bls_1176_1955.pdf

Union Wages and Hours: Printing IndustryJuly 1,1954

Bulletin No. 1176UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

James P. Mitchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Aryness Joy Wickens, Acting Commissioner

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Union Wages and Hours: Printing Industry

July 1, 1954

Bulletin No. 1176March 1955

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABORJames P. Mitchell, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Aryness Joy Wickens, Acting Commissioner

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C O N T E N T S

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Scope and method of study_______________ _______________________________________ 1Trend of union scales, 1907-54 _________________________________________________ 1Scale increases, 1953-54 ______________________________ ______________Rate variations by type of work _____________________________________City and regional variations _________________________________________Standard workweek______________________ _____________________________Insurance and pension plans _________________ _ _______________________Union scales by city and trade _______________________________________

APPENDIX:Intercity differences in union scales in the

printing trades ------------------------------------------------------------------------

TABLES:

1. Indexes of union hourly wage scales in the printing trades,1907-54 _______________________________________________________________ 5

2. Indexes of union hourly wage scales in each printing trade,1907-54 __________________________________ ____________________________ 6

3. Percent changes in union wage rates and percent of unionprinting-trades workers affected, July 1, 1953 -July 1, 1954___________________________________________________________ 8

4. Cents-per-hour increases in union wage rates and percent ofunion printing-trades workers affected, July 1, 1953 -July 1, 1954_______________ 8

5. Average union hourly wage rates in the printing industry,July 1, 1954, and increases in rates, July 1, 1953 -July 1, 1954 ______________________ 9

6. Increases in union wage rates in the printing trades by city,region, and industry branch, July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954 ________ 10

7. Distribution of union members in the printing trades by hourlywage rates and by trade, July 1, 1954 _____________________________ 11

8. Average union hourly wage rates in the printing trades bycity and population group, July 1, 1954 ____________________________ 12

9. Average union hourly wage rates in the printing trades byregion, and by trade, July 1, 1954 ________________ _______________ _ 13

10. Distribution of union members in the printing trades bystraight-time weekly hours, July 1, 1954 __________________________ 13

11. Indexes of union weekly hours in the printing trades, 1907-54 _____ 14

12. Indexes of union weekly hours in each printing trade, 1907-54 _____ 15

13. Union scales of wages and hours in the printing trades in53 cities, July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954 _____________________________ 17

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IUnion W ages and Hours in the Printing Industry, July 1, 1954

Sum m ary

Wage sca les o f union prin tin g -trad es w ork ers in c it ie s o f 100,000 or m ore population advanced 7 .6 cents an hour, on the average , in the yea r ending July 1, 1954, a ccord in g to the U. S.Departm ent o f L a b or1 s B ureau o f L abor S tatist ic s annual survey of union sca les in the p rin ting industry. S ca les in book and job shops ro se an average o f 7 .2 cents an hour while those in new spaper plants m oved up 8 .4 cen ts. The in c re a s e s represen ted gains o f 2 .9 p ercen t fo r each industry branch.

A s a resu lt o f these in cre a se s in rates during the 12-m onth p eriod , union hourly sca le s on July 1, 1954, averaged $2.67 fo r a ll printing trades studied; $ 2 .5 2 in co m m e rc ia l (book and job ) shops and $ 2 .9 5 in new spaper p lants. P rin tin g -trad es w ork ers in new spaper estab lishm ents averaged $ 2 .8 4 an hour on the day shift and $ 3. 06 on the night shift.

A m ong the im portant jo b s com m on to both co m m e rc ia l and new spaper printing, no co n s is tent pattern o f rate d iffe ren ces was d isce rn ib le . Dayw ork sca le s fo r photoengravers and s te re o typers w ere typ ica lly h igher in book and job printing shops, averaging about 21 cents above those in new spaper establishm ents. S ca les fo r hand co m p o s ito rs , how ever, averaged 9 cents higher on new spaper w ork .

In term s o f w ork ers a ffected , approxim ately fou r-fifth s of the unionized p rin tin g -trad es w ork ers included in the study had their wage sca le in crea sed as the resu lt o f la b or-m a n a g e ment con tract negotiations e ffective during the year ending July 1, 1954. N egotiated ra ise svarying fr o m 5 to 10 cents an hour w ere r e cord ed fo r a th ird o f the printing tradesm en and fro m 10 to 15 cents fo r a slightly sm a ller p rop ortion .

The standard w orkw eek averaged 37.1 hours on July 1, 1954, the sam e as in each o f the three prev iou s annual studies. The m ost com m on stra ight-tim e w ork schedule (37 .5 h ours) was stipulated in con tracts applicable to slightly over half o f the union w ork ers in the printing tra d es . A w orkw eek o f 35 hours o r le s s p r e vailed fo r about a tenth o f the w ork ers .

N egotiated health and insurance plans c o v ered about th ree -fifth s o f the surveyed w o rk e rs . P ension plans developed through co lle c t iv e b a r gaining w ere found to cov er about a sixth o f the w ork ers .

1 P rep ared by John F . L acisk ey o f the Bureau*s D ivision o f W ages and Industrial R elations.

Scope and M ethod o f Study 2

Union sca le s are defined as the m inim um wage sca les o r m axim um schedules o f hours a greed upon through co lle c t iv e bargaining b e tween trade unions and em p loy ers . R ates in e x ce ss o f the negotiated m inim um , w hich m ay be paid fo r sp ecia l qualifications o r other r e a sons, a re not included.

The in form ation presen ted in this report w as based on union s ca le s in e ffect on July 1, 1954, and co v e re d approxim ately 125, 000 p rin tin g -tra des w ork ers in 53 c it ie s with populations o f 100, 000 o r m o re . Data w ere obtained p r i m a rily fro m lo ca l union o ff ic ia ls by m ail q u estionnaire ; in som e in stan ces, B ureau r e p r e sentatives v is ited lo ca l union o ff ic ia ls to obtain the d e s ire d in form ation .

The cu rren t survey w as designed to re fle c t union wage sca le s in the printing trad es in a ll c it ie s o f 100, 000 o r m ore population. A ll c it ie s with a half m illion o r m ore population w ere included, as w ere m ost c it ie s in the population group o f 250, 000 to 500, 000. The c it ie s in the 100, 000 to 250, 000 group se lected fo r study w ere loca ted throughout the United States. The data fo r som e o f the c it ie s included in the study w ere w eighted in o rd e r to com pensate fo r the other c it ie s w hich w ere not surveyed . In o rd er to prov ide appropriate represen tation in the com bination o f data, each geographic reg ion and population group was con sid ered separately when city w eights w ere assign ed .

A verage h ourly s ca le s , designed to show cu rren t le v e ls , a re based on a ll sca les rep orted in e ffect on July 1, 1954. Individual s ca le s are w eighted by the num ber o f union m em b ers r e ceiv ing each ra te . T hese a verages a re not d e signed fo r p r e c is e y e a r -to -y e a r com p a rison s becau se o f fluctuations in m em bersh ip and in job c la ss ifica tion s studied. A verage ce n ts -p e r - hour and p ercen t changes fr o m July 1, 1953, to July 1, 1954, a re based on com parable quotations fo r the variou s occupational c la s s if ic a tions in both p er iod s w eighted by the m em b ership rep orted fo r the curren t (1954) survey. The index s e r ie s , designed fo r trend p u rp oses , is s im ila r ly con stru cted .

Trend o f Union S ca les , 1907-54

The m ovem ent o f wage ra tes in the p rin ting trades in book and jo b shops and in new spaper establishm ents s ince 1907 and fo r the

2 C ertain changes in the scope and m ethod o f conducting th is s e r ie s o f annual surveys w ere m ade in 1953. See Union W ages and H ours; Printing Industry, July 1, 1953, BLS B ulletin 1155.

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2industry as a whole since 1911 are re fle c ted in the Bureau*s in dexes. T hese indexes show that wage sca le s in the printing trades have r isen steadily except fo r the d ep ress ion y ea rs o f 1932 and 1933. The in crea se during the 4 8 -y e a r in terva l since 1907 has been at an average annual rate o f 4 . 7 p ercen t fo r book and jo b printing and 4 . 1 fo r new spaper printing. Data fo r the two groups com bined coverin g the 4 4 -y e a r p er iod s ince 1911 show an annual rate o f in crea se of 4 .4 p ercen t.

W age sca le in cre a se s fo r the industry have va ried w idely in d ifferen t p e r io d s . In crea ses , m oderate p r io r to W orld W ar I, ro se sharply during and im m ediately a fter the w ar. The le v e l o f w ages in 1921 w as m ore than double that o f 1911. A further steady upward m ov e m ent in ra tes o ccu rre d in the 1920*s . A fter a m oderate decline in 1932 and a sharp d ecrea se in 1933, ra tes again resu m ed th eir upward co u rse . D eclin es in ra tes exp erien ced during the d ep ress ion y ea rs w ere fu lly o ffset by May 1936. By 1941, the le v e l o f ra tes w as about 12 p ercen t above the p red ep ress ion year o f 1931. The index advanced 30 percen t during the W orld W ar II yea rs o f 1941-46. Scale in c re a s e s in the postw ar y ea rs (1946-54) resu lted in a further r is e aggregating 70 p ercen t.

On the whole the h is to r ica l pattern o f wage m ovem ents w as gen era lly s im ilar in book and jo b shops and in new spaper plants. The rate o f advance, h ow ever, was usually slightly g rea ter fo r book and jo b shops than fo r new spaper e stabli shment s .

Scale In crea ses , 1953-54

L abor-m anagem ent con tracts in the p rin ting trad es a re typ ica lly negotiated fo r 1 o r 2 years* duration. Som e, h ow ever, co v e r a lon ger p er iod . C ontracts o f m ore than ly e a r* s duration frequently p rov id ed fo r wage reopen ings o r fo r sp ecified in terim or d e fe rred wage in c re a s e s . Som e con tracts contained e sca la tor clau ses linking rate changes to the m ovem ent o f the BLS C onsum er P r ic e Index. A s a ru le, h ow ever, rate rev is ion s in the printing trades betw een July 1, 1953, and July 1, 1954, w ere p r im a rily the resu lt o f negotiations on con tract exp irations o r reopen ings.

The advance in term s o f ce n ts -p e r -h o u r rep resen ted gains averaging 8 .4 cents in new spaper plants and 7 .2 cents in book and job shops. The average in crea se in new spaper plants was grea ter fo r nightwork than fo r dayw ork 8 .6 com pared with 8 .3 cents (table 5).

A m ong the individual trad es, the average hourly advance during the year was substantia lly u n iform in both co m m e rc ia l and new spaper printing. A verage advances varied fro m 6. 3 to 8. 8 cen ts fo r 10 o f the 12 trades studied in c o m m e rc ia l shops; the other 2 trad es , bind

ery w om en and p h otoen gravers, r e co rd e d inc re a s e s o f 5 .8 and 11.3 cen ts, re sp e c tiv e ly . In new spaper establishm ents, p re s s m e n -in - charge showed the grea test gain with an a v e r age advance o f 10 .3 cents an h our. Other cra fts in th is branch o f the industry re co rd e d in cre a se s ranging fr o m 7 .6 to 9 .8 c e n ts . E xcept fo r p ressm en , sca le s fo r n ight-sh ift w ork ers in crea sed slightly m ore than fo r d a y -sh ift w ork ers .

P ercen ta gew ise , the in cre a se s during the 12 m onths ending July 1, 1954, w ere fa ir ly unifo rm am ong individual cra fts in both c o m m e r c ia l and new spaper printing. In book and jo b shops, the average r ise in ra tes ranged fro m 2 .4 to 3. 6 p ercen t fo r a ll c ra fts except m a ile rs and bindery w om en. T hese two low er paid cra fts advanced their sca le s 4 . 0 and 4 . 2 p e r cent, re sp e ctiv e ly . A m ong the individual trades in new spaper plants, average advances ranged fro m 2. 5 p ercen t fo r photoen gravers to 3 .4 p e r cent fo r m a ile rs and s te reo ty p ers .

On a regional b a s is , the ce n ts -p e r -h o u r in cre a se s in sca le s va ried by type o f prin ting. In book and job shops, the range w as fr o m 3 .9 cents in the Southeast to 12. 1 cents in the Mountain States, w hereas in new spaper p rin ting, the greatest gain (12 .9 cen ts) w as in the M iddle W est and the sm allest (4 .5 ), in New England (table 6).

In te rm s o f num ber o f w ork ers involved, th ree -fou rth s o f the p rin tin g -tra d es w ork ers in book and jo b shops and about seven -e igh th s o f those in new spaper plants had th eir union wage sca le s adjusted upward betw een July 1, 1953, and July 1, 1954. W ork ers a ffected by sca le changes during the y e a r , typ ica lly had ad justm ents ranging betw een 5 and 15 cents an hour (table 4 ). In crea ses within this range w ere app licable to six -ten th s o f the p rin tin g -trad es w o rk e rs . Of each 100 p r in tin g -trad es w ork ers a ffected by sca le changes in book and jo b shops, 11 had advances o f le s s than 5 cents an hour, 44 o f 5 to 10 cen ts, and 35 o f 10 to 15 cen ts . In new spaper establishm ents, the com parab le p rop ortion s w ere 10, 42, and 38.

