bones. why study bones? dr. grant you have just found the remains of a velociraptor in the mountains...
TRANSCRIPT
BonesBones
Why Study bones?Why Study bones?
Dr. GrantDr. Grant• You have just found the remains of a
velociraptor in the mountains of Montana.
• After your exciting tropic weekend getaway to Jurassic Park you return to your research only to discover another find.
I’ve got a bone to pick with youI’ve got a bone to pick with you
Putting the pieces togetherPutting the pieces together
• Giant Sloth!!!
UsesUses
X-ray technology
Curiosity
Art?
Biomedical EngineeringBiomedical Engineering
• Replacement Parts– Knees– Hips– Shoulders
In respect to the whole organismIn respect to the whole organism
• While we study the bones here are some things to think about. – Consider how the bones relate to other
systems in the body and how their integration is essential to many organisms, including us.
• Muscular system• Respiratory system• Nervous system• Reproductive system• Circulatory system
JointsJoints
• Where bones do their networking.
• Various types of joints in us.
• Think about why given joint types occurs where they do in the body.– Fibrous (synarthrodial)– Cartilaginous (synchondroses and
sympheses)– Synovial (diarthrosis)
Fibrous Joints Fibrous Joints • This type of joint is held together by only a
ligament.
• Three subclasses– Sutures (join bones of the skull).– Syndesmosis (join long bones together).– Gomphosis (join tooth root to jaw bone).
• Bones in these joints are incapable of movement. – Ex: Teeth in sockets.
Cartilaginous jointsCartilaginous joints• Joined by cartilage, hence the name.
• Two subclasses. – Primary (synchondroses)
• Examples of these joints are the epiphyseal or growth plates at the ends of the long bones. These undergo ossification as we age.
– Secondary (symphyses)• In these joints, the surfaces of the bones to be
joined are each covered with a smooth layer of cartilage
Synovial JointsSynovial Joints• Most common• Five types
– Gliding- – Hinge- – Pivot/Saddle-– Condyloid– Ball and socket
• Allow for the most movement– the presence of lubricating synovial fluid within a
capsule located between the bones is responsible for this feature.
Synovial Joints (cont’d)Synovial Joints (cont’d)
• Gliding Joint– One bone “glides” over another bone.
• Ex: Carpals of the hand, tarsals of the ankle.
Synovial Joints (cont’d)Synovial Joints (cont’d)
• Hinge Joint– Bone surfaces are shaped in such a way that
their movement is only allowed in one directional plane.
• Ex: Elbow, knee.
Synovial Joints (cont’d)Synovial Joints (cont’d)
• Pivot/Saddle Joint– Here movement is also limited but instead to
rotational motion. • Ex: Between the carpals and metacarpals of the
hand.
Synovial Joints (cont’d)Synovial Joints (cont’d)
• Condyloid Joint– Allows for movement such as extension.
• Ex: The wrist joint.
Synovial Joints (cont’d)Synovial Joints (cont’d)
• Ball and Socket Joint– Provides the most movement. The distal
bone is capable of 360 degree rotation. • Ex: Pelvis joint, shoulder joint.
Things to PonderThings to Ponder• As we continue to study bones in depth
here are some things to consider.– Think about the shape of the bone’s ends
relative to joint type, just as doctor’s do in treatment and paleontologists do when attempting to complete a fossil and when biomedical engineers take a joints movement requirements when shaping a replacement part.
– Keep these things in mind during the knee replacement next week and think about the kinds of things the doctors need to know about joints in order to do the operation.