar panels and panel capacity are positively related to landholding.

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Source: BIDS-World Bank survey, 2012Fig 3.23: HH energy consumption from SHS by landholding

3.11 Power generation from SHS

A typical 50 Wp solar home system supports 4 tube lights (7 watts each) and a 17” Black and White TV set. From around 2 million SHSs already installed under IDCOL’s financing with average capacity 50 Wp, total generation capacity in December 2012 is approximately 94 MW. At present around 60,000 SHSs are being installed every month under IDCOL’s SHS programme. At this rate, by December 2015, total generation capacity from this SHS programme should reach about 200 MW. Introduction of solar PV systems has been in progress since 1980 but the total wattage up to December 2002 was just 1,000 kW [4]. In recent years, apart from SHSs, various other renewable energy projects such as biomass (rice-husk) gasification based power plants, biogas (from poultry litter and cow dung) based power plants; municipal waste based power plants are being implemented in Bangladesh. According to new regulations, every newly built high-rise building must install solar PV panels at the roof top before they get connection to electrical distribution lines. All these renewable energy projects are contributing in achieving the government’s target of producing 5% power from renewable sources by 2015 and 10% by 2020 as declared in the Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh.

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How to produce electricity from Solar energySolar panels are constructed from a semi-conductive material with the most common material of choice being silicon. The semi-conductive material contains electrons which will naturally just stay there not doing anything. When photons (contained within the sun‟s rays) hit a solar cell, the electrons contained in the solar cell material absorb this solar energy, which transforms the electrons into conduction electrons. If the energy of these photons is great enough then the electrons are able to become free and carry an electric charge through a circuit to the destination. Photovoltaic modules, commonly called solar modules, are the key components used to convert sunlight into electricity. Solar modules are made of semiconductors that are very similar to those used to create integrated circuits for electronic equipment. The most common type of semiconductor currently in use is made of silicon crystal. Silicon crystals are laminated into n-type and p-type layers, stacked on top of each other. Light striking the crystals induces the “photovoltaic effect,” which generates electricity. The electricity produced is called direct current (DC) and can be used immediately or stored in a battery. For systems installed on homes served by a utility grid, a device called an inverter changes the electricity into alternating current (AC), the standard power used in residential homes.

Fig 3.24: Produce electricity from Solar energy

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3.12 Application of SHSSolar power plants are relatively common than what we have witness in past decay. It is important to adopt some kind of alternative source of power generation before we run out of current sources which produce electricity for us at present. The most obvious and realistic choice is solar energy. Solar energy is available in abundant amount on earth and shifting our electricity requirements on solar energy is most likely to be the option in coming future. Solar plants have already start providing electricity to us on different levels and scales. What we have all witness since our childhood is solar power calculator or wrist watch but now thankfully things have moved way on. Solar power gadgets or huge solar power arrays are seen producing massive amount of electricity for domestic and commercial areas. Solar power usage is not constant throughout the world. Developed countries more obviously have larger solar power consumption than developing countries. For instance Abengoa Solar launched commercial solar plant in Seville Spain; it produces 20 Megawatts of electricity. Solar Applications can be divided into three categories for understanding them better. Solar applications are available in sectors like Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agriculture.

RESIDENTIAL SOLAR POWER There are numerous solar powered based devices available in markets which are used in residential sector, products like solar power heater, geezer, outdoor garden lights, battery chargers etc. These days‟ entire homes can be powered by solar energy. Appropriate solar cells type is used and joined together in modules. These modules of panels are mounted on the roof of the home for direct exposure to the sun light. This sun light is then converted into electricity using solar panels and then transfer into electric system of the house. If power requirement of house is higher then what solar power plant is producing then it can be used supplementary to reduce utility bills and incase if more power is produced than it is required, your electric plant grid station may use net metering and purchase the amount of electricity sent to grid station by your solar power plant. There are systems available which hold battery backups and store the access amount of energy. This energy can be used when conventional electricity is out.

