bogotá and its public space - active living research · alr conference 2005 bogotá and its public...

Bogotá and its public space:A case of Evolution, Revolution or Confusion?

ALR CONFERENCE 2005 – San Diego

MARIO NORIEGAFEBRUARY 2005

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario NoriegaALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega

1. The Transformation 2. The Context / Precedents 3. Funding 4. Acceptance of the changes5. Leadership6. The Future: Challenges7. Lessons

Contents


1. First phase (42 km) of TransMilenio-Public Transportation System

2. More than 200 km of Bike-paths3. “...the longest pedestrian street in the world”4. Pedestrian streets: Avenida Jiménez5. More than 300 small parks6. Big new parks: Tercer Milenio, San Victorino,

Renacimiento…7. Hundreds of kilometers of sidewalks 8. Three mega-public libraries 9. Public schools with the ‘highest’ standards (23)10. More than 100,000 trees planted 11. Car-free day (once a year) 12. Etc…

1. The Transformation: 1998-2000


•TransMilenioPublic Transportation System

Typical profile

Phase I (2001 - 2003) 42.4 KmPhase II (2002 - 2005) 42 KmSupport Routes 386 km

80 StreetJiménez Avenue

Autonorte Highway


• TransMilenio Before After


• Bike-Paths


• Parks: San Victorino ( Urban Renewal)


San Victorino


Tercer Milenio Park


El Renacimiento Park


• Promenades (Alamedas)


Alameda El Porvenir


Alameda Florida Juan Amarillo


Pedestrian Street: Avenida Jiménez

Before After


SidewalksBefore After


Sidewalks

Other Projects:

Usme

N

0 5Km2,51

Public Schools

VirgilioBarco

Public libraries:•Virgilio Barco•El Tintal•El Tunal

El Tunal

El Tintal

Low cost housing


2. The Context / Precedents:Bogotá, Colombia, South America


11 %

• Social Situation*Extreme poverty: households


Madrid, NY, Bogotá: Area, PIB (GDP), Population

POPULATION (MILLIONS HAB)

MADRID 2000

BOGOTÁ 2000

BOGOTÁ-CUNDINAMARCA 2000

19,7 8295.0 916,5 21

8,7 23

NEW YORK 2000

900000

500000

100000

NY

Mad

ridB

ogot

áSa

bana

C/c

a

• Comparison / Economy:

GDP (BILLIONS $US)


Densidad altaDensidad media y bajaÁrea de influencia del conflicto

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

LA MESA

SOACHA

VILLETA

PACHO

CAQUEZA

MEDINA

UBATE

GACHETA

CHOCONTA

*

COTA

TABIO

GUATAQUI

NARIÑO

TIBACUY

EL COLEGIO

CACHIPAY

ANOLAIMA

RICAURTENILO

CABRERA

VENECIA

PANDI

JERUSALEN

AGUA DE DIOS

TOCAIMA

PULI

VIOTA

ANAPOIMA

APULO

QUIPILE

ARBELAEZ

SAN BERNARDO

PASCA

SIBATE

MOSQUERA

MADRID

SILVANIA

TEQUENDAMASAN ANTONIO

TENA

ZIPACONBOJACA

FUNZA

ALBAN

SASAIMA

VIANI

BELTRAN

DE SIQUIMAGUAYABAL

BITUIMA

CHAGUANI

NEGRAQUEBRADA

UTICA

CAPARRAPI

SAN FRANCISCO

NOCAIMA

VERGARA

NIMAIMA

LA VEGASUBACHOQUE

TENJO

SUPATA

EL PEÑONLA PEÑA

LA PALMATOPAIPI

YACOPI

VILLAGOMEZ

PAIME

FOSCA

GUTIERREZ

QUETAME

GUAYABETAL

CHOACHI

CHIPAQUE

UNE

UBAQUE

LA CALERA

FOMEQUE

GAMA

GACHALA

UBALAMAMBITA

PARATEBUENO

CUCUNUBA

CAJICA

SOPO

COGUA

GUATAVITA

GUASCA

TOCANCIPA

GACHANCIPA

NEMOCON

SESQUILE

SUESCA

SAN CAYETANO

SUTATAUSA

TAUSA

CARUPACARMEN DE

SIMIJACA

FUQUENE

SUSA

MANTA

MACHETA

JUNIN

TIBIRITA

VILLAPINZON

LENGUAZAQUE

GUACHETA

GRANADA

EL ROSALDE RIOSECO

SAN JUAN

VILLAVICENCIO

TUNJA

HONDA

PUERTO SALGAR

GIRARDOT

22

42

52

55

25

51

53

54

Frentes de las FARC – EP1995 - 2001

Ibagué

• WarfareSettlements, Infrastructure and Armed Conflict

Bogotá

Major Infrastructure

Guerrilla Fronts

IV. Other Projects

III. Parks / Promenades / Sidewalks / Pedestrian Streets

II. Bike Paths

I. Public Transportation 11 years: Subway vs. Buses

Relocation of Street Vendors

*Themes / Projects 19

8219

8319

8419

8519

8619

8719

8819

8919

9019

9119

9219

9319

9419

9519

9619

9719

9819

9920

0020

0120

0220

0320

0420

0520

0620

07

Luis

E. G

arzó

n

Aug

usto

Ram

írez

His

nard

oA

rdila

D. P

ardo

/ R. S

ubirí

a

Jaim

e C

astr

o

J. M

. Cai

cedo

/ S.

