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02/01/2012 1 Bonding, structure and trends (periodicity) Bonding and structure revision Objec<ves • Draw and interpret dot and cross diagrams • Use VSEPR to predict the shapes of molecules • Describe covalent, ionic and metallic bonding • Describe structures of substances • Explain physical proper<es (MP, BP, conduc<vity etc based on structure and intermolecular forces). • Describe trends in physical proper<es

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Page 1: Bonding structure shapes - dls- · PDF fileBonding,%structure%and%trends% ... metal%caons %and%delocalised%electrons% % ... • Straightmolecules%can%approach%more%closely%

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Bonding,  structure  and  trends  (periodicity)  

Bonding  and  structure  revision  

Objec<ves  

•  Draw  and  interpret  dot  and  cross  diagrams  •  Use  VSEPR  to  predict  the  shapes  of  molecules  •  Describe  covalent,  ionic  and  metallic  bonding  •  Describe  structures  of  substances  •  Explain  physical  proper<es  (MP,  BP,  conduc<vity  etc  based  on  structure  and  intermolecular  forces).  

•  Describe  trends  in  physical  proper<es  

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Defini<ons  -­‐  LEARN  

Ionic  bonding  •  Electrosta<c  interac<on  between  oppositely  charged  ions  

Covalent  bonding  •  A  bond  between  two  atoms  involving  a  shared  pair  of  electrons  

Dot  and  cross  diagrams  -­‐  IONIC  

Remember:  •  Square  brackets  •  Charges  •  Transferred  electron(s)  •  Balanced  •  DO  NOT  show  sharing    

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Past  paper  ques<on  

Mark  scheme  

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Mark  scheme  

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Dot  and  cross  diagrams  -­‐  COVALENT  

Remember  •  Show  sharing  •  Overlap  or  touch  circles  •  Show  outer  electrons  –  easy  to  forget  for  halogens  

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Mark  scheme  

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Da<ve  covalent  bonds  

•  Both  shared  electrons  come  from  one  atom  •  Show  as  two  dots  or  two  crosses  together  •  Key  example  is  the  ammonium  ion    

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Mark  scheme  

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Metallic  bonding  

Defini<on:  Electrosta<c  aarac<on  between  metal  ca<ons  and  delocalised  electrons    Structure  is  giant  metallic    

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Shapes  of  molecules  

•  Electron  pairs  repel  ensuring  bonds  are  as  far  away  from  each  other  as  possible.  

•  Lone  pairs  repel  more  then  bonding  pairs    •  To  determine  shape/bond  angle  decide  how  many  bonding  pairs  and  how  many  lone  pairs  there  are  

 

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Shapes  of  molecules  -­‐  all  bonding  pairs  

Shapes  of  molecules  with  lone  pairs  

Common  examples  • Water    –  bent  2LP  •  SO2  –  bent  1LP  •  Ammonia  –  pyramidal  1LP  •  XeF4  –  square  planar  2LP  

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Mark  scheme  

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Structures  

Ionic  =  giant  ionic  lafce  Metallic  =  giant  metallic  lafce    Covalent  1.  Simple  molecular  2.  Simple  molecular  lafce  3.  Giant  covalent  structure  

Giant  ionic  lafce  

•  High  MP  and  BP  due  to  strong  ionic  bonding  •  Soluble  in  water  as  ions  can  become  solvated  •  Conducts  when  molten  or  dissolved  as  ions  can  move  

•  Examples  NaCl,  MgCl2.    

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Giant  metallic  lafce  

•  High  MP  and  BP  due  to  strong  metallic  bonding  -­‐  increases  along  a  period  (eg  Na,  Mg,  Al)  due  to  increasing  ca<onic  charge  and  more  delocalised  electrons    

•  Insoluble  in  water  •  Conducts  when  solid  or  liquid  due  to  delocalised  electrons  which  can  move  

Past  Paper  Ques<on  

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Simple  molecular  

•  Low  MP  and  BP  as  need  to  break  weak  intermolecular  forces  such  as  instantaneous  dipole-­‐induced  dipole,  permanent  dipole-­‐permanent  dipole  and  hydrogen  bonding  

•  Examples:  •  H2O,  CO2,  N2,  F2,  SF6    •  No  mobile  charge  carriers  (electrons  or  ions)  so  do  not  conduct  

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Giant  Covalent  Lafce  •  High  MP  and  BP  due  to  strong  covalent  bonds  •  Generally  do  not  conduct  (except  graphite*)  •  Insoluble    Examples:  Si,  C  (diamond,  graphite)      *Graphite  conducts  electricity  because  of  delocalised  electrons  between  it’s  layer  structure.  There  are  weak  intermolecular  forces  between  these  layers  which  is  why  graphite  is  sol  and  diamond  is  hard.  