Upward adjustm ents during the yea r r e p resented gains o f 2 to 4 p ercen t fo r about th ree - eighths o f the w ork ers in book and jo b shops a ffected by sca le changes, o f 4 to 6 p ercen t fo r another th ree -e igh th s and o f 6 p ercen t or m ore fo r a fifth . A m ong the p rin tin g -tra d es w ork ers rece iv in g sca le in cre a se s in new spaper estab lishm ents, slightly ov er half r e co rd e d gains o f 2 to 4 p ercen t and th re e -te n th s fro m 4 to 6 p e r cent. The gain was le s s than 2 p ercen t fo r a lm ost a tenth o f the w ork ers ; fo r a s im ila r p roportion , it w as 6 percen t o r m ore (table 3).


3Rate V ariations by Type o f W ork

The com p osition o f the w ork fo r c e in each type o f printing establishm ent d iffe rs m a te r ia lly becau se o f the variations in w ork p e r form ed in each type o f shop. B ook and job (com m erc ia l) shops produ ce many and varied item s, often in la rge quantities, w hereas new spaper plants a re geared to the p roduction o f a single re cu rr in g item . B indery w om en and p re ss assistan ts and fe e d e rs , who typ ica lly p e r fo rm le s s sk illed routine operations, c o m p r ise a substantial p rop ortion o f the w ork fo r c e in co m m e rc ia l shops; in new spaper printing, h ow ever, g rea ter p rop ortion s o f journeym en are requ ired to m eet daily dem ands. These d iffe ren ces in w ork fo r c e requ irem en ts a re r e fle cted in the average rates fo r co m m e rc ia l and new spaper establishm ents which take into account the num ber o f p rin tin g -trad es w ork ers em ployed at various rates o f pay.

Union hourly sca les o f printing - trades w ork ers on July 1, 1954, averaged $ 2 .5 2 inbook and jo b shops, as com pared with $ 2 .9 5 in new spaper plants. D ay-sh ift w ork ers on new spapers averaged $2. 84, and n ight-sh ift w orker s, $ 3 .0 6 (table 7). The average dayw ork sca le on new spaper w ork was 12 l/z p ercen t above that o f co m m e rc ia l shops and 7 percen t below the average fo r nightw ork on new spapers. The num ber o f w ork ers norm ally em ployed on n igh t-sh ift w ork in book and job shops was too sm all to y ie ld significant re su lts ; th ere fore , this group was excluded fr o m the study.

Wage rates d iffe red w idely in la b o r -m a n agem ent con tracts coverin g p rin tin g -trad es w ork ers o f varying sk ills in c it ie s with populations o f 100, 000 o r m o re . F or a ll trades co m bined in book and job shops, the range was fro m $ 1 fo r b indery w om en in Jack son v ille , F la . , to $ 3 .8 6 fo r ph otoengravers in Newark, N. J. A greem en ts provid ing rates o f $ 2 .5 0 to $3 an hour w ere applicable to slightly over tw o- fifths o f the co m m e rc ia l print shop w ork ers . H ourly ra tes o f le s s than $2 w ere reported fo r another fifth and a lm ost as many had rates o f $ 3 or m o re . A ll sca le s fo r b indery wom en w ere below $ 1. 80 an hour; tw o-th ird s o f these w ork ers had sca les betw een $ 1 .3 0 and $ 1 .5 0 an hour. P h otoen gravers, on the other hand, had union rates o f at least $ 2 .5 0 an hour and fo r about 2 o f every 5, the con tract sca le ex ceeded $ 3. 50 an hour.

In new spaper establishm ents, hourly sca les varied fro m $ 1.82 72 fo r m a ile rs on day -sh ift w ork in New O rleans to $ 4 .0 9 7 2 fo r co m p o s ito rs setting H eb rew -A m erica n text on the night shift in New Y ork C ity. S ca les o f $ 2 .5 0 to $ 3 an hour preva iled fo r 72 p ercen t o f the w ork ers on the day shift and fo r 40 percen t o f those on the night shift. N egotiated sca les o f $3 or m ore a ffected 22 percen t o f the dayw orkers and 58 p ercen t o f the n ightw orkers. R ates o f le s s than

$ 2 . 50 an hour w ere rep orted fo r about a fourth o f the m a ile rs and fo r le s s than 1 percen t o f the w ork ers in 5 other printing tra d es . A ll o f the ph otoengravers and p re ssm e n -in -ch a rg e had sca le s o f at least $ 2 . 50 an hour.

A m ong individual trad es , hourly sca les averaged low est ($ 1 .4 5 ) fo r b indery w om en and highest ($ 3. 30) fo r ph otoen gravers in book and job shops and fro m $ 2 .6 4 fo r m a ile rs to $ 3 .2 3 fo r photoen gravers and p re s s m e n -in charge in new spaper printing establishm ents.

Nightwork sca le s on new spapers averaged 22 cents an hour above daywork sca le s $ 3 .0 6 as com p ared with $ 2 .8 4 . By trade, the d if fe r ential favoring n ightw orkers am ounted to 16 cents fo r m achine ten ders (m ach in ists), 18 cents fo r hand co m p o s ito rs and fo r m achine op era tors , and fro m 24 to 31 cents fo r the other tra d es .

C ity and R egional V ariations

Upward adjustm ents during the 12 m onths ending July 1, 1954, a ffected som e prin ting-trades w ork ers in each o f the surveyed c it ie s . The average hourly in crea se in h a lf o f the c it ie s varied fro m 5 to 10 cents in book and jo b print shops, and fro m 6 to 12 cents in new spaper establishm ents (table 6).

N egotiated sca les o f individual trades vary am ong c it ie s and reg ion s . The city and reg ion a l averages p resen ted in tab les 8 and 9 are d e signed to show cu rren t le v e ls o f rates and do not m easure d iffe ren ces in union sca le s am ong a re a s . The city and reg ional averages are in fluenced not only by in tercity rate d iffe re n ce s , but a lso by d iffe re n ce s in the p rop ortion o f o r ganized w ork ers in the various c ra fts . To illu strate : ( l ) A p articu lar cra ft m ay not beorgan ized in som e a rea s o r m ay be organ ized le s s in tensively in som e a rea s than in oth ers; and (2) certa in types o f w ork are found in som e areas but n otin o th ers , or are found to a grea ter extent in som e a rea s than in o th ers. Such d iffe re n ce s a re re fle c te d in the weighting o f in d ividual rates by the num ber o f w ork ers em ployed with the resu lt that although rates fo r the individual cra fts in two a rea s m ay be iden tica l, the average rates fo r the resp ectiv e a reas may d iffe r . 3

The c it ies included in the study are grouped a ccord in g to population size in table 8. The average union hourly wage rate fo r book and job printing in the group of c it ie s with 100, 000 to 250 ,000 population was $ 2 .3 2 , and fo r the la rgest size group ( l , 000, 000 and o v e r ), it was

3 A tabulation designed e sp ecia lly to m e a s ure d iffe ren ces in sca le s am ong c it ie s appears as an appendix to this rep ort.


4$ 2 .6 6 . In new spaper printing, the com parable avera ges w ere $2.74 and $3. 11. The d ifferen ce in average ra tes betw een size groups 11(500,000 to 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ) and III (250 ,000 to 500 ,000) was slight fo r co m m e rc ia l shops and virtually nonexistent fo r n ew spapers. In both types o f printing the average fo r the sm allest size group was low er, and fo r the la rg est size group h igh er, than the two in term ediate groups. T here was som e overlapping o f average sca les am ong c it ie s in the d ifferen t s ize groupings. F o r exam ple, in both new spaper and co m m e r c ia l printing, the average sca le fo r Seattle (250, 000 to 500, 000 group) was h igher than the average fo r a ll o f the c it ie s in the next la rgest s ize group.

R egion a lly , average union hourly sca les for a ll p rin tin g -tra d es w ork ers com bined in c it ies o f 100, 000 or m ore population ranged from $ 2 .5 0 in the B ord er States to $ 2 .8 1 on the P a c if ic C oast (table 9). Union rates in co m m e rc ia l print shops averaged h ighest ($ 2 .7 3 ) in the P a c ific reg ion and low est ($ 2 .2 1 ) in the B ord er States. In n ew spapers, the le v e ls ranged fro m $ 2 .6 8 in the Southeast to $ 3 .0 2 in the M iddle A tlantic and G reat Lakes reg ion s .

Standard W orkweek

Changes in the b a s ic w orkw eek betw een July 1, 1953, and July 1, 1954, a ffected very few union prin tin g -trad es w o rk e rs . The changes that o ccu rre d had no e ffect on the average w ork w eek which rem ained at 37. 1 hours fo r a ll printing tra d es ; 37. 3 fo r book and job ; and 36. 8 fo r n ew spapers. Standard w eekly schedules in new spaper plants averaged 37 .2 fo r daywork and 3 6 .4 fo r nightw ork (table 10).

A standard w orkw eek o f 37 l/z hours was sp ecified in labor-m an agem en t con tracts a p p lic able to a m a jority of the p rin tin g -trad es w ork ers in both co m m e rc ia l and new spaper plants. A 36V^-hour w orkw eek p reva iled fo r th ree-tenths o f the co m m e rc ia l shop w ork ers and fo r a fifth o f those in new spaper establish m en ts. Shorter w eekly w ork schedules w ere m ore com m on in new spaper plants than in book and job shops. About 17 p ercen t o f the new spaper printing tradesm en had negotiated w ork schedules o f 35 hours or le s s as com pared with 6 p ercen t in co m m e rc ia l sh op s . C on v erse ly , standard w ork w eeks o f m ore than 37 l/z hours w ere m ore prevalen t in book and job shops w here such schedules w ere applicable to 13 percen t o f the w ork ers as com pared with 4 percent in n ew spaper plants.

Shorter w ork schedules fo r n ightw orkers than fo r dayw orkers w ere usually sp ec ified in labor-m an agem en t con tracts applying to new spaper estab lish m en ts. Schedules o f 36V4 hours p rev a iled fo r 25 p ercen t o f the n ight-sh ift w ork ers as against 16 p ercen t of those on the

day shift; w orkw eeks of 35 h ours or le s s applied to 28 percen t and 6 percen t, re sp ectiv e ly , o f w ork ers on the night and day sh ifts.

Insurance and P ension Plans

In addition to union sca les o f w ages and hours, and fo r the f ir s t tim e in this s e r ie s o f annual su rveys, data w ere co lle c te d on the p r e valence of health, insurance, and pension plans in the printing industry. The data w ere r e stricted to those plans financed en tirely by the em ployer o r jo in tly by the w ork ers and em p lo y e rs . W ork er-fin an ced p lans, such as those paid fo r through union dues or a ssessm en ts , w ere excluded fro m the study. No attem pt was m ade to secu re in form ation on the kind and e x tent o f benefits prov ided o r on the co s t o f such benefits .

N egotiated health, insurance, and pension p rog ra m s have in crea sed in num ber in the printing industry in recen t y e a rs . The d eve lop ment o f plans on a w idespread b a sis has perhaps not been as rapid as in som e other in du stries . A num ber o f the p rin tin g -trad es unions, fo r many y ea rs , have operated their own union benefit p rog ra m s provid ing their m em bers with one or m ore types o f ben efits , such as death, o ld -a ge , s ick n ess , and d isab ility . This undoubtedly has in fluenced the rate o f developm ent o f negotiated insurance and pension p rogra m s in the industry.

The data co lle c te d by the B ureau indicated that, as o f July 1, 1954, a substantially grea ter p rop ortion of organ ized prin tin g -trad es w ork ers w ere cov ered by negotiated health and insurance p rogra m s than by pension p rog ra m s . F or a ll w ork ers com bined , th ree -fifth s w ere cov ered by health or insurance p ro g ra m s . Slightly m ore than a third o f the w ork ers w ere rep orted a s not being cov ered by a negotiated plan; in form ation as to the existence o r nonexistence o f such plans was not available fo r about 4 p ercen t o f the w o rk e rs . Am ong the w ork ers prov ided health and insurance p rotection , 90 percen t w ere cov ered by plans financed en tirely by em p loy ers ; the rem aining 10 percen t, together with their em p loyers , contributed to the cost o f the p ro g ra m s .

Health and insurance p rog ra m s w ere m ore prevalent in book and job shops than in new spaper establishm ents 66 p ercen t as com pared with 52 p ercen t. F u rth erm ore , o f the w ork ers p rov ided health and insurance p rotection , em p loy er-fin a n ced plans p reva iled fo r 95 percen t o f the cov ered w ork ers in book and job shops and 80 p ercen t o f those in new spaper plants.

