bonds and bonding 1.ionic 2.covalent 3.metallic. electrons are transferred from one atom to another....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Bonds and bonding
1. Ionic
2. Covalent
3. Metallic
![Page 2: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
• Compounds are made.• Involves a metal and a nonmetal
– Metal : donates electron(s) so it becomes a positive ion (cation)
– Nonmetal receives electron and becomes a negative ion (anion)
– So...must have a cation and anion
![Page 3: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why do ions exist?
• Atoms want a full outer shell of valence electrons (8).
• Will gain or lose electrons to achieve this = Octet rule
• Then, positive and negative ion attract (bond)
![Page 4: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Alternating positive and negative ions form crystalline lattice structures
• The number and size of ion determines the shape of the crystal
![Page 7: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sodium chloride: NaCl
![Page 9: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Calcium fluoride: CaF2
![Page 10: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Quartz: SiO2
![Page 11: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Alum
![Page 12: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Properties of Ionic Compounds
All properties are a result of the arrangement of cation and anions.
1. Solid, crystalline
![Page 13: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
2. Hard and brittle– When stuck, the crystal will break along a
line of symmetry (fault line)
![Page 14: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
3. Extremely high melting and boiling points.
– Each molecule is strongly attracted to its neighboring molecule (strong intermolecular attraction)
![Page 15: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Remember…
• The bonds are not broken during melting and boiling. The molecules are separated from one another.
![Page 16: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4. Readily dissolves in water– The polar water molecule attracts and pulls
the cations and anions apart.
![Page 17: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
5. Non-conductive as a solid, but is conductive when dissolved in solution.
– Solid is neutral (cations and anions equal)– When dissolved exists as cations and
anions, which carry a charge.
![Page 18: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
What ions exist in our water supply?
• Iron– Causes rust spots, dingy clothes
• Copper from ground and pipes– Causes green residue
• Chlorine and fluorine added to city water• Bad heavy metals: mercury, arsenic,
lead
![Page 20: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
• Calcium—contributes to “hard water”– Scaling in showers, on cookware– Bathtub ring– Binds to soap and renders in inactive
• Won’t lather• Flat hair
![Page 21: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How do we “soften” hard water?
• Ion-exchange resin filter: sodium ions on resin beads are exchanged for calcium ions in hard water. Calcium “sticks” to bead.
![Page 23: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
• Electrons are shared between atoms
• Involves 2 or more nonmetals
• Want to fulfill the octet rule.
• Molecules are made.
• Properties are a result of bond type
• (Polar and nonpolar will be discussed later)
![Page 26: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
• When the repulsive forces are overcome, the atoms can bond.
![Page 28: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
• Energy is released when bonds are made, and when bonds are broken.
• This energy can be measured.– How? Heat released, light, etc.
• The same amount of energy that is required to make a bond is needed to break the bond.
–Energy in = Energy out
![Page 29: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Covalent bonds:
• Can be measured: Bond length is the distance between 2 nuclei.
![Page 30: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• Are flexible: vibrate like a slinky, so bond length is variable.
• The longer the bond length, the weaker the bond (lower energy).
• The shorter the bond, the stronger the bond (higher energy).
![Page 31: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Properties of covalent molecules.
1. Can be a solid, liquid, or gas.– The intermolecular attraction between
molecules is much weaker than ionic.• Gases: very weak intermolecular forces, so
molecules are spread apart
![Page 33: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
2. When struck, pulverizes or turns into a powder. Can also be soft.
![Page 35: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
3. Low melting and boiling points– Due to weak intermolecular forces.– Liquids are already melted at room temp.– Gases are already boiled at room temp.
![Page 36: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
4. Solubility in water is variable.
5. Generally not conductive as a solid, and not conductive when dissolved.
– Distilled water is NOT conductive
![Page 37: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
• Involve only metal atoms
• “Sea of electrons” hold adjacent atoms together, and contribute to the properties of metals.
![Page 39: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Properties of Metallic bonds
1. Shiny solids
2. Malleable (flattens out) and ductile (can be stretched into wires)
![Page 42: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
3. Pretty high melting points
4. Insoluble in water.
5. Highly conductive
![Page 43: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Polar covalent bonds:
• Have an uneven distribution of electrons/shared unevenly.
• Polar ends have a partial “charge”. More like a pull.
• Structure is bent.
![Page 44: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Nonpolar covalent bond:
• Even distribution of electrons between atoms.
• No partial charge.
• Structure is usually linear (straight).
![Page 45: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Using electronegativity values to predict bond type:
• Electronegativity: a measure of an atom’s tendency to attract electrons.
• Higher value = stronger pull.
• We use the difference between the electronegativity values of the atoms in a molecule.
![Page 46: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
• If the electronegativity difference is:• less than 0.5, then the bond is nonpolar covalent.• between 0.5 and 1.6, the bond is considered polar
covalent• greater than 2.0, then the bond is ionic.• between 1.6 and 2.0:
– if a metal is involved, then the bond is ionic. – If only nonmetals are involved, the bond is polar covalent.
![Page 48: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Examples:• Sodium chloride: NaCl
Na = .9 Fluorine = 3.1
• 3.1 - .9 = 2.2 ionic
• Nitrogen dioxide: NO2
N = 3.0 O = 3.4 difference = .2 nonpolar covalent
• Carbon dioxide: CO2
C = 2.5 O = 3.4 difference = .9
But….structure is overriding factor
![Page 49: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
So….
• The type of elements involved is the key determiner between ionic and covalent, and…
• The structure of the molecule is the overriding factor in determining polarity.
![Page 50: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
How do we know the shape?• Lewis dot structures
– Dots represent valence electrons.– Allow us to determine polarity.– Satisfies octet rule.
![Page 51: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Do some practice:
• H2S
• CH3OH
![Page 53: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Lewis dots with double bonds:
• Any unshared electrons will form a double or triple bond.
• Example: carbon dioxide
• Practice: C2H4
![Page 54: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Naming Covalent Compounds:
• Must specify how many of each element there is (unlike ionic compounds)
• Ionic: MgCl2 is magnesium chloride
• Covalent: CCl2 is carbon dichloride.
• Why?
![Page 55: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
How do we know whether it is an ionic or covalent
compound?
• Ionic is a metal and nonmetal
• Covalent is only nonmetals
![Page 56: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Naming covalent compounds:
• Say the first element, then the second, indicating how many of each element
• Second elements may have different wording
• i.e. sulfur is sulfide, oxygen is oxide
• Do not say “mono” for first element.
![Page 57: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Bonds and bonding 1.Ionic 2.Covalent 3.Metallic. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Compounds are made. Involves a metal and a nonmetal](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062315/56649cd75503460f9499f2f6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Examples:• SCl4 :
• Silicon tetrachloride
• CO :
• Carbon monoxide
• N2F5 :
• Dinitrogen pentafluoride
• CCl2F2
• Carbon dichloride difluoride