[5]  

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Simple  molecular  lafce  

•  Low  MP  and  BP  as  need  to  break  weak  intermolecular  forces  such  as  instantaneous  dipole-­‐induced  dipole,  permanent  dipole-­‐permanent  dipole  and  hydrogen  bonding  

•  Examples:  I2,  H2O  (ice),  P4  •  Do  not  conduct  

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Intermolecular  forces  in  simple  covalent  structures  

These  are  the  forces  holding  molecules  together  in  simple  covalent  structures  /  molecules  /  monatomic  gases.    •  Permanent  dipole  –  permanent  dipole  •  Van  der  Waals    •  Hydrogen  Bonding  

Dipole  –  dipole  interac<ons  

• Molecules  such  as  HCl  have  a  permanent  dipole.    δ+  H-­‐Cl  δ-­‐  

•  This  means  that  the  molecules  will  aaract  each  other  

•  This  is  called  dipole-­‐dipole    

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Van  der  Waals  Forces  All atoms and molecules contain fast moving electrons.

At some point in time more electrons may be on one side of the molecule than the other causing instantaneous dipoles in the molecule

Imagine  a  molecule  which  has  a  INSTANTANEOUS  polarity  being  approached  by  one  which  happens  to  be  en<rely  non-­‐polar  just  at  that  moment    

This  sets  up  an  induced  dipole  in  the  approaching  molecule,  which  is  orientated  in  such  a  way  that  the  d+  end  of  one  is  aaracted  to  the  d  -­‐  end  of  the  other.  

INSTANTANEOUS DIPOLE INDUCED DIPOLE

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As you go down the group is that the number of electrons increases, and so also does the radius of the atom. "This makes the atom more polarisable and so the Van der Waals forces increase."This increases the boiling point."

helium -269°C

neon -246°C

argon -186°C

krypton -152°C

xenon -108°C

radon -62°C

Noble  gases  

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Mark  scheme  

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Molecular  mass  and  shape  

•  Heavier  molecules  contain  more  electrons  and  generally  have  stronger  Van  der  Waals  forces.  

•  Straight  molecules  can  approach  more  closely  than  branched  molecules.  This  means  the  Van  der  Waals  forces  are  stronger.  

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Past  paper  ques<on  

Mark  scheme  

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The  origin  of  hydrogen  bonding  To  have  a  hydrogen  bond  you  need:  1.  Hydrogen;  bonded  to  2.  Nitrogen,  oxygen  or  fluorine  (the  most  electronega<ve  

elements)  3.  At  least  1  lone  pair  on  the  N,  O  or  F.  

 

Copy  and  complete  

A  __________  is  a  strong  __________aarac<on  between  an  electron  deficient  _________  atom  on  one  molecule  and  a  __________of  electrons  on  a  highly  ___________  atom  on  a  different  molecule.    

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The  anomalous  proper<es  of  water  

•  Ice  has  a  lower  density  than  water  because  the  hydrogen  bonds  hold  the  structure  apart  in  an  open  lafce.  

•  Water  has  a  rela<vely  high  freezing  point  and  boiling  point  for  its  Mr  because  the  hydrogen  bonds  require  a  lot  of  energy  in  order  to  break  them.  

Drawing  hydrogen  bonds  

•  For  exam  ques<ons  it  is  really  important  to  draw  hydrogen  bonds  a  certain  way.  

•  Up  to  4  marks  could  be  available!    