P ension plan p rov is ion s w ere in corp ora ted into labor-m an agem en t con tracts app licable to a sixth o f the printing tradesm en included in the


5study. E m p loyer-fin a n ced plans (noncontribu- tory ) p reva iled fo r tw o-th ird s o f the cov ered w ork ers and em p lo y e r -w o rk e r jo in tly financed plans fo r a th ird .

P ension plans w ere in e ffect fo r a g rea ter p rop ortion o f the p rin tin g -trades w ork ers in new spaper plants than in book and job shops. The resp ectiv e p rop ortion s w ere 27 and 13 p e r cent. E m p loyer-fin a n ced plans p reva iled fo r

fo u r -fifth s o f the co v e re d w ork ers in new spaper establishm ents and fo r slightly over half o f those co v e re d in co m m e rc ia l print shops.

Union S ca les by C ity and Trade

Union sca le s o f w ages and hours in e ffect on July 1, 1953, and July 1, 1954, fo r each o f the individual trades in each o f the 53 c it ie s included in the study, a re shown in table 13.

TABLE 1 . Indexes1 of union hourly wage sca les in the printing trad es , 1907-54

/Jan . 2, 1948 - July 1, 1949 = 100/

Year PrintingBookandjob

Newspaper Year PrintingB ookandjob

N ewspaper

1907: May 1 5 -------------------------- 00

15 .0 19 .4 1932: May 1 5 ------------------------ 50 .5 50. 6 50 .01908: May 1 5 -------------------------- 16 .6 2 0 .4 1933: May 1 5 ------------------------ 47 .5 4 7 .8 46 .81909: May 1 5 -------------------------- 0 17.8 21 .3 1934: May 1 5 ------------------------ 48 .5 49.1 4 7 .41910: M ay 1 5 -------------------------- (1 2) 18. 8 22 .0 1935: May 1 5 ------------------------ 50.3 50.2 50.31911: May 1 5 ----------- --------------- 19.9 19.3 2 2 .4 1936: May 1 5 ------------------------ 51 .5 51 .6 51.0

1912: May 1 5 -------------------------- 20. 3 19.6 2 2 .8 1937: May 1 5 ------------------------ 53.2 53.3 52.91913: M ay 1 5 -------------------------- 20. 7 20 .0 23 .2 1938: June 1 ------------ ------------- 54.9 55.1 54.31914: May 1 5 -------------------------- 21 .0 2 0 .4 23. 5 1939: June 1 ------------------------- 55 .4 55 .5 55.01915: May 1 5 -------------------------- 21 .2 20 .5 23. 6 1940: June 1 ------------------------- 56.2 56 .0 56.21916: May 1 5 -------------------------- 2 1 .4 2 0 .8 23. 7 1941: June 1 ------------------------- 56 .8 56 .6 56. 9

1917: M ay 1 5 --------------------- ----- 22. 1 21. 5 24 .3 1942: July 1 ------------------------- 59.3 59.1 59 .41918: May 1 5 -------------------------- 24 .0 23 .9 25 .5 1943: July 1 ------------------------- 61.1 60. 7 61.91919: May 1 5 -------------------------- 29 .4 2 9 .4 30 .8 1944: July 1 ------------------------- 62 .6 62 .3 63. 31920: M ay 1 5 -------------------------- 37. 7 38 .4 37. 6 1945: July 1 ------------------------- 63. 5 63.1 64.11921: May 1 5 --------------------------- 41 .3 42 .2 40 .9 1946: July 1 ------------------------- 74.3 74.2 74. 5

1922: May 1 5 -------------------------- 4 1 .8 4 2 .4 41 .3 1948: Jan. 2 ------------------------- 94 .3 94 .3 94 .31923: May 1 5 -------------------------- 43 .0 44. 1 4 1 .8 1949: July 1 ------------------------- 105. 7 105. 7 105. 71924: May 1 5 -------------------------- 45. 1 45 .9 44 .3 1950: July 1 ------------------------- 107.9 108.2 107.41925: May 1 5 -------------------------- 45. 8 4 6 .4 45.1 1951: July 1 ------------------------- 112 .4 112. 1 112. 71926: May 1 5 -------------------------- 4 6 .8 4 7 .4 46. 1 1952: July 1 ------------------------- 118.8 119.3 117. 6

1927: May 1 5 -------------------------- 48 .2 48. 6 47 .4 1953: July 1 ------------------------- 123.5 124.0 122. 31928: May 1 5 -------------------------- 49.1 49 .2 48. 6 1954: July 1 ------------------------- 127. 1 127. 6 125.91929: May 1 5 -------------------------- 4 9 .8 49 .9 49. 51930: M ay 1 5 -------------------------- 50 .6 50. 8 50. 01931: May 1 5 -------------------------- 50 .8 51.1 50.1

1 Index ser ies designed fo r trend purposes; p eriod ica l changes in union sca les are based on com parable quotations fo r the various occupations in consecutive p eriods weighted by num ber of union m em bers reported each quotation in the current survey period .

2 Com bined data for years 1907-10 not available.


6BOOK AN D JOB

T A B L E 2 . In d ex es1 o f union h ou rly w age s c a le s in each p rin tin g tra d e , 190 7-5 4

/J a n . 2 , 1948 - July 1, 1949 = 10 /

Y ea r B in d eryw om enB o o k

b in d ersC o m p o s i

to r s , hand

E le c t r o typ ers

M ach ineo p e r a to rs

M ach ineten ders(m a ch in

ists)M a ile rs

P h o to -en -

g ra v e rs

P r e s s a s s i s t

ants and 1 fe e d e r s

P r e s s m en ,

cy lin d e r

P r e s s m en ,

p laten

1907: M ay 1 5 ------------------- ----------------- -- 1 6 .7 1 7 .9 17. 1 2 0 .3 1 3 .0 1 8 .4 17. 31908: M ay 1 5 ........................................... - 1 8 .5 17 .9 17. 1 2 1 .0 - - - 1 4 .4 1 9 .3 17 .91909: M ay 15 --------------------------------------- - 18. 7 17 .9 1 7 .2 2 1 .8 - - - 14. 6 2 0 .9 1 8 .51910: M ay 15 --------------------------------------- - 1 8 .9 18. 7 17 .9 22 . 6 - - - 1 4 .9 2 1 .0 1 8 .81911: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- 1 9 .2 19 .2 18 .9 2 2 .8 - 15. 5 2 1 .5 1 9 .2

1912: M ay 15 --------------------------------------- _ 1 9 .3 1 9 .6 1 9 .2 2 3 .4 2 2 .4 . _ 15. 8 2 1 .8 1 9 .51913: M ay 1 5 ---------------------------------------- - 1 9 .8 1 9 .9 1 9 .6 2 4 .0 2 2 .8 - - 16. 1 2 2 .1 1 9 .81914: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- - 2 0 .1 2 0 .4 2 0 .5 2 4 .2 2 2 .8 - - 1 6 .6 22 . 6 2 0 .21915: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- 1 6 .8 2 0 .2 2 0 .5 2 0 .9 2 4 .3 2 3 .0 - - 16. 7 22 . 6 2 0 .21916: M ay 1 5 ....................... - 17. 1 2 0 .2 2 0 .9 21 . 5 2 4 .3 2 3 .0 2 0 .5 1 6 .9 2 2 .9 20 . 6

1917: M ay 1 5 .................................... 1 8 .3 2 1 .4 2 1 .3 2 2 .2 2 4 .9 23 . 5 . 2 2 .3 1 7 .8 2 3 .4 2 1 .71918: M ay 1 5 --------------------------- ------------ 2 0 .4 24. 1 2 3 .5 2 3 .3 2 6 .9 2 5 .8 - 23 . 6 20. 8 2 5 .9 2 3 .91919: M ay 15 - 2 6 .4 30. 8 28 . 8 26. 7 3 2 .5 3 1 .8 - 2 7 .5 2 6 .8 3 1 .4 2 9 .31920: M ay 1 5 ....................... 3 6 .5 4 0 .4 3 7 .9 3 8 .2 4 1 .3 39. 8 - 3 8 .0 3 6 .8 4 0 .8 39. 71921: M ay 15 - - 42 . 6 44. 3 4 3 .4 44. 5 46 . 8 4 6 .0 - 40 . 5 39. 8 4 5 .0 4 4 .3

1922: M ay 1 5 ............................. 4 1 .2 42. 5 4 4 .2 4 5 .4 46 . 8 45. 5 . 4 0 .9 38. 5 4 4 .0 4 3 .41923: M ay 1 5 ------ --------------------------------- 43 . 1 45. 1 4 5 .2 4 8 .2 47 . 7 4 6 .4 - 4 1 .3 4 3 .2 47 . 5 4 5 .21924: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- 43 . 7 4 7 .1 4 7 .3 50. 0 49. 7 4 8 .4 - 4 4 .2 42 . 8 4 8 .9 46. 61925: M ay 1 5 ......................................... 4 4 .2 4 7 .6 4 7 .0 4 9 .8 4 9 .7 48 . 5 - 4 5 .3 4 5 .2 49 . 5 46. 81926: M ay 1 5 --------- ------------------------------ 4 3 .4 4 8 .4 4 7 .9 5 0 .3 5 0 .3 5 0 .2 - 4 8 .2 45 . 7 50. 5 4 9 .0

1927: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- 4 4 .4 49 . 5 4 8 .8 5 0 .9 5 2 .3 5 0 .4 5 0 .5 4 6 .3 50. 6 49 . 51928: M ay 1 5 .......................... 44. 6 4 9 .3 49 . 5 5 1 .3 5 2 .4 50. 7 - 5 1 .9 4 6 .6 5 1 .0 48 . 61929: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- 45 . 0 4 9 .8 49. 8 52. 5 5 3 .3 51 .1 - 52. 7 4 7 .0 5 1 .9 4 9 .41930: M ay 15 - - - 45 . 3 5 0 .4 5 0 .9 5 4 .0 54. 7 5 2 .0 - 5 2 .8 47 . 6 5 2 .8 5 0 .21931: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- ; 4 5 .5 5 0 .6 51 .1 5 5 .2 5 5 .0 5 2 .5 - 5 2 .9 4 7 .9 5 3 .2 5 0 .4

1932: M ay 1 5 ............................... 4 4 .4 4 8 .8 5 1 .0 55. 0 55. 0 5 2 .9 5 4 .5 45 . 8 5 1 .8 4 9 .41933: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------- 42 . 6 4 7 .0 4 7 .9 5 1 .5 5 1 .6 4 9 .8 - 5 3 .5 4 2 .7 48 . 6 46. 01934: M ay 15 - - - 44 . 8 4 8 .8 4 8 .4 55. 1 5 1 .7 5 1 .3 - 5 4 .3 44. 3 4 9 .9 4 7 .21935: M ay 15 - ------ 4 5 .2 4 9 .4 49. 3 56. 0 52. 5 5 1 .5 _ 5 7 .8 45 . 3 50. 6 47. 61936: M ay 15 ~ ..................... 46 . 1 50. 1 50. 8 5 6 .2 5 4 .3 53 .1 - 5 9 .2 46 . 8 52. 7 49. 5

1937: M ay 15 4 6 .8 5 1 .5 52. 7 5 6 .9 5 5 .8 54. 7 4 8 .1 5 9 .9 4 9 .2 54. 5 51. 81938: June 1 --------------------- ------------------- 49 . 1 5 3 .4 5 4 .4 5 9 .5 5 7 .4 5 6 .3 5 1 .0 6 1 .4 5 1 .8 5 6 .2 5 3 .41939: June 1 ----------------------------------------- 49 . 8 5 4 .4 54. 7 5 9 .9 57. 6 56. 5 5 1 .9 6 1 .9 52 .1 56. 6 5 3 .91940: June 1 ----------------------------------------- 5 0 .0 54. 7 55. 6 60. 1 5 8 .0 5 7 .2 53. 3 6 2 .4 5 2 .4 5 6 .9 5 4 .21941: June 1 51 .1 5 5 .5 56. 5 6 1 .3 5 8 .5 57. 6 5 3 .9 6 2 .6 53. 0 57. 4 54. 7

1942: July 1 ----------------------------------- ------ 54 .1 5 8 .4 58. 5 6 2 .4 6 1 .2 6 0 .3 56. 7 6 3 .8 56 .1 6 0 .2 5 7 .41943: July 1 ------------------------------------------ I 5 5 .8 60. 6 6 0 .2 64. 1 6 3 .0 62 .1 57. 7 64 .1 5 7 .9 6 1 .9 5 9 .21944; July 1 ---------- ------------------------------- 58. 6 6 1 .5 62. 1 65. 6 63. 5 6 3 .5 5 9 .0 6 7 .4 5 9 .2 62. 7 6 0 .21945: July 1 ------------------------------------------ 5 9 .8 6 1 .8 62. 8 6 6 .9 6 4 .2 6 4 .5 6 0 .0 6 8 .9 6 0 .0 6 3 .4 6 0 .91946: Ju ly 1 - - - - - - 7 2 .7 7 4 .0 7 3 .4 7 6 .2 7 4 .8 73. 7 72. 6 7 8 .6 72. 5 7 4 .2 7 1 .9

1948: Jan. 2 ................ 9 5 .3 9 4 .6 9 4 .2 9 3 .0 94. 1 9 4 .3 9 2 .8 9 2 .8 9 4 .8 94 . 8 94. 51949: Ju ly 1 ----------------------------------- ------ i 104. 7 1 0 5 .4 1 0 5 .8 10 7 .0 1 05 .9 1 0 5 .7 10 7 .2 1 0 7 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .2 105. 51950: July 1 ............................................... 108 .1 10 8 .3 107. 5 110. 6 107 .1 106. 8 1 0 8 .9 110. 6 1 0 7 .8 107. 6 108. 61951: July 1 ................................................... 112. 7 11 1 .2 1 1 1 .2 1 1 4 .4 110. 6 110 .1 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .8 112. 5 111. 7 113. 11952: July 1 ---------- ------------------------------ 12 0 .3 1 1 9 .4 1 18 .0 1 1 9 .5 118. 1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 9 .5 12 3 .2 118. 7 1 1 8 .9 119. 5

1953: Ju ly 1 125. 7 123 .3 1 2 2 .8 123. 8 122. 6 1 2 2 .8 1 2 5 .9 1 2 8 .5 123. 8 1 2 3 .4 124. 11954: Ju ly 1 ------------------------ ----------------- 131 .0 126. 5 1 2 5 .8 127. 3 125. 5 1 2 6 .0 1 3 0 .9 133 .1 127. 6 126. 7 127. 5

S ee footn ote at end o f tab le .