Dur

án

And

rés

Past

rana

Julio

C. S

ánch

ez

A.

Moc

kus

E. P

eñal

osa

A. M

ocku

s /

P. B

rom

berg

TransformationElected Majors

Precedents

• Precedents: Institutional + Cultural + Technical

29 years: Sunday Exclusive Bike-lanes

47 years : Luis Angel Arango Public Library

Institutional Reorganization

(finances)

Civic Culture

(planning)


• Precedents: Cultural Ciclovías: Sunday exclusive bike-lanes (since 1976)

P. Olaya Herrera


• Civic Culture for Traffic Control


• Social experiments* ‘Pico y Placa’ (daily car restriction)* Day without private cars (once a year)* All night pedestrian lanes (once a year)* ‘Carrot hour’ / (daily alcohol control)* Only women night * Voluntary disarmament


Reducción tasa de homicidios

2890

33523385 3363 3303

28142482 2477

2238

4452

1993

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

1.991 1.992 1.993 1.994 1.995 1.996 1.997 1.998 1.999 2.000 2.001años

hom

icid

ios

• Culture: Reduction of Homicides

Mockus PeñalosaMockus/BrombergJ. Castro

The Transformation


• Precedents: Private Sector Participation93 rd. Street Park (90’s)

* Construction / Maintenance

ALR Conference 2005 Bogotá and its public space: A case of Revolution, Evolution, or Confusion? Mario Noriega

INGRESOS ADM CENTRAL 1990 2004

Ingresos Corrientes

Transferencias

Rec. Capital

Descapitalización . EEB

3. Funding

The Transformation

MockusPeñalosaMockus/BrombergJ. Castro


• Precedents: Technical Issues Subway Vs Buses: from 70’s to 1998

JICA Projects: 1996-2020

Transmilenio 2016

JICA Bus System (1997)


4. Acceptance of the Changes Second Phase: Confusion…

•Social situation•Competitiveness•Maintenance •Construction problems•Under-use•Over-use


•“… our goal is not to generate as much income as possible , but to generate as much happiness as possible …”

•“…on the sidewalks or the bike lanes you can find the president of the company and the cleaning lady encounter as equals; there is not hierarchy there … ”

E. Peñalosa

4. Acceptance of the Changes First Phase: Exhilaration

•Social situation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000$ -

$ 500.000,00

$ 1.000.000,00

$ 1.500.000,00

$ 2.000.000,00

$ 2.500.000,00

$ 3.000.000,00

$ 3.500.000,00

Inversion(91) % Pob Pobre % Pob en miseria

Investment

Poverty

Indigence

Enfoque socialInversión social vs. línea de pobreza y miseria

Transformation

PeñalosaMockus/BrombergJ. Castro


FUENTE:Revista América Economía. Mayo 2003

CIUDADES 2001

2002

rank

ig

123456789

1011121314151617181920

MIAMI

BOGOTÁ

2003

FUENTE:Revista América Economía. Mayo 2003

BarranquillaCaracas

6.1 - 20.1

1.1 - 2.5

POBLACIÓN EN MILLONES DE HABITANTES

416

3

2

109

819

13

181

617

12

5

2011

147

Quito

Buenaventura

Based on:•Cost of life•Criminality rate•Internet availability•Cost of mailing FEDEX•Time of creation of businesses/enterprises

15

Bogotá

•International Context/Competitiveness


• Maintenance


•Construction Problems


•Under-used facilities (4% trips)


•Over-used facilities (Street Vendors)


•Political campaign: 2003


5. Leadership

a. Sequence of Majors:*. The Reformer*. The Civic Leader 1*. The Constructor*. The Civic Leader 2

b. Political Campaign: 2003


• Continuity :

*. Priorities: NO more money for ‘spectacular’ projects

• Social Crisis

*. Food & Education & Jobs

*. City- Region:Warfare, Migration, Productivity, Competitiveness (Exports)

6. The Future: Challenges


1. Sustainability:

• Civic Culture vs. Infrastructure (Context: Limited Resources)

• Community Participation (Process) vs. Immediate Results

2. Equilibrium:

7. Lessons for ‘Active Cities’(In Developing Countries)

Economic Issues Social Issues


Sources:

Photos, Graphics and Data:

• Bogotá comparte sus aprendizajes, Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá, 2001-2003 (CD).

• Photos: DAPD, IDRD, IDU.• Plan de Desarrollo, Bogotá 2004-2008, Bogotá sin

Indiferencia (CD)• Web sites:

porelpaisquequeremos.com/penalosa/presidente.asp/ pps.org/info/placemakingtools/placemakers/epenalosabicibogota.comcicloruta.comestrellasnegras.comtransmilenio.com

• Center for Latin American Studies, UC Berkeley –Enrique Peñalosa "Towards a More Socially and Environmentally SustainableThird World City". April 8, 2002. Mr. Peñalosa speaks ... www.clas.berkeley.edu:7001/Events/ spring2002/04-08-02-penalosa/analysis.html

• www.regionbogotacundinamarca.org• M.Noriega

bogotá and its public space - active living research · alr conference 2005 bogotá and its public...

Documents