bohs_occupational health_ ergonomics
TRANSCRIPT
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BOHSBOHSBOHSBOHS----SeriesSeriesSeriesSeries
Ergonomics Training Module
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
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What is Ergonomics?
Ergo = nomics =
“work” “laws or rules ”
Ergonomics = “the laws of work”
OSHA defines ergonomics as: “thescience of designing the job to fit theworker, instead of forcing the worker to fitthe job”.
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“The science of Ergonomics is a body of knowledge about
human abilities, human limitations and human
characteristics that are relevant to design.”
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Goals Of Ergonomics
�Provide a safe and healthful workingenvironment engineered to the capabilitiesof the human body
�Increase efficiency and productivity byreducing fatigue.
�Prevention of Occupational injury & illness.
�Work quality improvement.
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Rules Of Ergonomics
• Straight Back Rule
• Belly Button Rule
• Swinging Arm Rule
• Straight Wrist Rule
• Straight Eye Rule
• Skin Rule
• No Brain Machine Rule
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Methodology To Achieve The Goals
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Improving Workplace
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Awkward postures
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PosturePosture
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There are no “right” or
“correct” ways to sit, stand or
lift....
However, there are more and
less demanding ways!
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Good posture is a great
'tool'
to help in prevention of pain.
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Relationship Between User, Keyboard, Monitor And Mouse
Typical Work Situation
Mouse
Keyboard
Body
Graphic Representation
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Risk Factors
ForceForceForceForce Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Posture Posture Posture Posture Pain Pain Pain Pain
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What Should I Look For?
Awkward postures
Repetition
Force
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Why Ergonomics?
Employee Concerns
�Comfort
�Fatigue
� Injuries
�Job satisfaction
�Decreased boredom
�Decreased stress
�Reasonable workloads
Employer Concerns
�Worker’s comp costs
�Productivity
�Errors
�Products
�Profit
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Poor Ergonomic Design
o Decreased efficiency
o Decreased productivity
o Errors
o Turnover
o Absenteeism
o Job avoidance
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What Can Ergonomics Do?
�↓ discomfort
�↓ accidents and injuries
�↑ accuracy
�↑ efficiency
�↑ satisfaction
�↑ job retention
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How Do I Start?
Identify problems
�Complaints of discomfort
�Symptom surveys
�Near misses
�Accidents
�Injuries
�Errors
�High turnover
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How Do I Make a Quick Impact?
Reduce lifting
�Lifting equipment
�Job redesign
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Tool Use Example
Working with bent wrists decreases grip strength
Use tools that let you keep your wrist straight
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OFFICE ERGONOMICS
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Office Comprises
�Chair
�Table
�Computer
�Other items like- files, phone, etc.
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Chair Adjustment
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Seven Contact Points
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Good chair should have—
� Adjustability of height
� Backrest
� Seat depth
� Adjustable arm rest
� Stability.
Chair
Cont.-
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Adjustment Of Chair
Adjustment of chair height Adjustment of arm rest
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Adjustment Of Chair- Cont.
Thigh measures Lower back support
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KeyboardAdjustment
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Key Board Adjustment
� Pull up close to your keyboard& Position IT directly in frontof you.
� Determine what section of thekeyboard you use mostfrequently, and readjust thekeyboard accordingly.
� Adjust the keyboard height sothat your shoulders arerelaxed, your elbows are in aslightly open position (100° to110°), and your wrists andhands are straight.
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Key Board Trays
� Best height for keyboard is generally –at elbow height or lower.
� Tray should hold keyboard as well as mouse.
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Computer Mouse
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Generally while using the mouse, person
stretching the arm outwards and forwards to hold
it there with unsupported forearm as long as they
are using the mouse.
Computer Mouse Hazardous
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Computer Mouse Hazardous
This posture caused Pain –
� on top of the hand,
� around the wrist
� Along the forearm and elbow
� Numbness and tingling in the thumb & indexfinger
� May develop the carpel tunnel syndrome
� Soreness and fatigue by putting extra load on themuscles of upper back & shoulder
Cont.-
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Correct Method Of Using Mouse
� Don't squeeze it.
� Hold it loosely in your hand with a relaxed
grip.
� Keep your fingers relaxed.
� Keep your wrist straight.
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Monitor Adjustment
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Position Of Monitor
� Viewing angle- degree above or below an imaginaryhorizontal line at the level of viewer’s eyes & center of
the object being looked at. place the monitor at about 15degrees below the horizontal line.