N E W SP A P E R

T A B L E 2 . In d exes1 o f union h ou r ly w age s c a le s in each p r in tin g tra d e , 190 7 -5 4 - Continued

/J a n . 2 , 1948 - July 1, 1949 = 100 /

Y ea rC o m p o s i

to r s ,hand

M achineo p e r a to r s

M ach ineten ders

(m a ch in is ts )

M a ile rs P h o to - en gra vers

W eb p re s s m e n

i J o u rn e y m en

M e n -in - ch a rg e

J o u rn e y m en and m e n -in - ch a rg e

com b in ed

S te r e o ty p e rs

1907: M ay 15 - - - 1 9 .8 2 0 .3 1 8 .3 2 0 .51908: M ay 1 5 -------------------------------------------- 2 0 .9 2 1 .2 - - - - - 1 9 .5 2 1 .61909: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 2 2 .0 2 1 .9 - - - - - 20 . 3 2 2 .31910: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 2 3 .0 22 . 6 - - - - - 2 1 .0 22 . 81911: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 2 3 .4 22 . 7 ~ - 21 . 1 23 . 0

1912: M ay 1 5 ------------- ---------------------------------- 2 3 .9 2 3 .2 25. 1 . _ _ 2 1 .4 23 . 31913: M ay 1 5 --------------------------------------------- 2 4 .3 23 . 6 2 5 .3 - - - - 2 1 .9 24 . 71914: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 24 . 6 23 . 8 2 5 .4 - - - - 2 2 .0 25 . 01915: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 24. 7 24 . 0 25. 6 - - - - 2 2 .2 25 . 01916: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 24 . 8 2 4 .2 25. 7 " 2 2 .4 - - 2 2 .3 2 5 .3

1917: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 2 5 .4 2 4 .9 2 5 .9 _ 2 3 .4 _ _ 22 . 7 2 5 .91918: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 2 6 .6 25 . 7 2 7 .2 - 2 5 .3 - - 2 4 .5 2 7 .01919: M ay 1 5 ---------- ------------- ------------------- 3 1 .9 3 1 .3 3 4 .5 - 2 9 .8 - - 3 0 .2 3 0 .41920: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 3 8 .8 38. 8 42. 6 - 3 4 .4 - - 37. 3 37. 11921: M ay 15 - - - - 42 . 3 4 1 .3 44. 5 40. 6 - - 3 9 .9 4 3 .2

1922: M ay 15 - - - 43. 3 4 2 .4 4 4 .9 . 42. 6 . 3 7 .9 42 . 61923: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 43. 7 4 2 .9 45. 0 - 4 2 .4 - - 3 8 .4 4 3 .41924: M ay 15 46. 0 4 5 .4 4 7 .5 - 4 4 .2 - - 42 . 7 44 . 71925: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 46. 3 46 . 3 4 6 .2 - 4 5 .9 - - 44 . 6 4 5 .91926: M ay 1 5 ------------------------ ----------------------- 4 7 .4 47 . 5 45. 8 - 4 9 .4 - - 44 . 6 46 . 5

1927: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 4 9 .0 4 8 .5 4 8 .4 _ 50. 1 . 4 6 .9 47 . 01928: M ay 1 5 ----------------------------------------- ------ 4 9 .9 5 0 .3 49 . 5 - 52 .1 - - 48 . 0 4 7 .01929: M ay 1 5 -------------------------------------- --------- 5 0 .8 50. 8 50. 6 - 5 2 .4 - - 4 8 .1 4 9 .31930: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 5 1 .3 5 1 .2 5 1 .0 - 53 .2 - - 49 . 0 49 . 61931: M ay 1 5 ------------------------------------------------ 5 1 .3 5 1 .3 51. 1 - 53. 7 - - 4 9 .2 4 9 .9

1932: M ay 15 - - - - 50. 8 5 0 .9 5 0 .8 _ 5 4 .3 . 4 9 .9 4 9 .41933: M ay 15 - ..................... - - 4 7 .4 4 7 .6 4 7 .2 - 50. 3 - - 46 . 7 46 . 61934: M ay 1 5 ---------------- ------------------------------- 4 8 .1 4 8 .2 47 . 8 - 52. 6 - - 4 6 .8 4 7 .31935: M ay 15 - - - - - 5 1 .3 5 1 .4 5 1 .0 - 55. 1 - - 4 9 .4 49 . 51936: M ay 15 ............ 5 2 .2 5 2 .3 52. 0 56. 5 - - 49 . 6 5 0 .2

1937: M ay 1 5 --------- -------------------- 5 4 .4 5 4 .5 5 4 .2 47. 1 57. 5 5 1 .2 5 1 .81938: June 1 ----- - - - - 55. 5 5 5 .8 55. 5 48. 3 60. 4 - - 52. 6 53. 61939: June 1 ------------------------------------------------- 5 5 .9 5 6 .2 55. 8 48. 7 61. 7 53. 7 5 5 .0 5 3 .8 54. 11940: June 1 ------------------------------------------------- 57. 1 5 7 .2 56. 8 5 0 .2 62. 3 5 4 .9 5 6 .2 55. 1 55. 71941: June 1 - - ------ 5 7 .8 57. 8 5 7 .5 5 2 .2 62. 6 55. 7 5 6 .9 5 5 .9 56. 6

6 0 .2 6 0 .3 6 0 .2 55. 6 6 3 .9 57. 8 5 9 .3 5 8 .0 5 9 .31943: Ju ly 1 --------------------------------------------------- 62. 8 62. 6 62. 7 58. 5 64. 7 60. 7 6 2 .0 6 0 .9 6 1 .81944: Ju ly 1 -------------------------------------------------- 6 4 .0 64. 0 64. 1 59. 3 6 6 .4 6 2 .2 63. 5 6 2 .4 63. 51945: Ju ly 1 -------------------------------------------------- 6 4 .8 64. 7 6 4 .9 60. 3 67. 8 63. 3 6 4 .4 6 3 .4 6 4 .01946: Ju ly 1 -------------------------------------------------- 74. 1 7 4 .4 74. 6 7 3 .4 77. 8 74. 7 75. 7 74. 8 7 4 .0

1948: Jan. 2 ----------------------------------- ------------- 9 5 .2 9 5 .1 9 5 .1 9 3 .4 9 4 .4 9 3 .2 93. 7 9 3 .2 9 3 .11949: July 1 --------------------------------------------------- 104. 8 10 4 .9 1 0 4 .9 106. 6 105. 6 106. 8 106 .3 106. 8 1 0 6 .91950: July 1 -------- 1 0 6 .2 106. 1 1 0 6 .0 10 8 .3 1 0 7 .4 109. 1 10 9 .3 109 .2 1 0 9 .41951: July 1 - .................. 111. 1 1 1 1 .0 110. 8 11 4 .2 111. 8 115. 0 1 1 4 .8 1 1 5 .0 114. 81952: Ju ly 1 ................ 1 1 5 .9 1 1 5 .8 115. 7 1 2 1 .3 1 1 6 .4 119. 0 1 1 8 .5 11 8 .9 120 .2

1953: July 1 -------------------------------------------------- 120 .1 12 0 .0 1 1 9 .4 126. 5 1 2 0 .8 124. 7 1 2 4 .4 124. 6 1 2 3 .51954: July 1 -------------------------------------------------- 1 2 3 .4 123 .2 1 2 2 .5 130. 8 12 3 .9 128. 6 128. 5 1 2 8 .5 127. 7

1 Index s e r ie s d es ig n ed fo r tren d p u rp o se s ; p e r io d ic a l ch an ges in union s c a le s a r e b a sed on co m p a ra b le quotations f o r the v a r iou s occu p ation s in c o n se cu t iv e p e r io d s w eighted by nu m ber o f union m e m b e rs re p o r te d at each quotation in the cu rre n t su rv e y p e r io d .


8T A B L E 3 . P e r c e n t ch an ges in union w age ra tes and p e r ce n t o f union prin tin g tra d es w o rk e rs a ffe c te d ,July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954

T rad e

P e rce n t j a ffe c te d by P e rce n t o f union p rin tin g tra d es w o rk e rs r e ce iv in g in c re a s e s o f

In cre a se N ochangeU nder

2p e rce n t

2 and under 4 p e rce n t

4 and under 6 p e r ce n t



10 and under

12p e rce n t

12 and under

14p e rce n t

14p e rce n t

ando v e r

A ll p rin tin g t r a d e s ------------------------------------------------- 78. 0 2 2 .0 5. 7 3 3 .2 26 . 6 7. 5 2 .6 1 .3 0. 8 0. 3

B ook and j o b ---------------------------------------------- ------------- 74 .2 25 . 8 4 .6 27 . 1 27 . 6 9 .7 2 . 7 1 .3 1 .0 0. 3B in d ery w o m e n ------------------------------------------------- 80. 0 2 0 .0 - 15. 7 28 . 7 22 . 6 8 .2 - 4 .4 .4B o o k b in d e r s --------------------------------------------- ----------- 5 9 .4 40 . 6 4 .1 2 3 .4 2 0 .4 3. 1 4 .8 3. 6 - -C o m p o s ito r s , h a n d ------------------------------------------- 73. 8 2 6 .2 1 1 .4 2 7 .2 2 8 .0 5 .4 1. 1 . 5 .2 -E le c tr o ty p e rs ---------- ----------------------------------------- 9 7 .5 2. 5 22. 6 4 4 .4 2 8 .3 1 .0 1 .2 - - -M ach ine o p e r a t o r s -------------------------------------------- 7 2 .0 28 . 0 9 .3 28 . 3 2 6 .3 6 .0 1 .3 . 8 .2 -M ach in e ten ders (m a c h in is t s ) ------------------------ 6 6 .4 33. 6 6 .0 20 . 7 2 7 .3 9 .0 - 3 .2 .2 -M a ile r s --------------------------------------------------------------- 8 0 .9 19. 1 6 .2 9 .4 4 5 .4 8 .9 1. 1 1 .5 2 .4 6 .0P h o to e n g ra v e rs ------------------------------------------------- 94 . 1 5 .9 1 .0 4 0 .2 47 . 8 3 .4 - 1 .7 - -P r e s s a ss is ta n ts and f e e d e r s ------------------------ 69. 0 3 1 .0 1.1 2 0 .2 3 5 .3 8 .3 2 .4 1 .3 .4 -P r e s s m e n , c y l i n d e r ----------------------------------------- 66. 6 3 3 .4 1 .0 3 4 .3 13. 8 1 4 .0 .9 1 .6 . 6 .4P r e s s m e n , p l a t e n --------------------------------------------- 6 6 .1 3 3 .9 - 3 1 .4 1 7 .0 1 4 .5 - 3 .2 - -S t e r e o t y p e r s ------------------------------------------------------- 9 1 .5 8 .5 2 3 .0 4 0 .9 24 . 6 1 .9 1 .2 - - -

N ew sp ap er --------------------------------------------------------------- 85. 1 1 4 .9 7. 8 44 . 6 24. 8 3 .2 2 .3 1 .4 . 5 .5D ayw ork -------------------------------------------------------------- 83. 5 1 6 .5 7 .9 4 1 .8 24 . 7 3 .2 3. 1 1 .7 . 3 . 7N ig h tw o r k ----------------------------------------------------------- 86. 7 1 3 .3 7. 6 4 7 .3 2 4 .9 3 .3 1 .5 1.1 . 7 .2C o m p o s ito r s , hand:

D a y w o rk --------------------------------------------------------- 8 2 .8 1 7 .2 8. 7 46 . 5 2 2 .0 2 .5 2. 7 .5 - -N ig h tw o rk ------------------------------------------------------- 90. 5 9 .5 8 .4 5 6 .9 20 . 8 3 .2 1 .1 O - -

M ach ine o p e r a to r s :D ayw ork -------------------------------------------------------- - 8 1 .3 18. 7 8. 8 44 . 6 2 1 .7 2 .8 2 .3 1 .0 - -N igh tw ork ----------------------------------------------------- 9 0 .4 9 .6 8. 8 5 8 .4 18. 7 3. 3 1. 1 . 1 - -

M ach ine ten ders (m a ch in is ts ):D ayw ork -------------------------------------------------------- 8 6 .3 13. 7 8 .4 5 3 .0 20 . 8 2 .2 1 .9 - - -N ig h tw o r k -------------------- --------------------------------- 8 9 .6 1 0 .4 8. 6 6 0 .4 1 7 .5 2. 3 .9 - - -

M a ile r s :D a y w o r k -------------------------------------------------------- 8 8 .0 1 2 .0 7 .9 1 9 .8 4 8 .9 2 .8 8 .6 _ - _N ig h tw o rk ------------------------------------------------------- 89. 7 1 0 .3 8. 5 9 .4 6 5 .0 2 .2 4. 6 - - -

P h o to e n g ra v e rs :D ayw ork -------------------------------------------------------- 79. 1 2 0 .9 4 .8 54. 7 1 6 .9 1. 1 1 .2 - - .4N ig h tw o r k ----------------------------------------------------- 92. 6 7 .4 6 .9 66 .1 14 .9 1 .4 2. 5 .8 - -

P r e s s m e n ( jou rn eym en ):D ayw ork -------------------------------------------------------- 80. 6 1 9 .4 7 .5 4 2 .3 1 5 .2 3. 6 3 .1 6 .0 - 2 .9N ig h tw o rk ------------------------------------------------------- 71. 1 2 8 .9 5 .4 4 2 .5 1 1 .9 3 .2 .4 3 .8 3 .4 .4

P r e s s m e n - in -c h a r g e :D a y w o rk --------------------------------------------------------- 7 6 .2 2 3 .8 3 .5 47 . 7 10. 1 3. 7 2 .1 5 .3 - 3 .9N ig h tw o r k ----------------------------------------------------- 67. 5 3 2 .5 2 . 5 40 . 7 1 1 .0 1 .1 1. 6 1 .1 4 . 7 4 .7

S te re o ty p e rs :D a y w o rk --------------------------------------------- ------ 9 3 .0 7 .0 7. 7 4 1 .1 3 5 .3 5 .9 _ - 3 .0 _N igh tw ork ----------------------------------------------------- 9 3 .2 6 .8 6. 5 5 4 .3 20 . 6 7. 7 4 . 1

L e ss than 0. 05 p e r ce n t .N O T E : B e ca u se o f rou n d in g , su m s o f ind iv id ual item s do not n e c e s s a r ily equa l to ta ls .

T A B L E 4 . C e n ts -p e r -h o u r in c re a s e s in union w age ra tes and p e r ce n t o f union p rin tin g tra d es w o rk e rs a ffe c te d ,Ju ly 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954

T rad e

P e r c e n t o f w o rk e rs

a ffe c te d b y w age ra te in c re a s e s

P e ce n t o f union prin tin g trad es in c re a s e s of-

w o rk e rs r e ce iv in g

U nder 5 cen ts

5 and under 10

cen ts

10 and under 15

cen ts

15 and under 20

cen ts

20 and under 25 cen ts

25 and under 30

cen ts

30 cen ts and o v e r

A ll p rin tin g t r a d e s -------------------------------------- 7 8 .0 8 .4 3 3 .9 2 8 .3 4 .3 1 .6 0. 8 0. 7

B ook and j o b ________________________________ 74 .2 8 .4 32. 8 2 6 .0 4 . 6 1 .3 0. 6 0 .4B in d ery w om en ----------------------------------- 8 0 .0 16. 8 51. 1 12 .1 - - - -B ook b in d ers -------------------------------------------- 5 9 .4 5 .4 2 8 .0 16 .9 5 .3 3. 8 - -C o m p o s ito r s , h a n d --------------------------------- 7 3 .8 1 1 .4 2 8 .2 3 1 .1 2 .5 - . 7 -E le c tro ty p e rs ----------------------------------------- 9 7 .5 22 . 6 4 2 .0 2 7 .5 4 . 7 . 6 - -M ach ine o p e r a t o r s --------------------------------- 72 .0 9 .3 2 8 .5 3 0 .4 3 .0 - .9 -M achine ten ders (m a c h in is t s ) ------------- 6 6 .4 6 .0 20 . 7 28. 6 7 .8 - 3 .2 .2M a ile rs ---------------------------------------------------- 8 0 .9 6 .6 3 8 .9 1 5 .5 9 .5 1 .0 - 9 .3P h o to e n g ra v e rs -------------------------------------- 94 .1 1 .7 13. 7 7 4 .2 2 .0 . 7 - 1 .7P r e s s a ss is ta n ts and fe e d e r s ~ ---------- 6 9 .0 4. 5 3 0 .3 3 0 .0 2 .5 1 .6 - -P r e s s m e n , c y l i n d e r ---------- ------------------- 6 6 .6 2. 7 3 4 .9 10. 8 1 3 .5 2. 3 2. 3 .2P r e s s m e n , p l a t e n ---------------------------------- 66 .1 1 .5 3 4 .3 1 4 .5 7. 7 5 .9 2 .2 -S t e r e o t y p e r s ------------------------------------------- 9 1 .5 2 3 .0 29 . 6 35. 8 1 .9 . 6 . 6


T A B L E 4 . C e n ts -p e r -h o u r in c re a s e s in union w age ra tes and p e r ce n t o f union prin ting tra d es w o rk e rs a ffe c te d ,July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954 - C on tinued

P e r c e n t o fP e rce n t o f union prin tin g tra d es

in c re a s e s o fw o rk e rs r e ce iv in g

T rad ew o rk e rs

a ffe c te d by w age rate in c re a s e s

U nder 5 cen ts

5 and under 10

cen ts

10 and under 15

cents

15 and under 20

cen ts

20 and unde r 2 5

cen ts

25 and under 30

cen ts

30 cen ts and o v e r

N ew spap er 85 . 1 8 .3 35 .8 3 2 .6 3 .8 2 .2 1 .2 1 .2D ayw ork 8 3 .5 8 .9 36 .8 2 8 .2 5. 1 2 .0 1 .6 1. 1N igh tw ork ______ _____ ________ __ __ 8 6 .7 7 .7 34 .8 3 7 .0 2 .5 2 .5 .8 1 .3C o m p o s ito r s , hand:

D ayw ork 8 2 .8 8 .7 4 1 .8 2 6 .7 2 .5 2 .7 . 5 _N igh tw ork ___________________________ 9 0 .5 8 .4 4 1 .5 3 6 .2 1.7 2 .6 - n

M achine o p e ra to rs :D ayw ork 8 1 .3 8 .8 4 1 .7 2 4 .7 2 .8 2 .3 1 .0 _N igh tw ork 9 0 .4 8 .8 4 4 .6 3 2 .5 2 .2 2 .2 _ . i

M achine ten d ers (m a ch in is ts ):D ayw ork __________________________ __ 8 6 .3 8 .4 5 0 .9 2 2 .8 2 .2 1 .9 - -N igh tw ork ____________________________ 8 9 .6 8 .6 50 .2 2 7 .7 1 .3 2 .0 - _

M a ile r s :D ayw ork _ ______ _____ ____ ______ 8 8 .0 1 5 .3 3 2 .4 2 9 .5 10 .0 .8 - _N igh tw ork _ 8 9 .7 9 .2 3 0 .0 4 3 .6 2 .2 4 .6 - _

P h oto e n g ra v e rs :D ayw ork 79 . 1 4 .8 35 .7 3 5 .9 1. 1 1 .2 - . 4N ightw ork 9 2 .6 6 .9 4 3 .0 3 8 .0 .7 2 .5 1 .5 _

P r e s s m e n (jou rn eym en ):D ayw ork 8 0 .6 7 .5 2 6 .0 3 1 .4 4 .8 2 .7 5 '. 3 2 .9N ightw ork 71 . 1 5 .4 14.3 40 . 1 1 .4 2 .3 3 .8 3 .8

P r e s s m e n - in -c h a r g e :D ayw ork _____________________________ 7 6 .2 3 .5 20 .7 3 3 .8 7 .0 2 . 1 4 .9 4 . 3N igh tw ork ___________________________ 6 7 .5 2 .5 12 .8 3 3 .8 5 .2 1 .6 1.7 9 .9

S te re o ty p e rs :D ayw ork _ .... .......... ........ 9 3 .0 7 .7 4 3 .6 2 6 .5 12 .2 - _ 3 .0N igh tw ork ___________________________ 9 3 .2 6 .5 35 .7 3 7 .4 9 .5 4. 1

1 L e s s than 0 .0 5 p e rce n t .N O T E : B eca u se o f rounding, sum s o f ind ividual item s do not n e c e s s a r ily equal to ta ls .

T A B L E 5 . A v e ra g e union h ou rly w age ra te s in the prin tin g in d u stry , July 1, 1954, and in c re a s e s in r a te s ,July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954

T rad eA v e ra g e

. rate p e r hour

July 1, 1954 1

Am ount o f in c re a s e July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1 9 5 4 2

A v era g e rate p er

hourJuly 1, 1954 1

A m ount o f in c re a s e July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954 2

P e r c e n t C e n ts -p e r -hour P e rce n tC e n ts -p e r -

hour

A ll prin ting t r a d e s _______________ $ 2 .6 7 2 .9 7 .6 N e w sp a p e r :- Continued

B ook and j o b ______________________ 2 .5 2 2 .9 7 .2 M achine o p e r a to r s _________ $ 2 .9 9 2 .7 7 .8Ritulpry w om en 1 .4 5 4 .2 5 .8 D ayw ork 2 .9 0 2 .6 7 .4Rnnkhinrlpr s 2 .5 3 2 .6 6 .3 N iah tw ork 3. 08 2 .7 8 . 1C o m p o s ito r s , hand 2 .8 0 2 .4 6 .6 M achine te n d e rsE lertrnt.yper s 3 .0 5 2 .9 8 .5 I (m a ch in is ts ) . _ 3 .0 0 2 .6 7 .6M ach ine o p e r a to r s 2 .7 8 2 .4 6 .5 1 D ayw or k _________________ 2 .9 2 2 .6 7 .5M achine ten d ers N igh tw ork _______________ 3 .0 8 2 .6 7 .7

(m a ch in is ts ) _ _ _ _ _ _ 2 .7 9 2 .6 7 .0 M a ile r s _____________________ 2 .6 4 3 .4 8 .6M a ile r s _________________________ 2 .3 0 4 .0 8 .8 D ayw or k . . . . . . 2 .5 1 3 .4 8 .3P h o to e n g ra v e rs _______________ 3 .3 0 3 .6 1 1 .3 N ig h t w o r k ________________ 2 .7 5 3 .4 8 .9P r e s s a ss is ta n ts and P h o to e n g ra v e rs 3 .2 3 2 .5 8 .0

fe e d e rs 2 .2 9 3 .1 6 .9 D ayw or k 3 .0 9 2 .4 7 .2P r e s s m e n , c y l in d e r _____ ______ 2 .8 1 2 .7 7 .4 N igh tw ork 3. 38 2 .7 9 .0P r e s s m e n , platen ____________ 2 .4 8 2 .8 6 .7 P r e s s m e n ( jo u r n e y m e n )___ 2 .9 9 3. 1 9. 1S t e r e o t y p e r s ___________________ 3 .0 6 2 .8 8 .2 D ayw or k _________________ 2 .8 5 3 .4 9 .4

N igh tw ork 3. 16 2 .9 8 .8N ew spap er ___ 2 .9 5 2 .9 8 .4 P r e s s m e n - in - c h a r g e _______ 3 .2 3 3. 3 10 .3

D ayw ork ___________ _ 2 .8 4 3 .0 8 .3 D ayw or k __________________ 3 .0 9 3 .4 10. 1N ig h tw o r k ______________________ 3 ,0 6 2 .9 8 .6 N igh tw ork _ ___________ 3 .4 0 3 .2 10 .6C o m p o s ito r s , h a n d ___________ 2 .9 8 2 .7 7 .9 S te re o ty p e rs 2 .9 5 3 .4 9 .8

D ayw ork ____________________ 2 .8 9 2 .7 7 .5 D ayw ork __________________ 2 .8 4 3 .5 9 .6N ig h tw ork _________ __________ 3 .07 2 .8 8 .2 | N ig h tw o r k ________________ 3. 10 3 .3 9 .9

1 A v e ra g e ra te s a re b a se d on a ll ra te s in e ffe c t on July 1, 1954; ind ividual r a te s a re w eigh ted by the n um ber o f union m e m b e rs r e p o r te d at ea ch ra te .