Fig 3.25: RESIDENTIAL SOLAR POWER

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INDUSTRIAL SOLAR POWER Solar energy applications : solar energy is been in use in industry and provides multiple industrial applications, especially when power is required in remote locations. Solar power can be useful in such industrial applications where small kilowatt energy is required. Some examples of remote location solar powered applications are TV Station, Radio broadcasting towers, repeater stations, radio telephones etc. Solar power also facilitated electricity in transportation signaling system. In Japan, there are cities which are totally equipped with solar power traffic signal systems and does not require conventional electricity to operate. Other transportation system includes navigation systems, light houses in oceans, runway lights on airports, security camera in dark etc. Other industrial applications where solar power is used are environmental, situation equipment and protection systems for well heads, bridges pipelines etc. Such applications where electricity load is high, solar power can prove cost effective by configure hybrid electric power systems, that joints photovoltaic solar power system with small generators that operates on fuel or natural gas. Solar power is highly reliable and can work on locations where conventional electricity is not reachable. Space is one of the examples for it. Satellites are powered by solar power from the day first when first satellite was launched in space Solar car is another most sophisticated application of solar energy. PV is installed on the surface of the car which converts sun light into electricity to power up a car. Such cars are not yet available for use in market, but they are bound to come for launch commercially very soon in future.

Fig 3.26: INDUSTRIAL SOLAR POWER

COMMERCIAL SOLAR POWER

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Commercial building like offices, school, clinics, community halls, hospitals etc can also take advantage from solar energy electrification. In office buildings, glass/glass PV modules can provide cover over atria, which provide shaded light inside the building. PV systems can also be installed on vertical wall office building in several ways, Curtain wall system, and rain screen over cladding etc.

Fig 3.27: COMMERCIAL SOLAR POWER

EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR POWER The efficiency of solar power, or more specifically a solar panel, depends on the materials used to make each solar cell. A solar cell is that portion of a solar panel in which sunlight is collected and converted to solar electricity. The materials within each cell that perform this valuable duty are called semiconductors. The efficiency of a solar cell - and of solar power - is measured as the percentage of the total sunlight striking the cell that is converted into electricity by the cell. In conventional solar panels, which you'll see on 90 percent of rooftops today, crystalline silicon is the semiconductor of choice . Silicon solar panels hold the highest consistent conversion efficiencies of solar panels in use today. They invert on average between 15 and 20 percent of the light that hits them.

Thin-film solar panels are considered the wave of the future. They cost much less to manufacture than crystalline silicon panels, but as of yet cannot equal silicon in conversion efficiency. Cadmium telluride (CdTe) and cadmium-indium-gallium-selenide (CIGS) solar panels are the current champions of thin-film solar technologies, averaging around 11 percent efficiency. Most thin-film solar cells reside in the 4-10 percent range. Solar power is still a relatively young technology. Scientists and researchers believe they can create solar cells that will reach 30-40 percent efficiency and beyond in the not too distant future.

Present Solar energy sectors in bangladesh

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Bangladesh government takes some essential steps to mitigate the existing load shedding problem. The government has announced that, “Bangladesh is looking for producing 500 MW power from solar system”. Bangladesh has set a target to produce 500 MW of electricity installing solar home systems to reduce greenhouse emissions and ensure sustainable development in energy sector. It also plans to install solar irrigation system to cut diesel cost.

To use Asian Development Bank (ADB)‟s fund in solar power project, Bangladesh set the target of electricity generation from solar energy. “To ensure energy security and to reduce carbon emission we have taken up a massive program to implement renewable energy, energy conservation plan,” Adviser to the Prime Minister Dr.Tawfiq-E-Elahi Chowdhury said. ADB is set to support 3000 MW capacity power project in Asia-Pacific region. To get benefit from it, Bangladesh has prepared its program in collaboration with NGOs.

Bangladesh has achieved a landmark achievement in implementing renewable energy expansion program through installing solar home systems across the country. Every month, more than 36,000 solar home systems are being installed adding one and half MW of electricity. Just one and half years back about 12,000 systems were installed every month. According to the power division, Bangladesh made a pledge at Washington International Renewable Energy Conference, 2008 that about five per cent of its total electricity generation will come from renewable sources by 2015.

Solar Based Recharging Stations for Electric Vehicles[11]:Currently two types of electrical verticals are running in our country. One is locally called “easy bike”. It looks closely like traditional CNG based auto rickshaw except its run on battery. The second one is two seated rickshaw. Both of them are energy efficient and environment friendly being popular in the world as well as Bangladesh. Typically they run on 50 Ahr.80 Ahr, 100Ahr and 120 Ahr battery based on the size and speed of the vehicle. Currently there is no known recharging station for charging them as it consumes lots of power from Grid. So here we propose a Solar PV based electrical vehicle Recharging station. This process can run alongside the Normal CNG filling station or petrol pump, as the solar panels would be mounted on top of it. This method can work in almost every part of Bangladesh as the whole country face almost same solar insolation enough to produce required electrical energy.