� Poor angle leads to postural (neck & shoulders)discomfort .
� Position the top of the screen should be at eye level orslightly lower. (If you wear bifocals, lower the monitor to a
comfortable reading level.)
� Centre the monitor directly in front of you, above yourkeyboard.
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Viewing distance
Sit at least an arm's length away from the screen and then adjust the distance for your vision
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Monitor, Document, and Telephone
� Incorrect positioning of the screen and documentscan result in awkward postures.
� Look for glares and reduce it.
� Place the documents directly in front , between the monitor and the keyboard.
� Place your telephone within easy reach. Use headsets and speaker phone to eliminate cradling the handset.
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Incorrect Method of Using Computer
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Correct Method of Using Computer
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Manual Ergonomics
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Manual handling includes• Lifting
• Throwing
• Pushing
• Pulling
• Carrying
• Moving
• Holding
• Repetitive tasks such as :
• –packing, typing, assembling,
• cleaning, sorting, operating machinery and equipment
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Anatomy of Back & Back Injuries
Knowing what
causes back injuries
can help you prevent
them.
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Manual Materials Handling
� Golden rule
• Eliminate lifts
� When you can’t
• Keep it off the floor
• Reduce lifts
o Conveyors
o Adjust work flow
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Making a Difference
If they have to lift, teach them how!
� High risk groups first
� Then campus-wide
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How Should You Lift?
Stoop
Squat
Semi-squat
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Stoop
� Can get close to load
� Less effort and energy
than squatting
� Fast
….but it increases strain on
low back
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Squat
Limits strain on low back
….but it is difficult to keep
load close
….requires increased effort
and energy
….and it is inefficient
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Semi-Squat Lift
� Less work
� Preferred for lifting
heavy objects on
occasional basis
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Squat and Semi-Squat Lifts
� More protective of back
� Preferred by injured workers
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Not Preferred Position
Preferred Position
Preferred / Not Preferred Position
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MUSCULO SKELETAL DISORDERS MUSCULO SKELETAL DISORDERS MUSCULO SKELETAL DISORDERS MUSCULO SKELETAL DISORDERS
(WMSDS)(WMSDS)(WMSDS)(WMSDS)
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Musculo Skeletal Disorders
Also known as:
� Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
� Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSIs)
� Overuse injuries
� Soft tissue injuries
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Causes MSDsRisk Factors
� Awkward Postures
� High Hand Force
� Repetitive Motions
� Repeated Impacts
� Heavy, Frequent, or Awkward Lifting
� Moderate to High Vibration
=
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Risk of injury depends upon:
Duration of exposure (how long)
Frequency of exposure (how often)
Intensity of exposure (how much)
Combinations of risk factors
Risk Factors
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How Do MSDs Affect the Body?
ForceForceForceForce Repetition Repetition Repetition Repetition Posture Posture Posture Posture Pain Pain Pain Pain
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Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)
� Carpal tunnel
syndrome
� Epicondylitis
(Tennis elbow)
� Synovitis
� Muscle strains
� Raynaud's
phenomenon
� Sciatica
� Rotator cuff tendonitis
� De Quervains' disease
� Trigger finger
� Low back pain
� Disc Herniation
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Symptoms of MSDs
� Discomfort
� Pain
� Numbness
� Tingling
� Burning
� Swelling
� Change in color
� Tightness, loss of flexibility
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Stages of Progression
• Early Stage-The body aches and feels tired at work,but symptoms disappear during time away from work.
The injury will heal completely if dealt with properly atthis early stage.
• Intermediate Stage-The injured area aches andfeels weak near start of work. Work is more difficult todo. The injury will still heal completely if dealt with
properly.
• Late Stage-The injured area aches and feels weakeven at rest. Sleep is affected. Even light duties arevery difficult.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Causes-
– swelling of flexor tendons due to repeated exertions.
– Repeated or prolonged forceful exertions of the hand combined with wrist flexion.
– Repeated or prolonged non-neutral wrist postures.
– Blunt Trauma.
– Rheumatoid arthritis and other connective tissue disorders.
– Endocrine disorders: myxedema, acromegaly, diabetes, pregnancy.
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Tennis ElbowThis is caused by prolonged
gripping activities such as-
• hammering
• driving screws
• weight lifting
• playing certain musical instruments
• digging in the garden
• driving
• racquet sports etc.