B a sed on co m p a ra b le quotations fo r 1953 and 1954 w eigh ted by the n u m ber o f union m e m b e rs r e p o r te d at ea ch quotation in 1954.


10

T A B L E 6 . In cre a se s in union w age ra tes in the p rin tin g tra d es b y c ity , re g io n , and in d u stry b ra n ch ,July 1, 1953 - July 1, 1954

C itie s by reg ion

A ll p rin tin g tra d es B ook and jo b N ew spap er

P e rce n to f

in c re a s eCents

in c re a s eP e r c e n t

ofin c re a s e

Centsin c re a s e

P e rce n to f

in c re a s eCents

in c re a s e

A ll c it ie s ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2 .9 7. 6 2 .9 7 .2 2 .9 8 .4

N ew E n g la n d ----------------------------------------------------------- 2 .2 5. 5 2 . 7 6 . 3 1 .6 4 . 5B oston , M a ss . ------------------------------------------------- 2 .3 5 .9 2 . 8 6. 3 1 .8 5. 4N ew H aven, C onn. ------------------------------------------ 2 .0 5 .0 2 . 7 6. 5 . 7 1 .8P r o v id e n c e , R . I. ------------------------------------------ 1 .9 5. 1 2 . 7 6. 8 1 .5 4 . 3S p r in g fie ld , M a ss . ------------------------------------------ 2 .2 5 .2 1 .7 4 . 1 3. 5 8. 3

M id d le A tlan tic ----------------------------------------------------- 2 . 5 6 .6 2 . 1 5. 1 3 .4 9 .8B u ffa lo , N . Y . ------------------------------------------------- 4 . 7 1 1 .3 3 .9 8 .9 6. 1 1 6 .6F n V Pa . ______________________________________ 4 . 3 10. 7 3. 7 8. 7 4 . 6 1 1 .6N ew ark , N. J . -------------------------------------------------- 1 .3 3. 6 1 .0 2 . 6 1 .8 5 .4N ew Y ork , N. Y . --------------------------------------------- 1 .8 4 .9 1 .5 3 .9 2 .4 7 .4P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . -------------------------------------------- 4 . 8 1 1 .8 3 .5 8 .2 7. 7 20 . 7P ittsb u rg h , P a . ------------------------------------------------ 3. 8 9 . 7 3. 3 8. 0 4 .2 1 1 .4R o c h e s te r , N . Y . -------------------------------------------- 4 .2 1 0 .2 4 .0 9 .3 4 . 4 12. 0S cra n ton , P a . --------------------------------------------------- 3 .3 7. 1 3 .4 6. 7 3 .2 8. 6S y ra cu se , N. Y . ---------------------------------------------- J .2 2 . 8 1 .7 3 .4 . 8 2 .2

B o rd e r S ta te s -------------------------------------------------------- - 3. 3 7 .9 3 .2 6 .8 3. 3 9 .5B a lt im o re , M d. ------------------------------------------------ 5. 1 12. 1 6. 1 12. 6 4 .2 1 1 .5L o u is v ille , K y. ------------------------------------------------ 1 .5 3 .4 1 .3 2 . 5 1 .8 5 .0R ich m on d , V a . ------------------------------------------------- 3 .1 6. 8 3 .0 5 .4 3 .2 8 .4W ashington , D. C . ---------------------------------- -------- 3. 1 8. 1 2 . 7 6 .5 3. 7 1 0 .9

S outheast ---------------------------------------------------------------- 1 .8 4 .4 1 .7 3 .9 1 .8 4 . 7A tlanta , G a . ----------------------------------------------------- 1 .6 4 . 1 1 .6 3 .9 1 .6 4 .4B irm in gh a m , A la . ------------------------------------------ 2 .5 6 .2 3 .2 7. 3 1 .9 5. 0C h a rlo tte , N. C . --------------------------------------------- . 6 1 .6 . 8 1 .8 . 6 1 .5J a ck so n v ille , F l a . ------------------------------------------ 1 .0 Z. 5 1 .7 3 .4 .9 2 .4K n ox v ille , Tenn. --------------------------------------------- 2 . 8 6 .9 .9 2 .0 3 .2 8 .0M em p h is , T e n n . ---------------------------------------------- 2 . 0 4 .9 1 .6 3 .2 2 . 5 6. 7

G rea t L akes ----------------------------------------------------------- 3 .4 8 .9 3. 5 8 .9 3. 0 8. 7C h ica g o , III. ----------------------------------------------------- 3 .4 9 .8 3 .4 9 .6 3 .4 10. 3C in cin n ati, O h i o ---------------------------------------------- 2 .2 5 .9 3. 1 7. 6 1 .3 3. 7C leve la n d , O h i o ---------------------------- ----------------- 3 .4 8. 6 3. 3 7. 7 3 . 6 1 0 .4C olu m b u s, Ohio --------------------------------------------- 3. 8 9 .5 4 .2 10. 0 3 .2 8 .9D ayton , O h i o ------------------------ ------ ----- --------------- 3 .9 9 .3 4 .2 9 .9 1 .8 4 . 8D e tro it , M i c h . ---------------------------------------------- 3. 3 9 .0 4 .4 1 1 .4 1 .2 3. 5G rand R a p id s , M i c h . -------------------------------------- 4 . 1 1 0 .2 3 .1 7 .2 5 .0 13. 5In d ian ap olis , I n d . -------------------------------------------- 1 .9 4 . 8 .9 2 .2 3 .2 9 .2M ilw au k ee, W i s . --------------------------------------------- 3 .2 7. 8 3. 5 8 .2 2 .4 6. 7M in n ea p o lis -S t . P a u l, M inn. ----------------------- 3. 1 7. 1 3. 0 6. 5 3 .4 9 .9P e o r ia , 1 1 1 .------------------------------------------------------- 4 .2 10. 8 4 . 3 1 0 .4 4 . 1 1 1 .2T o le d o , O h i o ---------------------------------------------------- 3 . 6 9 .6 4 . 8 1 1 .3 2 . 8 8 . 1

M id d le W e s t ---------- ----- ------------------------------------------ 4 . 8 11. 7 5 .0 11. 1 4 . 6 1 2 .9D es M o in e s , I o w a -------------------------------------------- 6. 0 14. 5 5. 5 12. 8 7. 0 19. 1K ansas C ity , M o . ----------------------- -------------------- 3. 3 7 .9 2 . 6 5. 8 4 . 6 12. 6O m aha, N e b r . --------- ----------------------------------------- 4 . 8 1 1 .9 6. 2 14. 3 3 .9 10. 3St. L o u is , M o . --------------------------- ---------------------- 4 .8 1 1 .6 5. 6 12. 3 3 .4 9 .9

S o u th w e s t ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3 .0 7. 5 3 .4 7. 6 2 . 7 7. 5D a lla s , T e x . ---------- ----------------------------------------- 3 .3 9 .2 2 .2 5. 6 3 .9 1 1 .5H ouston , T ex . ---------------------------------------------- 1 .1 3. 1 2 . 3 5. 6 .4 1 .1L ittle R o ck , A r k . -------------------------------------------- 2 . 5 5. 7 2 .4 4 .8 2 . 6 6. 4N ew O rlea n s , L a . ---------------- --------------------------- 2 .5 6. 0 2 . 6 5. 8 2 .5 6 .3O klahom a C ity , O k la . ------------------------------------- 6. 1 14 .2 8 .8 17. 7 3. 7 1 0 .0San A n ton io , T ex . ------------------------------------------ 3 .4 8 .3 4 . 1 8. 3 3 .2 8 .3

M o u n ta in ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 . 6 1 1 .4 5. 7 12. 1 4 . 0 10 .9D en v er , C o lo . ---------------------------------------------- 4 . 5 1 1 .0 5. 7 12. 1 3 .5 9 .7Salt Lake C ity , U t a h ----------------- -------------------- 4 .9 12. 6 5 .8 1 2 .4 4 . 8 12. 6

P a c i f i c ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 . 5 6. 7 2 . 6 6 .8 2 . 3 6. 6L o s A n g e le s , C a l i f . ----------------------------------------- 1 .8 4 .9 2 . 7 7 .2 - -O akland, C a l i f . --------------------------------------- ----- 1 .4 3 .8 1 .2 3 .3 1 .6 4 . 7P o rtla n d , Or e g . ---------------------------------------------- 2 . 7 7 .4 1 .6 4 . 1 3 . 6 1 0 .4

2 .9 7. 8 3 .4 9 .0 1. 6 4 . 6S eattle , W ash . ------------- ------------------------------------ 2 . 6 7 .4 1 .2 3 .2 4. 6 1 4 .0Spokane, W ash. ------------------------------------------ 4 .4 1 1 .9 3. 6 8. 5 4 . 8 13. 7


T A B L E 7 . D istrib u tion o f union m e m b e rs in the p rin tin g tra d es b y h ou rly w age ra tes and b y tra d e , July 1, 1954

A v e ra g eP e r c e n t o f union m e m b e rs w hose rate (in cen ts) p er h our w as

T ra d e rate120 130 140 150 160 T T cT 1 8 0 " 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360

p er U nder and andh our 120 under

360130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 o v er

A ll p r in tin g tra d es _______________________ $ 2 . 67 0. 5 0. 3 4. 1 3 .9 0 . 8 1 . 8 1 . 0 0. 5 0. 3 0. 7 1 . 8 1. 9 3. 6 5 .9 7. 1 6 . 3 8. 0 1 1 .9 14. 0 8 . 2 5. 5 3. 5 4. 7 0 . 6 0 . 2 3. 1

B o o k and j o b ----------------------------------------------- 2. 52 0 . 8 0 .4 6 .4 5 .9 1 . 2 2 . 8 1 . 6 0 , 8 0 .3 0 . 8 2 . 6 2. 7 5 .2 8 . 0 8 . 2 5. 2 6 . 0 1 2 . 1 10 . 8 6. 0 3. 5 2 .9 1 . 6 0. 3 ( l ) 3. 81 .4 5 4. 5 1 . 9 35 .7 3 1 .4 5 .3 14. 6 6 . 7 -2. 53 .4 _ . 1 .9 _ . 1 .7 5. 2 5.4 6. 5 34. 7 1 2 .4 8 . 7 7 .0 11. 5 5. 6 . 8 - - - - - -

C o m p o s it o r s , hand ___________________ 2. 80 - - - - - - - . 4 .9 - 1 . 8 4. 7 15. 3 7 .4 7 .4 25. 0 1 6 . 8 15. 3 5 .0 - - - -

3. 05 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 7 - _ 1 . 8 2. 5 . 1 8 .7 14. 7 1 2 . 8 9 .9 7. 1 2 2 . 2 19 .6 - - -M achine o p e ra to rs ------------------------------ 2. 78 - - - - - - - - - 1 . 0 1 .4 - 2 .4 5. 2 17 .0 7 .2 8 . 5 23. 2 17. 1 1 1 . 0 6 . 0 - - - - . 2M achine ten d ers (m a ch in is ts ) --------- 2. 79 - - - - - - - - - 1. 6 - 2 .4 3. 1 1 7 .8 2. 7 14. 1 2 3 .3 2 0 .4 1 2 .4 2. 3 -

2. 30 _ _ 4. 0 14. 0 1 1 . 8 _ _ 1 . 0 _ 1 .9 _ 1. 7 6. 7 1 1 . 8 8 . 8 2 . 8 15 .0 1 2 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 8 1 . 0 2 .4 .9 . 1 - -P h o to e n g ra v e rs _______________________P r e s s a ss is ta n ts and fe e d e r s _______

3. 30 2 . 29 . 4 . 7 . 3 1. 7 . 1 2. 0 2 . 6 6. 6 2 .4 3. 6 13. 2 1 2 . 8 25. 3 8. 1

2 . 04 .4

7. 0 2 .3 7. 1

7. 0 7 .9

11. 5 .4

6 . 7 . 3

1. 7 15. 0 7 .4 . 7 0 .3 38. 7

P r e s s m e n , c y l i n d e r __________________ 2 . 81 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2 . 1 . 3 . 7 1. 3 3. 6 6 .9 9 .2 8 . 9 8 . 2 14. 2 25. 8 7. 2 10. 5 1. 5 . 2 1. 1 ( l ) ( l )2. 48 _ _ _ . 1 - 1. 5 . 1 - . 8 3. 6 3. 7 15. 8 1 4 .4 12. 5 20 . 1 8 . 2 8 . 6 2 . 2 2. 3 5. 1 .9 - - - - -

S te re o ty p e rs ----------------------------------------- 3. 06 - - - - - " - - - - " - - - . 2 4. 1 7. 2 1 4 .9 17. 3 18. 6 1 . 0 28. 3 4 .9 1. 7 1. 8 ~