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Fig 3.28: Electric vehicles in Bangladesh

3.13 Components of a solar PV systemA typical solar PV system consists of solar panel, charge controller, batteries, inverter and the load. Shows the block diagram of such a system.

Fig 3.29: Components of a solar PV

Charge controller

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When battery is included in a system, the necessity of charge controller comes forward. A charge controller controls the uncertain voltage build up. In a bright sunny day the solar cells produce more voltage that can lead to battery damage. A charge controller helps to maintain the balance in charging the battery.

Fig 3.30: Charge controller

BatteriesTo store charges batteries are used. There are many types of batteries available in the market. But all of them are not suitable for solar PV technologies. Mostly used batteries are nickel/cadmium batteries. There are some other types of high energy density batteries such as- sodium/sulphur, zinc/bromine flow batteries. But for the medium term batteries nickel/metal hydride battery has the best cycling performance. For the long term option iron/chromium red ox and zinc or manganese batteries are best. Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) batteries are also one of the best available potions for solar PV use.

Fig 3.31: Batteries

Inverter

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Solar panel generates dc electricity but most of the household and industrial appliances need ac current. Inverter converts the dc current of panel or battery to the ac current. We can divide the inverter into two categories. They are-

Stand alone and Line -tied or utility-interactive

Fig 3.32: Inverter

3.14 Project site

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Tangail is a district (zilla) in the central region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka division. The population of Tangail zilla is about 3.6 million and its surface area is 3,414.35 km².The main town of Tangail District is the district town Tangail. It is surrounded by the several districts, such as Jamalpur district on the north, the Dhaka and Manikganj districts on the south, the Mymensingh and Gazipur districts on the east, and the Sirajganj district on the west. The main rivers that cross the Tangail district are the Jamuna, Dhaleshwari, Jhenai, Bangshi, Louhajang, Langulia, Elongjani, Jugni, Fotikjani and the Turag.

Average Solar Irradiation in Tangail zilla (kWh/m2/day ):

Fig 3.33: Solar Irradiation in Tangail zillaSakhipur Upazila

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Sakhipur Upazila (Tangail District) with an area of 429.63 km².The upazila consists of eight Union Parishads and 123 villages. Coordinates: 24.3167°N, 90.1750°E. Temperature: 34 °C at summer and 22 °C at winter season. Sakhipur has a population of 241665; male 121683, female 119982.It has house hold 40278.

Kerosene lamp1. No of lamps= 3 2. Fuel consumption= 2 lit/lamp/month×12 month× 3 lamp = 72 liter 3. Initial cost = 300taka×3 lamp= 900 taka 4. Maintenance cost= 120 taka/year 5. Fuel cost= 70taka/lit ×72 lit =5040 taka

6. Total cost= 5040 taka+120 taka+900= 6060 taka 7. Life time= 1years

Solar Home system

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1. Total initial cost = 1,34,240taka 2. Maintenance cost=500 taka/year 3. Life time = 25 years

However, unlike the initial cost, the operational cost 500 taka/year SHSs are extremely low and On the other hand, households using kerosene, has to spend around 120 taka/year. This indicates a significant amount of savings on kerosene usage due to the installation of SHSs. In Bangladesh the Solar Home Systems with different capacity like 50 watts to 300 watts are available to rural household consumers to choose according to their needs and to meet their financial capacity. From the selected sample it has been found that most of the respondents (39%) use the Solar Home Systems with capacity of 50 watts through which they can run 2 lights (12Watt each), 1 Black & White TV point and 1 mobile phone charger. The next use was found with the 275 watts through which consumers can run 3 lights (15 Watt), 2 fan(90watt),1 Colour TV point and 1 mobile phone charger.

