body · to discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ......

32

Upload: nguyenxuyen

Post on 11-Apr-2018

214 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body
Page 2: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

BODY COMPOSITION ASSESSMENT &COMMON MYTHS

Christopher Berger, PhD, ACSM‐HFS, CSCS

University of Indianapolis

Page 3: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

PRESENTATION OBJECTIVES

To discuss modern techniques of body composition assessment and relate those techniques to strength and conditioning professionals

To address some of the myths associated with body composition assessment and give you a chance to raise a few more

Page 4: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

COMMON BODY COMPOSITION ACRONYMS

BIA Bioelectrical impedance analysisBMI Body mass indexDXA Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometrySEE Standard error of estimateUWW Underwater weighing

Page 5: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

THE ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Chapter 12 of Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd edition)

Two‐compartment model

Page 6: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

THE ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Skinfold measurement is believed to be the most valid and reliable technique generally available to the strength and conditioning professional

Page 7: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

THE ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Classification schemes include…

… field methods, lab methods

… direct, indirect, doubly indirect

Page 8: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

THE ASSESSMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION

Classification schemes also include…

… anthropometry(BMI, circumferences, skinfold)

… densitometry(UWW, plethysmography)

… other techniques(BIA, DXA)

Page 9: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

SOURCE OF ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS? Do you know what you are doing?

Have you been doing ___ long enough?

Where did you get your instruction?

Is your equipment any good?

What are you telling your athlete?

Page 10: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

5 MYTHS

1. Body composition = physical fitness2. Body mass index is worthless3. Bioelectrical impedance analysis is 

unreliable but we have to use it anyway4. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry is our 

“gold standard”5. When it comes to prediction equations, 

any conversion will do

Page 11: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

1.BODY COMPOSITION IS THE END‐ALL, BE‐ALL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

What is your ability to perform physical activity?

Health‐related

Skill‐related

Physiologic

Page 12: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

1.BODY COMPOSITION IS THE END‐ALL, BE‐ALL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

More than half (51.1%) of health club members join “to lose weight”Source:  The IHRSA Trend Report, August 2012

Active obese individuals actually have lower morbidity and mortality than normal weight individuals who are sedentarySource: Blair SN, Brodney S.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999 Nov;

31(11 Suppl):  S646‐62.

Page 13: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

2.BODY MASS INDEX IS WORTHLESS

BMI numbers do not take into consideration the amount of muscle mass and bone a person has.

BMI is not reliable for non‐European ethnicities.

The lower my BMI, the better!

Everybody knows that BMI is not accurate.

Page 14: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body
Page 15: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body
Page 16: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

Probability  human body What are the characteristics of 

the “normal man”? Ancel Keys (1904‐2004)  BMI

Page 17: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body
Page 18: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

2.BODY MASS INDEX IS WORTHLESS

2013 NFL #1 draft pick was Eric Fisher (Central Michigan) 306 lbs, 6’7” height

BMI = 34.5

Page 19: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

2.BODY MASS INDEX IS WORTHLESS

What should body fat % be then?

Well… … no established universal standards

… indirect methods produce errors

… no universal criterion assessment

Athletic MEN, 5‐13% (3‐5% essential)Athletic WOMEN, 12‐22% (8‐12% essential)Source: ACSM’s Resource Manual for Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 

(7th ed), 2014, page 304.

Page 20: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

Source: McArdle WD et al.  Exercise physiology:  Nutrition, energy, and humanperformance (7th ed).  2010, Figure 29.3, page 765.

Page 21: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

3. BIA IS UNRELIABLE SO… LET’S USE IT!First, do not use this device…

… after drinking alcohol… after drinking a large

amount of water or aftermeals (1 to 2 hours)

… immediately after exercise… immediately after a shower, 

bath or sauna

Why?  BIA is sensitive to H2OSource: OMRON Fat Loss Monitor Model HBF‐306C

Instruction Manual, 2012.

Page 22: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

18.0

WK 1 WK 2 WK 3 WK 4 WK 5 WK 6 WK 7 WK 8

YOUBIAREALITY

Pop quiz!  What’s wrong with this picture?Pop quiz!  What’s wrong with this picture?

Page 23: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

Source: McArdle WD et al.  Exercise physiology:  Nutrition, energy, and human performance (7th ed).Philadelphia PA:  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2010, Figure 28.14, page 749.

Page 24: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

3. BIA IS UNRELIABLE SO… LET’S USE IT! Bodystat® QuadScan 4000 can estimate intra‐, extra‐cellular, total body water (hydration, edema)

“Ballpark” basal metabolic rate, body composition

Page 25: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

4. DXA IS OUR “GOLD STANDARD” Well… sort of.

Lab reference method, provides bone mineral component of multi‐compartment models

SEE 2‐3%

Page 26: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

4. DXA IS OUR “GOLD STANDARD” Advantages…

… fast, convenient

… minimally influenced by water fluctuation

… bone mineral densities  what you do not knowSource: Ackland TR et al.  Sports Med. 2012 Mar 1;42(3):227‐49.

Page 27: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

4. DXA IS OUR “GOLD STANDARD” Disadvantages…

… very small, large, or lean subjects introduce errors higher than the reference subject

… some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed

… assumes segment tissue consistency (not true!)

… manufacturer differences

… you (may) have to be certified to use DXA

Source: Ackland TR et al.  Sports Med. 2012 Mar 1;42(3):227‐49.

Page 28: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

5. WHEN IT COMES TO PREDICTION EQUATIONS,ANY OF ‘EM WILL DO

Source:   ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.  (8th ed), 2010, page 69.

Page 29: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

5. WHEN IT COMES TO PREDICTION EQUATIONS,ANY OF ‘EM WILL DO

Not hardly

From:  Athlete (HarperCollins, 2002) and Howard Schatz and Beverly Ornstein, Schatz/Ornstein Studio

Page 30: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

Source:   ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription.  (9th ed), 2014, page 71.

Page 31: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

SOME TAKE‐HOME POINTS

When you want body composition data, measure body composition.

If you are going to assess body composition, spend the money to do it right.

Do the numbers look screwy?  If so, don’t use ‘em.

Be careful about what your athlete does with the data you share.

Page 32: BODY · To discuss modern techniques of body ... some subjects are too tall, wide for the bed ... When you want body composition data, measure body

SUGGESTED READINGHarman E, Garhammer J.  Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests.  In:  Baechle TR, Earle RW (Eds).  Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd ed). Champaign IL:  Human Kinetics, 2008, pp 252‐253, 268‐270.

Pescatello LS et al (Eds).  ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription (9th ed). Baltimore MD:  Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.