N ew sp a p er ________________________________ 2. 95 2. 84

- - - - - - I1) . 1

. 2

. 5. 4 . 3

. 2

. 3. 3 . 5

. 7

. 71 .9 3. 1

5 .08 .9

8 . 2 10. 7

1 1 . 6 17. 5

1 1 . 6 13. 1

19 .9 22 . 0

12. 3 9 .3

9 .4 1 0 . 0

4. 5 1. 2

10. 5 1. 7

1 . 2 . 1

.4(*)

1. 9

N ight w o rk ______________________________ 3. 06 - - - - - - - - ( l ) . 5 . 1 . 1 . 6 . 6 1 . 0 5. 8 5. 6 10 . 1 17. 8 15. 3 8 .7 7 .8 1 9 .4 2 . 2 . 8 3*. 6

C o m p o s it o r s , hand ----------------------------- 2 .9 8 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( l ) ( 1) - . 3 - 4 . 5 6 .4 1 1 . 2 1 1 .4 2 0 . 2 1 6 .4 13. 6 4. 6 11. 3 - - . 1D ayw ork __________ 2 . 89 _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - (>) () - . 7 - 9 .3 8 .4 1 6 .4 13. 7 22. 5 1 3 .0 15. 6 . 2 - - - . 1N igh tw ork ........................ ....................... 3. 07 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4. 5 6 . 2 9. 2 18. 0 19. 6 11. 7 8. 6 2 1 .9 - ~ . 1

M achine o p e ra to rs ------------------------------ 2 .9 9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - ( l ) . 1 - . 2 - 3 .7 6 .4 1 0 .3 1 2 . 0 1 9 .4 1 7 .0 1 3 .3 4 .9 1 2 .4 - - . 3D ayw ork _ _____ _ _ __ 2 . 90 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - . 1 . 1 - . 5 - 7 .9 7. 3 1 6 .7 15. 6 2 2 . 8 1 2 .4 15 .9 . 3 - - - . 4N igh tw ork _______ . . . 3. 08 _ _ _ _ _ _ > - _ - - - - - 5 .6 4 . 7 8 .9 16. 5 2 1 . 0 1 1 . 1 8 .9 2 3 .2 - - . 3

M ach ine ten d ers (m a ch in is ts ) --------- 3. 00 . . . _ _ _ _ _ . 5 _ 2 .4 7. 7 8 . 6 9 .7 2 1 . 0 1 6 . 1 17 .0 4 . 6 1 2 . 2 - - . 3D ayw ork ........... - 2. 92 _ _ _ . _ _ _ - - - - - 1 . 0 - 4 . 6 9 .9 1 1 . 0 14. 4 22 . 8 11. 7 23. 7 . 5 - - - . 3N igh tw ork ---------------------------------------- 3. 08 - - - - - - - - - " - - - - - 5 .4 6. 1 4. 8 19. 1 20. 7 1 0 . 0 8 .9 2 4 .8 ~ . 2

M a ile rs 2. 64 . _ _ _ _ _ _ . 2 1 . 8 2 . 6 1 . 1 1 .9 3. 5 13. 0 15 .9 18. 3 10 . 0 12 . 6 1 8 .4 . 7 - - - - - -D a y w ork ____________________________ 2. 51 _ _ - - - - - . 4 3. 8 2. 3 2 . 0 3 .6 3. 0 23. 5 26. 7 22 . 6 1 2 . 1 - - - - - - - - -N igh tw ork - 2. 75 _ _ _ - _ _ _ - (M 3. 0 .4 . 4 3 .9 4. 1 6 . 7 14. 6 8 .3 23. 3 3 3 .9 1. 3 - - - - - -

P h o to e n g ra v e rs ----------------------------------D ayw ork ....

3. 23 3. 09

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3. 8 7. 1

2 .95 .3

2 .71 . 6

2. 73. 6

5. 6 8 . 5

12. 3 19. 5

15. 6 1 9 .9

7. 8 6 . 0

2 8 .0 28. 3

1. 5 1. 3 15. 7

N igh tw ork ... . .. . 3. 38 _ _ _ _ * - _ _ - _ - _ - - - - 4 . 1 1. 5 2. 3 4 . 0 10. 5 9. 8 27. 7 3. 3 2 . 8 34. 1

P r e s s m e n (jou rn eym en ) -------------------- 2 .9 9 . . . _ _ _ . 1 1. 5 6. 8 17. 1 9 .7 24. 6 1 1 . 1 5 .4 3. 5 15. 1 4. 3 .6 . 2D ayw ork .... .... . __ 2. 85 _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - . 2 2 . 8 10. 5 28. 6 14. 0 35. 6 5. 3 1 .7 1. 4 - - - -N igh tw ork _ _ _ 3. 16 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - 2. 5 3. 6 4. 7 1 1 . 6 1 7 .9 9 .7 6. 0 3 2 .8 9 .4 1. 3 . 5

P r e s s m e n - in - c h a r g e -------------------------- 3. 23 _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - - - - - . 4 2 .4 2 . 8 16. 3 1 0 .4 1 9 .6 14. 0 7. 8 7 .9 8 .6 9. 8D ayw ork ............ ........... 3. 09 _ _ _ - _ _ _ - - - - - - - - . 8 2 .7 4 .4 28. 2 14. 6 23. 5 14. 2 8. 8 2 . 2 . 8 -N igh tw ork 3. 40 _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - - - - - - 2. 1 .9 1. 7 5. 2 14. 8 13. 7 6 . 6 15. 0 18. 1 2 1 . 8

,Stf*rp*ofyp*rs ....... .. . 2. 95 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . 1 - 2. 3 1 0 . 6 14. 7 2 1 . 2 21. 5 9 .6 2 .4 7. 4 2 . 2 . 4 - 7. 6D ayw ork 2. 84 _ _ _ _ _ - _ - - - - - . 2 - 4. 1 1 3 .9 19 .7 27. 5 2 4 .4 7. 0 2 . 1 . 2 - . 8 - -N igh tw ork ---------------------------------------- 3. 10 6 . 2 8.0 12 . 6 17. 5 13. 0 2. 7 17. 1 5. 2 17. 8

1 L e s s than 0 .0 5 p e r ce n tN O T E : B e ca u se o f rou n d in g , sum s o f individual item s do not n e c e s s a r ily equal 1 0 0 .0 .


12

T A B L E 8 . A v e ra g e union h ou rly w age ra tes in the p rin tin g tra d es by c ity and p opu la tion g ro u p , July 1, 1954

B O O K A N D J O B

C ity and popu lation grou p

P op u la tion grou p I (1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e ):C h ica g o , 111. --------------------------------------------L o s A n g e le s , C a lif. ------------------------------D e tro it , M ich . __________________________

A v e ra g e fo r g rou p I ------------------------------

N ew Y o r k , N. Y ----------------- --------------------P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . ----------------------------------

A v e ra g e h ou rly rate___

N E W S P A P E R

C ity and p opu la tion grou p A v e ra g eh ou rlyrate

$2 . 83 2. 75 2. 72

P op u la tion grou p I (1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 o r m o r e ):N ew Y o rk , N . Y . ------------------------------------C h ica g o , 111.--------------------------------------------

$ 3 . 20 3. 17

A v e ra g e fo r g rou p I 3. 112.662. 64 2 .4 3

D e tro it , M ich . -------------------P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . --------------L o s A n g e le s , C a lif . ----------

3. 07 2 .9 0 2. 86

P op u la tion grou p II (5 0 0 ,0 0 0 to 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ) :San F r a n c is c o , C a l i f . -----------------------------------------C in cin n ati, O h io --------------------------------------------------H ouston , T ex . -------------------------------------------------------P ittsb u rg h , P a . __________________________________W ashington , D. C . ----------------------------------------------C lev e la n d , O h io ----------------------------------------------------M ilw a u k ee , W is. -------------------------------------------------

A v e ra g e fo r g rou p II ------------------------------------------

B u ffa lo , N. Y . ___________________________________B oston , M a ss . -----------------------------------------------------St. L o u is , M o . ___________________________________N ew O r le a n s , L a . ------------------------------------------------B a lt im o re , M d . __________________________________M in n ea p o lis -S t. P a u l, M inn. ---------------------------

2. 74 2. 57 2. 52 2. 51 2 .4 52 .4 22 .4 2

2 .4 0

2. 36 2. 33 2. 32 2. 30 2 . 21 2 . 20

P op u la tion grou p II (5 0 0 ,0 0 0 to 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ) :W ashington , D. C . ----------------------------------------------M in n ea p o lis -S t . P a u l, M inn. --------------------------C lev e la n d , O h io ---------------------------------------------------St. L o u is , M o . -----------------------------------------------------B oston , M a s s . ----------------------------------------------------San F r a n c is c o , C a l i f . ----------------------------------------

A v e ra g e fo r g rou p I I -------------------------------------------

B u ffa lo , N . Y . __________________________________M ilw au k ee , W is. ------------------------------------------------H ouston , T e x . ___________________________________C in cin n ati, O h io --------------------------------------------------B a lt im o re , M d. -------------------------------------------------P ittsb u rg h , P a . ---------------------------------------------------N ew O rle a n s , L a . -----------------------------------------------

3. 08 3 .0 4 3 .0 2 3. 01 2 .9 92 .9 5

2 .9 5

2 .9 1 2. 89 2. 87 2. 85 2. 84 2. 83 2. 58

P op u la tion grou p III (2 5 0 ,0 0 0 to 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ):S ea ttle , "Wash. ------------------------------------------O akland, C a lif. ___________________________P o rtla n d , O r eg . ----------------------------------------D a lla s , T ex . ______________________________N ew ark , N . J. ____________________________A tlan ta , Ga. -----------------------------------------------C o lu m b u s , O h io ___________________________T o le d o , O h io ______________________________

2. 79 2 .7 1 2.66 2. 57 2. 55 2. 46 2. 45 2. 44

P op u la tion grou p III (2 5 0 ,0 0 0 to 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ):S eattle , W ash ----------------------------------------------D a lla s , T e x . ______________________________N ew ark , N . J. -------------------------------------------P ortla n d , O re g . ----------------------------------------T o le d o , O h io ______________________________In d ian ap olis , Ind. -------------------------------------

A v e ra g e fo r g rou p III -________________

3. 16 3. 03 3. 03 3. 02 3 .0 02 .9 4

2 .9 4

A v e ra g e fo r group III

In d ia n a p o lis , Ind. ______R och e s t e r , N. Y. ---------B irm in gh a m , A la . _____K ansas C ity , M o . ---------D en v er , C o lo . ----------------M e m p h is , Tenn. ----------San A n ton io , T e x . _____L o u is v i l le , Ky. ________

2 .4 4

2. 40 2. 40 2. 37 2. 32 2. 25 2 . 11 2 .0 8 1 .9 2

O akland, C a lif. -------------------------------------------------------D en v er , C o l o . ---------------------------------------------------------C o lu m bu s, O h io -------------------------------------------------------L o u is v i lle , K y. -------------------------------------------------------K ansas C ity , M o . -------------------------------------------------------R o c h e s te r , N. Y . ---------------------------------------------------M e m p h is , Tenn. ----------------------------------------------------A tlan ta , G a. ------------------------------------------------------------B irm in gh a m , A la . -------------------------------------------------San A n ton io , T e x . ---------------------------------------------------

2 .9 2 2 .9 0 2 .8 9 2. 89 2 . 86 2. 82 2. 81 2. 80 2 .7 5 2. 69

P op u la tion grou p IV (1 0 0 ,0 0 0 to 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 ):P r o v id e n c e , R . I. ------------------------------------P e o r ia , 111.________________________________Spokane, W ash. ___________________________E r ie , P a . __________________________________D ayton , O hio ______________________________D es M o in e s , I o w a -------------------------------------N ew H aven , Conn. ------------------------------------O m aha, N eb r . --------------------------------------------S p rin g fie ld , M a ss . ------------------------------------G rand R a p id s , M ich . ------------------------------

2. 63 2. 51 2 .4 9 2 .4 7 2. 462 .4 52 .4 5 2 .4 4 2 .4 3 2. 35

A v e ra g e fo r g rou p IV 2. 32

K n o x v ille , Tenn. -------Salt Lake C ity , Utah . O klahom a C ity , O kla.C h a rlo tte , N. C . ____S cran ton , P a . ------------L ittle R o ck , A rk . -----J a ck so n v ille , F la . S y r a c u s e , N. Y. _____R ich m on d , Va. ______

2. 30 2 . 26 2 . 20 2. 09 2. 05 2. 04 2 . 02 1 .99 1. 86

P op u la tion grou p IV (1 0 0 ,0 0 0 to 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 ):S pok ane, W a s h .-------------------------------------------------------De s M o in e s , Iow a -------------------------------------------------P r o v id e n c e , R . I. -------------------------------------------------P e o r ia , 111. ________________________________________G rand R a p id s , M i c h ----------------------------------------------S cran ton , P a . _____________________________________O klahom a C ity , O k la .____________________________O m ah a, N e b r . _____________________________________Salt Lake C ity , U ta h ----------------------------------------------R ich m on d , V a . _____________________________________

3. 00 2. 92 2. 85 2. 84 2. 82 2 .7 9 2. 78 2. 76 2. 76 2 .7 4

A v e ra g e fo r g rou p IV 2. 74

D ayton , O hio _____S y ra cu se , N. Y . E r i e , P a . __________J a c k s o n v ille , F la . K n ox v ille , T enn. _ N ew H aven, Conn. C h a rlo tte , N . C . - L ittle R o ck , A rk . S p rin g fie ld , M a s s .

