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Ch.ALTAF HUSAIN jhang,Pakistan

BONY FEATURES

ARTICULAR PROJECTIONS FEATURES EXAMPLE

Head Spherical articular projection Head of femur

Condyle Approximately cylindrical

articular mass

Medial & lateral femoral

condyles

Trochlea Pulley like articular mass Trochlea of distal humerus

Facet Relatively flat articular surface Articular facets between

carpal bones

Nonarticular

Projections

Process

General term for bony

projection

Spinous process or

transverse process ofvertebra

Tuberosity (Tuber) Relatively large nonarticular

projection

Deltoid tuberosity of

humerus and tuber sacrale ofpelvis

Tubercle(tuberculum) Smaller projection Greater and lesser tuberclesof humerus

Spine Pointed projection or ridge Nasal spine of palatine bone

and spine of scapula

Crest Sharp ridge Median sacral crest

Neck Cylindrical part of bone to

which a head is attached

Femoral neck

Line(linea) Small ridge or mark on bone Gluteal lines of ilium

Articular DepressionsFovea Small depression (may be

articular or not)Fovea capitis on head offemur

Glenoid Cavity Shallow articular concavity Glenoid cavity of scapula

Notch Indentation (may be articularor not)

Semilunar notch of ulna andalar notch of atlas

Nonarticular

Depressions

Fossa

Large nonarticular depression Supraspinous fossa of

scapulaForamen Circumscribed hole in bone Foramen magnum at base of

skull

Canal Tunnel through one or morebones

Vertebral canal throughlength of vertebral column

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NERVES OF BRACHIAL PLEXUS

Nerve Muscles Innervated Cutaneous Distribution

Suprascapular Supraspinatus & infraspinatus No sensory fibers

Pectoral Superficial, deep pectoral No sensory fibers

Subscapular Subscapularis No sensory fibers

Musculocutaneous Biceps brachial

Coracobrachialis

Brachialis

Medical aspect of

antebrachium, carpus,

craniomedial aspect ofmetacarpus

Axillary Teres minor et major Deltoid Shoulder region

Radial Triceps brachialAnconeus

Extensor carpi radialis

Common and lateral digitalextensors

Ulnaris lateralis

Extensor carpi obliquus

Supinator

Craniolateral aspectofantebrachium

Ulnar Flexor carpi ulnarisDeep digital flexor

Intrinsic mm of digit(When

present)

Caudal aspect ofantibrachium, craniolateral

aspect of Metacarpus,

pastern/foot

Medin Flexor carpi radialis

Superficial and deep digitalflexor pronator ters(When

present)

Caudal metacarpus,

pastern/foot

Thoracodorsal Latissimus dorsi No sensory fibers

Lateral thoracic Cutaneous trund No sensory fibers

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NERVE OF LUMBERACRAL PLEXUS

Nerve Muscles Innervated Cutaneous Distribution

Cranial gluteal Middle and deep gluteal No sensory fibers

Caudal gluteal Superficialgluteal

Parts of middle gluteal semitendinosus,

Biceps femoris in horse

No sensory fibers

Femoral SartoriusQuadriceps femorisIliopsoas

Medial aspect of thigh

Obturator Adductor

Gracilis

PectineusObturator externus

No sensory fibers

Sciatic Semitendinosus et semimenbranosusBiceps feoris

Obturator internus

Gemeili

Sensory fibers arise fromdistal branches (peroneal &

tibial nn)

Peroneal Tibialis cranialisExtensor digitorum longus et lateralis

Peroneus

Dorsal metatarsus andpastern/foot

Tibial Gastrocnemius

Flexor digitorum superficilis et

ProfundusTibialis caudalis

Popliteus

Caudal crus, plantar

metatarsus, pastern/foot

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CRANIAL NERVES

Number Name Type Arises Form Function and Distribution

1. Olfactory Sensory Olfactory

bulb

Olfaction (Smell); nasal

mucosa

2. Optic Sensory Diencephalon Vision; retina

3. Oculomotor Motor Midbrain Motor to extraocular eye

muscles; parasympatheticinnervation to iris sphincterand ciliary muscles

4. Trochlear Motor Midbrain Dorsal oblique muscle of

eye

5. Trigeminal Mixed Pons

Ophthalmic

division

Sensory Sensory to eye and dorsal

parts of head

Maxilary division Sensory Sensory to maxillary region,

nasal cavity, palates, upper

teethMandibulardivision

Mixed Sensory to tongue, lowerteeth and jaw; Motor to

muscles of mastication

6. Abducent Motor Medulla Lateral rectus and retractor

bulbi muscles of eye

7. Facial Mixed Medulla Sensory (taste)to rostral two-

thirds of tongue;

parasympathetic to salivaryand lacrimal glands; motor

to muscles of facial

expression8. Vestibulocochlear Sensory Medulla Hearing (cochlear division)

and sense ofacceleration(vestibular

division)

9. Glossopharyngeal Mixed Medulla Sensory(taste) to caudal

third of tongue;

parasympathetic to salivary

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glands; motor to pharyngealmuscles

10. Accessory Motor Medulla &Cervical

Spinal Cord

Motor to cervical, shouldermuscles(e.g. trapezius)

11. Hypoglossal Motor Medulla Muscles of tongue