bones, muscles, joints and movement. anatomical position helps us to understand positions and...
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Bones, Muscles, Joints and Movement
Anatomical PositionHelps us to understand positions and spacial locations of certain parts
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
CarpalsMetacarpals
Phalanges
Pelvis
Sacrum
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
SkullClavicle
Sternum
Scapula
Ribs
Vertebrae
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
BonesCan you name all the bones??
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2
3
45
6
7
8
910
11
12
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21
Can you name all the muscles??
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2
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UPPER BODY - BACK
Trapezius: Neck muscle
Deltoid: Shoulder muscle
Tricep: Muscle at the back of the arm
Latissimus Dorsi: Wing (back) muscles
Flexor Carpi: Forearm muscles
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16
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UPPER BODY - FRONT
TrapeziusPectorals: Chest muscles
Abdominals: Core (trunk) muscles
Deltoid
Obliques: Side muscles
Extensor Carpi: Forearm muscles
Bicep: Muscles at front top of arm
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2
3
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LOWER BODY - BACK
Gluteus Maximus: Bottom muscles
Hamstrings: Back of the thigh
Gastrocnemius: Calf muscle
Soleus: Ankle muscle
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LOWER BODY - FRONT
Quadracep: Thigh muscle
Tibialis Anterior: Shin muscle
Illiopsoas: Hip muscle
Adductor: Inner Thigh muscle
SartoriusRectus FemorisVastus LateralisVastus Medialis
4567
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12
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14Soleus
MUSCLES
Abdominus Rectus
Types of Joints
• Immovable Joints (synarthrotic)• Joints that are fused for strength
• Slightly Movable Joints (amphiarthrosis)• Joints which bind bones together to make up the skeleton
with limited movement
• Freely Movable Joints (diarthrosis)• Joints which allow for movement• Also called Synovial Joints
Synovial Joints
Ligaments attach Bone to Bone
The Capsule surrounds the joint to prevent leakage
Cartilage protects bone ends from friction and acts as a shock absorber
Synovial Fluid lubricates the joint
Synovial Membrane seals the joint
Tendons attach Muscle to Bone
6 Basic Joints
How do we remember?Based on the different planes that a joint can
move through
1. Uniaxial – Joints that move in ONE direction
HINGE JOINT – moves back and forth
e.g Elbow, Knee
PIVOT JOINT – rotates around an axis
e.g Atlas and Axis
2. Biaxial – Joints that move in TWO directions
SADDLE JOINT – moves back and forth- moves side to sidee.g Thumb,
ELLIPSOIDAL JOINT– moves back and forth- moves side to sidee.g Metacarpophalangeal
Wrist
3. Triaxial – Joints that move in THREE directions
BALL AND SOCKET JOINT – moves back and forth- moves side to side- moves in a circlee.g Hip, Shoulder
GLIDING JOINT– slides back and forth- slides side to side- slides in a circle
*Very Small Movement*
Movement
FLEXION – to reduce the angle between the two bones
EXTENSION – to increase the angle between the two bones
HYPEREXTENSION – to increase the angle further than the normal position
Movement
ABDUCTION (ab, from)– To move away from the longitudinal axis of the body (normal standing position)
ADDUCTION (ad, to)– to move back toward the normal position
Movement
CIRCUMDUCTION – to draw a large circle
ROTATION – to turn around an axis. It may be:
- Left or Right- Inward or Outward
Specific Joint Movement
Spinal Column Movements
The vertebral column has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion and Rotation.
SHOULDER GIRDLE
The shoulder girdle has the following normal ranges of movement: Elevation, Depression, Adduction and Abduction.
SHOULDER JOINTThe shoulder joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction and Medial Rotation.
ELBOW JOINT
The elbow joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Pronation and Supination.
WRIST JOINTThe wrist joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction and Circumduction.
HIP JOINTThe hip joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, Medial Rotation and Lateral Rotation.
KNEE JOINTThe knee joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Flexion and Extension
ANKLE JOINTThe ankle joint has the following normal ranges of movement: Plantar Flexion, Dorsi Flexion, Inversion and Eversion.
Muscle Movements
• Muscles work in pairs to create movement• Prime muscles contract to exert forces which
in turn shift bones to perform movements.• This means prime movers contract (pull) on
bones while the opposite muscle relaxes• The prime movers are called Agonsists while
the opposite muscles are called Antagonists
Movements Take for example a bicep curl; the
bicep is the prime muscle mover
(agonist) needed to curl the arm. These
muscles shorten. The triceps are the opposite muscles (antagonists) that help stabilise the movement. These muscles lengthen.
What muscles cause these movements?
• BENCH PRESS
Pull Up (Chins)
Hip flexion
Hip Extension
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
Knee Flexion and Extension
HAMSTRINGS
QUADRICEPS
Elbow Flexion and Extension
BICEP
TRICEPS