BODY FLUIDSIMPORTANCE IN

HEALTH&

DISEASE

BODY FLUIDS

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

Fluid contained inside the cells. Most of this cytosol, matrix in which cellular organelles are suspended.

The interstitial, intravascular and transcellular compartments.

Measurement of Fluid Volumes

METHOD USED:- INDICATOR DILUTION

Indicator Mass B= Volume B x Concentration B

Volume B= Indicator Mass B / Concentration B

Indicator Mass A= Volume A x Concentration

A Indicator Mass A=Indicator Mass B

FORMULA USED Volume B= Volume A x Concentration A

Concentration B

Ideal IndicatorDisperses evenly throughout the compartment

Disperses only in the compartment being measured

Indicator not metabolized or excreted during the process

Can be easily & accurately measured

Non toxic in nature

DETERMINATION OF VOLUMES OF SPECIFIC BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

VOLUME INDICATORS

Total body water

Extracellular fluid

Intracellular Fluid

Plasma Volume

Blood Volume

Interstitial fluid

3H2O, 2H2O, Antipyrine

22Na, 125I-iothalamate, thiosulfate, inulin(Calculated as total body water- Extracellular fluid volume)125I-albumin, Evans Blue dye (T-1824)51Cr-labeled red blood cells or calculated as blood volume=Plasma volume/(1-Hematocrit)(Calculated as ECF volume-Plasma volume)

Total body water -Extracellular volumeECF Volume –Plasma Volume

Plasma Volume1 - Hematocrit

Types of Solutions TYPES OF SOLUTIONS

Hyperosmotic solutions

Have higher

osmolarity than the cell

Isosmotic Solutions Osmolarity

same as the cell

Hypoosmotic Solutions

Have lower osmolarity than

the cell

ABNORMALITIES IN VOLUME & CONCENTRATION OF BODY FLUIDS

Abnormalities

Dehydration

Overhydration

Sodium Balance

DEHYDRATIONDehydration occurs when water intake is insufficient to replace free water lost due to normal physiologic processes (e.g. breathing or urination) and other causes (e.g. diarrhea or vomiting).

Iso-osmotic contractionWater loss due to • Diarrhoea• Vomiting• Haemorrhag

e• Burns &• Ascites

Hyperosmotic contractionWater loss due to• Decreased

water intake• Excessive

sweating• Diabetes(m

elittus & inspidus)

Hypo-osmotic contractionWater loss due to

• Loss of NaCl or hypertonic fluid from the body

• Adrenocotical insufficiency

• (Addisson’s disease)

OVERHYDRATIONOverhydration is an excess of water in the body. People can develop overhydration if they have a disorder that decreases the body's ability to excrete water or increases the body's tendency to retain water. Drinking too much water rarely causes overhydration because normal kidneys easily excrete excess water.

Iso-osmotic expansionWater caused• Infusion of

isotonic fluids(0.9% NaCl)

Hyper-osmotic ExpansionWater caused by• Administrati

on of excessive amount of hypertonic saline

Hypo-osmotic ExpansionWater caused by• SIADH(syndr

ome of inappropriate ADH secretion)

• Ingestion of large amount of water

HYPONATREMIA

Diarrhea and Vomiting

Overuse of Diuretics

Addison’s Disease

Causes

A primary loss of sodium chloride usually results in HYPONATREMIA-DEHYDRATION (associated with decreased ECF volume)

Diuretics & Diarhea

Diabetes Inspidus

Hypernatremia Overhydration

Dehydration

Causes

HYPERNATREMIAPrimary loss of water from the extracellular fluid and elevated sodium level in the extracellular fluid which also causes increased osmolarity.

SYMPTOMS FRIED

Fever(low grade), flushed skin

Restless (irritable)

Increased fluid retention and increases BPEdema(peripheral and pitting)

Decreased urine output, dry mouth

EDEMA

Caused by Hyponatremia Depressions of the

metabolic systems of the body

Lack of adequate nutrtion

Caused by Abnormal leakage of

fluid Failiure of

lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitium

Intracellular Extracellular