Load Estimation:Sakhipur Upazila (Tangail District ) with an area of 429.63 km².The upazila consists of eight Union Parishads and 123 villages. Sakhipur has a population of 241665 and it has house hold 40278.Electricity demand for each family: • Three CFL bulb = 15(power rating of each bulb) ×3(no. of bulb) ×8(hours of operation) =

360Wh • Two Fan = 90(power rating of fan) ×2(no. of fan) ×6(hours of operation) = 1080Wh • One TV set (14” Colour) = 50(power rating of TV) ×1(no. of TV) ×2(hours of operation)

= 100Wh Peak Watt demand for each family (Wp) = 275W Peak Watt demand for total family(Wp)=40278 ×275=11.07MW Total demand of each family per day = 1540Wh/day = 1.54 KWh/day Electricity demand for total family=(40278 ×1.54)=62.02MWh/day

Showing load duration curve:

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Fig 3.34: Load duration curve

3.15 Cost-Benefit Analysis

The study based on cost-benefit analysis on data collected during my field trip to typical SHS projects in Sakhipur Upazila village of Tangail district. Assume lifetime of SHS and kerosene lamp are 20 years and 3 years respectively. Repair and maintenance cost for SHS and kerosene lamp are 500tk/yr and 120 tk/yr. battery life is 5 years and after five additional 10000 tk is needed to replace the battery for SHS. Number of family used 3 kerosene lamps for lighting. Each lamp consumes 6 liters kerosene per month. Assuming, Price of the kerosene at present market is 65 tk/liters. The price of SHS is 18000tk including installation charge, where the price of each kerosene lamp is 900tk only. Consider the discount factors at 10% interest. The fundamental principle of appraisal methods is to compare costs against benefits. Although the principle sounds simple but the analysis become somewhat difficult because of the fact that the costs and benefits are spread over a very long period of the time for solar home system, over a period of 25 years. The cost of the system has to be made up front. But the cost of replacement will be made some time in distant future, which makes the estimation difficult. But the more controversial issue is to estimate benefit or cost savings over a period of 25 years.

Cost of SHS Systems

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Normally 50~300 Wp systems are mostly used in the rural areas. The cost of a 50 Wp system was 23,600 BDT, whereas for a 85 Wp system, the cost was 44,800 BDT. the cost of SHSs with detail equipments provided by the POs. Battery, PV panel and charge controller are the three main components of the PV system. POs also provide structure for panel and battery, lamps and ballast, switch, switch board and necessary wires during the installation period. But, the owner or user had to buy other equipments if they need, such as, adapter, DC-DC converter for radio, cassette and mobile charger, etc. The breakdown of total cost of a 50 Wp system. The Battery and solar panel were found to be the main reasons of the high cost of the PV system. Solar panel contributed to 28%, whereas battery cost was around 30% of the total cost though most of the batteries were produced in Bangladesh. Three years after sale service and installation cost 13.50%, overhead cost 10%, cable, switches and others 7.50% and lamp shade 5% were the significant others costs. Except these, tube lights and steel structure for panel contributed 2% and 1% of total cost respectively. This break down of cost was also similar for 40 and 60 Wp system as price variation was not much. On the other hand, percentage of battery and panel cost was little bit higher for 80 and 85 Wp system. It was found that for 80 and 85 Wp battery and panel cost were 33% and 30% of the total cost respectively.

Table 3.5:Break down of cost of PV system in rural Bangladesh

3.16 Overview on Villages and Household Characteristics64

Before concentrating on energy issues and related socio-economic impacts, it is essential to draw a general picture of the situation and conditions within villages and households in focus of this investigation. The following paragraphs will present some basic information on the socio-economic context, problems and expectations of rural Bangladeshi households.Solar Home Systems to Produce Light

Fig 3.35: Solar Home Systems to Produce Load

Energy and EmissionEnergy Consumption and Corresponding Emission by a SHS:Energy requirement for various components of PV systems found 35 MJ/ Wp for multi crystalline PV module. Total energy requirement by a 50 Wp SHS are presented. As the PV systems in the studied case were aluminium framed modules, energy requirement for this has been calculated. According to the estimation of Alsema, 1 m2 of PV module requires 2.5 kg aluminium frame, which requires 500MJ of thermal energy . The area of 50Wp module is 0.45 m2 for multi crystalline (BP350). Based on this value, the energy requirement for aluminium frame in the studied area is 225 MJ. Batteries are one of the significant parts of stand-alone PV systems. Alsema suggests that the energy requirement range for lead-acid batteries is 25 to 50 MJ/kg. This value assumes 30 to 50% of lead recycling. The energy density of battery is typically 40Wh/kg, which gives 0.94 MJ/Wh. As the 50Wp PV system uses a 71Ah battery @ 12V (852Wh), the energy requirement becomes 800 MJ per battery.