H  

H  

H  H  O      

   

O          180°  

δ-­‐  

δ-­‐  

δ+  

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Mark  scheme  

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Proper<es  -­‐  Conduc<vity  

•  Conduc<vity  is  dependent  on  mobile  charge  carriers  

•  These  are  delocalised  electrons  in  metals  and  graphite  

•  In  ionic  solids  and  liquids  and  in  solu<on  the  charge  carriers  are  ions    

Past  paper  ques<on  

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Mark  scheme  

Past  paper  ques<on  

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Proper<es  –  high  MP  or  BP  

•  High  MP  or  BP  usually  associated  with  breaking  covalent,  ionic  or  metallic  bonds  

•  ie  to  melt  a  giant  covalent  structure,  giant  ionic  lafce  or  giant  metallic  lafce  

•  This  requires  a  large  amount  of  energy  

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Past  paper  ques<on  

Mark  scheme  

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Proper<es  –  high  MP  or  BP  

•  Some<mes  this  is  contras<ng  Van  der  Waals  with  hydrogen  bonding  

•  In  water  for  example  the  boiling  point  is  higher  than  would  be  expected  for  Van  der  Waals  alone.  

Proper<es  –  low  MP  or  BP  

•  This  is  usually  associated  with  simple  molecular  covalent  substances  or  simple  molecular  lafces  or  monatomic  gases  

•  Eg  water,  SF6,  N2,  I2,  H2,  Ne,  Ar  

•  It  requires  breaking  only  weak  intermolecular  forces  such  as  Van  der  Waals  or  permanent  dipole  -­‐  permanent  dipole  or  hydrogen  bonds  

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[6]  

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Electronega<vity  

Electronega<vity  is  a  measure  of  the  aarac<on  of  a  bonded  atom  for  the  pair  of  electrons  in  a  covalent  bond.      Electronega<vity  is  measure  on  the  Pauling  scale        

Bond  polarity  

When  two  atoms  of  differing  electronega<vity  are  bonded  together  the  electrons  are  drawn  towards  the  atom  with  the  higher  electronega<vity.    A  permanent  dipole  is  a  small  charge  difference  across  a  bond  that  results  from  a  difference  in  the  electronega<vi<es  of  the  bonded    atoms.    A  polar  covalent  bond  has  a  permanent  dipole  

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Predict  the  polarity  -­‐  AfL  

•  Draw  the  dipole(s)  for  the  following  molecules.  •  Eg  water    

•  Ammonia  •  Hydrogen  chloride  •  Carbon  tetrafluoride  •  Di-­‐chloro,  di-­‐fluoro  methane  

Is  the  molecule  polar?  

•  For  molecules  that  are  symmetrical,  the  dipoles  of  any  bonds  within  the  molecule  may  cancel  out.  

•  For  example  CCl4  or  CBr2CBr2.  • We  can  say  that  the  centre  of  posi<ve  charge  is  in  the  same  place  as  the  centre  of  nega<ve  charge.  

• Where  the  dipoles  do  not  cancel  out  the  molecule  has  an  area  of  par<ally  posi<ve  and  an  area  of  par<ally  nega<ve  charge.  

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Past  paper  ques<on  

Mark  scheme  

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Past  paper  ques<on  

Mark  scheme  

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Who  discovered  the  periodic  table?    Mendeleev  was  the  first  to  publish  (in  1869)    a  version  of  the  Table  that  we  would  recognise  today  …    …but  does  he  deserve  all  the  credit?    

Other  key  figures  include:    John  Newlands  (1  March  1865),  Lothar  Mayer  (1868)    Alexandre-­‐Emile  Béguyer  de  Chancourtois  (1862)  

•  In  the  modern  periodic  table  elements  are  arranged  in  order  of  their  atomic  number.  

•  Each  horizontal  row  is  called  a  period.  

•  Each  ver<cal  column  is  called  a  group.  

Structure  of  the  periodic  table  

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 Periods  (horizontal)  Elements  show  gradual  changes  in  proper<es  across  a  period.  These  trends  are  repeated  for  each  period.  This  is  called  PERIODICITY    Groups  (ver<cal)  Elements  in  a  group  have  similar  chemical  proper<es.    

Periods  and  groups  

Past  paper  ques<on  

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Mark  scheme  

Past  paper  ques<on  

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Mark  scheme