The pain is exacerbated by gripping activities like turning a door handle can cause intense pain.
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Stages Of Cervical Disc Herniation
1.Poor posture, incorrect and/or repetitive lifting or twisting can place
additional stress on spines.
2.Aging.
3.Trauma.
4.Lifestyle - Lack of regular exercise, tobacco use substantially contribute to poor disc health.
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Back Pain
Compression
InjuryTension
InjuryShearing
Forces
Torsion Forces Acting
On A Vertebra
forward
bending of the spine,
Twisting movements
of the spine
Overstretching
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Common causes of back-pain
• Accidents and injuries
• Twist and sprains
• Improper working postures
• Lifting heavy weights
• Prolonged working in same posture
• Fatigue and tiredness
• Infections and diseases
• Pregnancy
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Prevention & Control of Ergonomic Risk Conditions
�Engineering controls
�Work practice controls
�Administrative controls
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Eye Strain While Working On VDT
Experienced as –
� Burning
� Tightness
� Sharp or dull pains
� Watering
� Blurring
� Double vision
� Headache etc.
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� Glare– light source shining directly into the eyes e.g.
ceiling lights, bright. windows etc.
� The luminance (brightness) difference between what is
being looked at and its immediate environment
� The distance between the eye and screen and document
� The readability of screen and document
� The workers vision and his or her corrective lenses
Eye Strain While Working On VDTFactors-
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Prevention Of Eye Strain
� Watch out for glare .
� Follow “20/20/20 rule” means every twenty minutes, look
twenty feet away for twenty seconds.
� It may be due to dryness of eyes. Lowering the monitor.
looking downward– more of eye surface will be covered by
the eyelids and eyes blinks more leads more lubrication.
� Keep the proper distance and angle between eyes and
monitor.
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Peoples who needs bifocal glass often experiences sore neck and shoulder because they have to tip their heads
back to see the computer screen. Other options for them like—
� Progressive addition lenses (PAL)– For persons working long hours with computers the PAL is the choice.
� Wearing contact lenses
Prevention Of Eye Strain Cont.-
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What you can do?
• Recognize and report symptoms
• Get involved in ergonomics
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Symptom Recognition and Reporting
Report symptoms if:
� Pain is persistent, severe or worsening
� Pain radiates
� Symptoms include numbness or tingling
� Symptoms keep you from sleeping at
night
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Key Points To Remember
� Ergonomics can help you on your job
� MSDs can happen in jobs with risk factors
� Risk factors can be reduced and MSDs
prevented
� Reporting symptoms early is important
� You can help your company put ergonomics
changes into place
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Thumb Rules To Prevent MSDS
� Use moderate postures for individual joints
� Don’t use too much force
� Break for 4-5 min. for every hour spent at workstation to
ease muscle aches, eye strain & stress. Vary the tasks.
Break up the keyboard task work by doing other job.
� Look away from the screen & focus your eyes on an object
far away time to time.
� Relax your muscles, stretch & change position.
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Ergonomic Ergonomic Ergonomic Ergonomic
ExerciseExerciseExerciseExercise
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Reason For Stretch At Work
�Reduce muscle tension & stress, increase
alertness, improve circulation and productivity.
�Reduction in day to day tiredness.
�To feel better
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Stretch At Work
�Stretches must be performed slowly and carefully. They
shouldn’t be painful. If they are painful, stop and consult
doctor.
�Make slow movements- avoid rapid or jerky movements.
�Hold the stretch for at least 5-7 seconds.
�Stretch frequently, especially when sitting or in other
constrained environments.
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Schedule -Each exercise 3 times
1. Preparations:- Remove shoes. Take out mobiles spectacles, pen,
diary etc
2. Neck movement � (a) Bending backwards (b) Rotate left – center –right (c) Bend sideways
3. Neck exercise � push – counter push by both hands.
4. Eyes � (a) Squeezing 10 times (b) Palming
5. Shoulders � (a) Up / down (b) Rotate clock-wise (c) Rotate anti-clockwise
6. Palm pressure & Fist Rotation
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Schedule -Each exercise 3 times
7. Namaskar (Front) pose + movement up/down
9. Executive stretch
11.Calf muscle stretch
12.Thigh muscle stretch
13.Walking on heels & toes
Executive stretch
Calf muscle stretch
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Thank youHave a Nice Day