Energy consumption for a SHS in its entire lifetime

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Energy requirements for charge controller were very difficult to find. As most of the sources mention about the energy requirement for grid connected PV systems, which do not use any charge controller (rather use inverters), this particular information was not available. Twedell mentions that the energy requirement for a 3 kW inverter is 2,105 MJ[19]. The energy requirement in this calculation was worked out from this figure based on the weight comparison. BP (2003a) gives the weight of a 1 kW inverter is 18.5 kg and Morningstar gives the weight of a 10 ampere charge controller is 0.23 kg [20]. Based on the liner algebra the energy requirement for 10 amps charge controller was calculated to be 9 MJ. Most of the households in the rural area have tin shed roof. Therefore, to fix the module a very simple and light weight steel frame is used, which is screwed between the module and the roof. The weight of this structure is about 2kg per system. Wheldon et.al notes the energy requirement for galvanized steel is 50 MJ/kg, which gives 100 MJ per system . Lamps, cables and fixtures, Installation, Transportation are not consider for analysis as energy consumption for these are very low. Total primary energy requirement for a 50Wp in its total life of 20 years as summarized in table 7 is 4593 MJ.As the all energy used in manufacturing and replacement of PV system is in the form of electricity, the total emission can be obtained very easily. Alsema noted that the emission from electricity generation is 0.055 kg CO2/MJ. This gives emission over 20 years from a 50Wp 253 kg.

Energy supplied and emission reduction by SHS

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Design of 50 Wp system allows 112 Wh/day (source: field visit) and this gives around 40.88 kWh per year that means 163.52 kWhth (11773 MJth) in 20 years. Energy payback can be calculated by the Eq.:

Kerosene is the main fuel for lighting in rural areas, which is used in “Hurricane” or “Kuppi”. Various sources have been consulted to get an estimate of the fuel used per household per month.An early study made by Cabraal shows that kerosene consumption of a household using wick lamps in Sri Lanka was 0.5 to 1 litre per day i.e. 15 to 30 litres per month. Traditional wick lamps (Kuppi and hurricane) used by the rural people of Bangladesh were tested at Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) to get the actual fuel consumption and the result show that the average fuel consumption per lamp was 0.042 lit/hour. Assuming an operating hour of 4 hours, the average kerosene saved by 50Wp systems were around 20.50 liter/month that means 4920 lit in 20 years.IPCC guide line suggests that CO2 emission from kerosene is 2.5 kg/liter [12]. According to a study in India, emission from kerosene lamp was 2.45 kg CO2/lit. But his value can vary with different types of lamps. The raditional lamps used by the rural people were tested at BCSIR. The average CO2 emission from traditional lamps used by the rural people in Bangladesh was 2.41 kg CO2/liter according to the test. Therefore, the total CO2 emission reduction will be 11604 kg in 20 years.

3.17 Recommendation of solar energy in BangladeshProviding electricity for meeting lighting needs of households and rural markets can bring several positive impacts including improvement of quality of life and increasing in income and employment opportunities. So, rural electrification through solar energy is a model to the users is that they are free from the responsibility of maintaining the system. The risk of the whole system has been avoided with the involvement of local community in management. Demonstration of solar energy system has been successful to create interest among the rural people and demand from other location also observed.

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CHAPTER 4HOMER SIMULATION

& RESULTS

Proposed System:

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The complete model of the proposed system consists of solar PV for generating scheme and converter for converting produced electric power form solar panel to the AC grid is shown in figure.

Figure 4.1: HOMER Implementation of off-grid Solar System

Solar PV Scheme:The solar radiation data in Tanggail is given below.Table 4.1: Baseline data used for global horizontal radiation[10].

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Figure 4.2: Solar resource

Optimized Result of the System:In HOMER, the optimized results could be categorized for a particular set of sensitivity parameters. The economically feasible system obtained from optimized simulation result is shown in following figure.

Figure 4.3: Optimized Result from HOMER

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Simulation Result For Solar Photovoltaic System:The simulation results obtained for Solar PV is given below in Table .

Table 4.2: PV scheme results

Electrical Result of the System:The production of electricity by the proposed system is given in figure.

Figure 4.4: Electrical Output from the System

The monthly average electric production of the solar system compromising of solar PV and Grid is represented in a graph given below in figure. which is obtained as a result after the simulation.

Figure 4.5: Monthly average electric Production (PV)

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Environmental Effect:Due to use of renewable energy the emission of harmful gases are also reduced. The reduction of gas emission is determined by HOMER software.

Pollutant Emissions(kg/yr)Carbon dioxide 363

Carbon monoxide 0Unbourned hydrocarbons 0

Particulate matter 0Sulfur dioxide 1.57

Nitrogen oxides 077

Figure 4.6: Environmental Pollutants

Simulation Result

Total Cost: 1,34,240 BDTTotal Generation per year (kWh): 920 kwhYearly Income(for 1kwh=12 BDT):

Energy generation per year(KWh) Income (in Taka)

920 11040

Payback Period Analysis Considering 1kW-hr= 12 takaTotal cost of the system= 134240 BDTAnnual income = 11040 BDTSo, payback period in year =

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cost of the systemannual income¿12 years

Revenue Total income in 25 years (minimum project life time) = 25×11040 =276000 BDT Total Revenue= Total income- Total cost of the system = (276000-134240) BDT =141760 BDT

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CHAPTER 5Summary & Conclusions

References

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[1] Limin Wang, Sushenjit Bandyopadhyay, Mac Cosgrove-Davies, and Hussain Samad, “Quantifying Carbon and Distributional Benefits of Solar Home System Programs in Bangladesh”[2] Jake-richardson, “480,000 New Solar Home Systems For Bangladesh”[3] “Solar Energy Revolution That Everyone’s Ignoring In Bangladesh”[4] Muhammad Riazul Hamid ,“Photovoltaic Based Solar Home Systems –Current State of Dissemination in Rural Areas of Bangladesh and Future Prospect.Vol. 2, Issue 2, February 2013[5] Training and capacity development and has created 45 “Grameen Technology Centers”.[6] Faisal Ahammed, “Applications of Solar PVOn Rural Development in Bangladesh.”[7] Md. Rezaul karim, “Solar Photovoltaic based Integrated Renewable energy system size and cost for a 100 kW Solar mini grid in Sandwip, Chittagong.”[8] S.M. Najmul Hoque, Barun Kumar Das “Analysis of Cost, Energy and CO2 Emission of Solar Home Systems in Bangladesh” Vol.3, No.2, 2013.[9] Rifat Abdullah Akhi and Mahzuba Islam “ Prospects of Solar home system in Bangladesh and a case study for tariff calculation” Vol. 7 No. 1 July 2014, pp. 273-282.[10] Sabbir Ahmed Khan & A K M Abdul Malek Azad “SOCIAL IMPACT OF SOLAR HOME SYSTEM IN RURAL BANGLADESH: A CASE STUDY OF RURAL ZONE”[11] Anik Deb, Dr. Mahmud Abdul Matin Bhuiyan, Arefin Nasir “Prospects of Solar Energy in Bangladesh” Volume 4, Issue 5 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 46-57[12] Ummay Habiba & Sohag Kumar Saha “Analysis of Solar Energy & the Solar Power Plants to Neutralize the Load-shedding Problem in Bangladesh” Vol. 1, No. 2, April 2013.[13] Md. Rezaul karim “Solar Photovoltaic based Integrated Renewable energy system size and cost for a 100 kW Solar mini grid in Sandwip, Chittagong” September, 2013.[14] Ummay Habiba & Sohag Kumar Saha “Analysis of Solar Energy & the Solar Power Plants to Neutralize the Load-shedding Problem in Bangladesh” Vol. 1, No. 2, April 2013.[15] Rabbani Rash-Ha Wahi and Nafiz Ul Ahsan “Feasibility Study of Solar Home System in Rural Areas of Bangladesh: Prospect, Progress and Challenges” 28-29 December 2012.[16] Abu Kowsar, Md. Sofikul Islam*, Kazi Rizwana Mehzabeen and Zahid Hasan Mahmood “Solar Energy to Meet the Energy Crisis in Bangladesh” Sept. 2010.[17] http://solarelectricityhandbook.com/solar-irradiance.html[18] Md. Rejwanur Rashid Mojumdar, Arif Md. Waliullah Bhuiyan, Hamza Kadir,

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Md. Nizamul Haque Shakil and Ahmed-Ur-Rahman “Design & Analysis of an Optimized Grid-tied PV System: Perspective Bangladesh”vol.3, No.4,August 2011.

[19] Hussain A. Samad,Shahidur R. Khandker,M. Asaduzzaman,Mohammad Yunus “Te Benefts of Solar Home Systems An Analysis from Bangladesh” December 2013

[20] Vince Lombardi “ A practical guide to solar power system design” Version 08.08.12

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