2. 73 2. 72 2. 67 2. 65 2 .6 3 2. 61 2. 60 2. 54 2. 45

1 The a v e ra g e s in the b ook and jo b tabu lation in clu d e ra tes fo r the s e m is k il le d b in d e ry w om en and p r e s s a ss is ta n ts and fe e d e r s as w e ll as the h igh ly s k ille d jo u rn e y m e n , com p o s in g ro o m and p r e s s r o o m w o r k e r s , and o th e rs . The n u m ber o f s e m is k il le d w o rk e rs o rg a n ise d in a c ity m ay have in flu en ce on the a v e ra g e fo r the c ity .


13

T A B L E 9 . A v e ra g e union h o u r ly w age ra te s in the prin tin g tra d es b y r e g i o n ,1 and b y tra d e , Ju ly 1, 1954

T ra d e U nitedStatesN ew

EnglandM id d le

A tlan ticB o rd e rStates

Southea st

G rea tL akes

M id dleW est

Southw e st M ountain P a c i f ic

A i l p rin tin g t r a d e s ----------------------------------------------- $ 2 .6 7 $ 2 .5 9 $ 2 . 67 $ 2 .5 0 $ 2 . 53 $ 2 . 72 $ 2 . 54 $ 2 . 58 $ 2 .5 9 $ 2 .8 1

B ook and j o b ------------------------------- ------ -------------------- 2 .5 2 2 .3 9 2 .5 2 2 .2 1 2 . 32 2 .5 9 2 .3 6 2 .3 1 2 .2 5 2 . 73B in d ery w om en ---------------------------------------------- 1 .4 5 1 .3 5 1 .4 0 1 .29 1 .2 9 1 .4 8 1 .4 6 1 .2 3 1 .3 8 1. 71B ook b in d ers --------------------- -------------------- -------- 2 .5 3 2 .4 9 2 .3 9 2 .3 7 2 .4 8 2 . 71 2 . 61 2 .3 1 2 .4 0 2 .9 3C o m p o s ito r s , h a n d ---------------- -------------------------- 2 . 80 2 .4 7 2 . 79 2 . 63 2. 61 2 .9 0 2 . 75 2 .5 9 2 . 60 2 .9 3E l e c t r o t y p e r s --------------------------------------------------- 3 .0 5 2 .8 1 3. 14 2 . 64 2 .9 1 3. 12 2 . 89 2 . 80 2 . 64 3. 03M ach in e o p e ra to rs ...... ............... ................. 2 . 78 2 .4 8 2 .8 3 2 . 57 2 . 56 2 .9 0 2 . 73 2 . 60 2. 59 2 .9 4M ach in e ten d ers ( m a c h in is t s ) ---------------------- 2 . 79 2 . 54 2 .9 1 2 .5 4 2 . 65 2 .8 9 2 . 73 2 . 62 2 . 75 2 .9 2M a i le r s ------ --------------------------------------------------------- 2 .3 0 . 2. 54 1. 62 2 . 58 2 .3 1 2 . 65 2 .2 7 2 . 57 2 . 87P h o to e n g ra v e rs ------------------------------------------------ 3. 30 2 . 79 3. 55 2 .8 6 2 . 68 3 .3 2 2 . 88 2 . 72 2 . 77 3 .2 5P r e s s a ss is ta n ts and f e e d e r s ----------------------- 2 .2 9 2 . 19 2 .2 2 2 . 10 1 .6 3 2 .4 7 2 .1 1 1 .6 3 1. 73 2 . 35P r e s s m e n , c y l i n d e r --------------------------------------- 2 .8 1 2 .5 4 2 . 84 2 . 56 2 . 58 2 .9 1 2 . 74 2 . 37 2 . 38 2 .9 6P r e s s m e n , p l a t e n -------------------------------------------- 2 .4 8 2 .3 1 2 . 50 2 .2 0 2 .0 8 2 .4 8 2 .4 4 2 . 14 2 .2 4 2 .9 2S t e r e o t y p e r s ----------------------------------------------------- 3 .0 6 2 .9 7 3 .1 7 2 .9 0 2 . 81 3 .0 3 2 .9 2 2 .8 9 2 .9 1 3. 05

N ew spap er ------------------------------------------------------------ 2 .9 5 2 .8 7 3 .0 2 2 .9 3 2. 68 3. 02 2 .9 3 2 . 79 2 . 85 2 .9 6D a y w o r k ------------------------------------------------------------ 2 .8 4 2 . 74 2 . 88 2 .8 3 2 . 63 2 .9 2 2 .8 4 2 . 71 2 . 79 2 . 89

3 .0 6 3 .0 4 3 .1 5 3 .0 1 2 . 72 3. 13 3 .0 4 2 . 87 2 .9 2 3 .0 3C o m p o s ito r s , hand -------------------------------------- 2 .9 8 2 .8 3 3 .0 5 3 .0 1 2 . 73 3. 06 3. 01 2 . 85 2 .9 4 3. 05

D ayw ork ------------------------------------------------------- 2 .8 9 2 . 73 2 .9 5 2 .9 2 2 . 67 2 .9 6 2 .9 2 2 . 77 2 .8 7 2 . 97N ig h tw o rk ----------------------------------------------------- 3 .0 7 3 .0 0 3 .1 3 3 .0 7 2 . 77 3. 15 3 .1 0 2 .9 2 3. 00 3. 11

M ach ine o p e r a t o r s ------------------------------------------ 2 .9 9 2 .8 7 3 .0 7 3. 00 2 . 71 3 .0 6 2 .9 9 2 . 85 2 .9 5 3. 04D a y w o r k ------------------------------------------------------ 2 .9 0 2 . 76 2 .9 8 2 .9 2 2 .6 6 2 .9 5 2 . 89 2 . 77 2 . 87 2 .9 5N ig h tw o r k ------------------------------------------------ 3 .0 8 3 .0 2 3 .1 6 3 .0 6 2 . 74 3. 15 3. 08 2 .9 1 3 .0 1 3. 12

M ach ine ten d ers ( m a c h in is t s ) ----------------- 3 .0 0 2 .9 0 3. 16 3 .0 2 2 . 69 3 .0 3 3 .0 0 2 .8 5 2 .9 4 3. 02D a y w o r k -------------------------------------------------- 2 .9 2 2 . 78 3. 10 2 .9 3 2 . 64 2 .9 5 2 .9 1 2 . 78 2 .9 1 2 .9 7N ig h tw o rk ------------------------------------------------- 3 .0 8 3 .0 3 3 .2 2 3 .0 8 2 . 74 3 . 11 3 .1 1 2 .9 3 2 .9 8 3. 10

M a i l e r s -------------------------------------------------------- 2 . 64 2 .4 9 2 . 64 2 .3 0 2 .3 1 2. 76 2 . 68 2 .2 1 2 . 50 2 . 70D a y w o r k -------------------------------- -------- -------- 2 .5 1 2 .4 0 2 .4 7 2 .2 2 2 .3 1 2. 61 2 . 58 2 .2 2 2 .4 4 2. 64N ig h tw o r k ---------------------------------------------------- 2 . 75 2 . 57 2 . 78 2 .4 1 2 . 30 2 . 86 2 . 82 2 . 18 2 . 57 2 . 75

P h o to e n g r a v e r s ------------------------------ . ----------- 3 .2 3 3. 10 3 .4 3 3. 18 2. 71 3. 35 3. 13 2 .9 1 3. 05 3. 10D a y w o r k -------------------------------------------------- 3 .0 9 2 .9 6 3 .2 7 3 .1 0 2 . 60 3 .2 5 3 .0 8 2 .8 4 3. 04 3 .0 6N ig h tw o r k ------------------------ - ---------- 3. 38 3 .2 2 3. 55 3 .31 2 .9 7 3 .4 7 3 .2 4 2 .9 9 3. 12 3. 18

P r e s s m e n ( jo u r n e y m e n ) ------- ---------------------- 2 .9 9 2 .8 9 3 .0 7 2 .8 3 2 . 74 3 .0 8 2 .9 0 2 . 78 2 . 77 2 .9 3D a y w o r k -------------------------------------------------- 2 .8 5 2 . 72 2 .8 8 2 . 76 2. 69 2 .9 3 2 . 81 2 . 71 2 . 76 2. 83N ig h tw o r k ------------------------------------------------ 3. 16 3 .1 6 3 .2 6 2 .9 3 2 . 79 3 .2 8 3 .0 2 2 .8 9 2 . 84 3. 01

P r e s s m e n - in - c h a r g e ----------------------------------- 3 .2 3 3 .0 9 3 .3 5 3. 16 2 .9 7 3 .2 7 3. 09 3 .0 1 3. 00 3. 16D a y w o r k -------------------------------------------------- 3 .0 9 2 .9 2 3 .1 5 3 .0 7 2 .9 2 3. 14 2 .9 9 2 .9 5 2 .9 7 3. 08N ig h tw o r k ------------------------------------------------ 3 .4 0 3 .3 2 3 .5 5 3 .2 7 3 .01 3 .4 7 3 .2 1 3. 10 3. 12 3 .2 5

S t e r e o t y p e r s ------------------------------------------------- 2 .9 5 2 .9 8 3 .0 7 2 . 84 2 . 69 2 .9 9 2 .8 8 2 .8 0 2 . 78 2 .9 4D a y w o rk ------------------------ ------------------------------- 2 .8 4 2 .8 0 2 .8 4 2 . 75 2 . 64 2 .9 2 2 . 80 2 . 73 2 . 75 2 .9 0N ig h tw o r k -------------------- ------------------------------- 3 .1 0 3 .2 1 3. 37 2 .9 7 2T. 73 3. 13 2 .9 9 2 . 87 2 .8 2 3 .0 0

1 The reg ion s u sed in this study in clu d e : N ew England C on n ecticu t, M ain e, M a ssa ch u se tts , N ew H a m p sh ire , Rhode Islan d , and V erm on t; M id d le A tlan tic N ew J e r s e y , New Y o rk , and P en n sy lva n ia ; B o rd e r States-----D e la w a re , D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia , Kentucjky, M a ry land, V irg in ia , ancPW est V irg in ia ; Southeast A la b a m a , F lo r id a , G e o rg ia , M is s is s ip p i, N orth C a ro lin a , South C a ro lin a , and T en n e sse e ; G rea t L a k es I ll in o is , Indiana, M ich iga n , M in n esota , O hio, and W iscon s in ; M id d le W e st Iow a, K an sas , M issou ri,^ N eb ra sk a , N orth D akota, and South D akota; Southw est A rk a n s a s , L ou is ia n a , O klahom a, and T e x a s ; M ountain A r iz o n a , C o lo r a d o , Idaho, M ontana, N ew M e x ico , Utah, and. W yom in g; P a c if ic - C a lifo rn ia , N evada, O regon , and W ashington .

T A B L E 1 0 . D istr ib u tion o f union m e m b e rs in the prin tin g tra d es b y s tra ig h t-t im e w eek ly h o u rs , Ju ly 1, 1954

T ra d e

P e r c e n t o f m em b e r s w h ose s tra ig h t-t im e h ou rs p e r w eek w ere

h ou rsp e rw eek

U nder30 30

O ver30

andunder

35

35

O ver35

andunder

361/ 4

36V4

O ver3 6 %and

under37Vz

37 V .

O ver3 7 %and

under40

40

A ll p r in tin g t r a d e s ------------------------------------------------- 3 7 .1 P) 0. 1 1 .8 7 .9 0. 6 2 6 .3 0 .6 5 2 .8 2 .9 7 .0B ook and j o b ------------------------------------------------------------ 3 7 .3 _ P) 0 .2 5. 6 0. 6 2 9 .5 (M 51. 1 3 .4 9 .6

B in d ery w o m e n ------------------------------------------------- 3 7 .4 - - - .9 - 3 1 .3 - 5 2 .4 4 . 7 1 0 .8B o o k b in d e r s ----------------------- -------------------------------- 3 7 .2 - - - .8 - 4 7 .5 - 3 7 .6 4 .9 9 .2C o m p o s ito r s , h a n d ------------------------------------------ 3 7 .4 - - - 1 .5 - 27 . 7 - 5 8 .0 2 .2 1 0 .5E l e c t r o t y p e r s -------------------------------------------------- - 3 7 .3 - - - . 1 - 1 9 .6 - 8 0 .2 - . 1M ach ine o p e r a t o r s ------------------------------------------ 37. 6 - 0 .2 - 1 .4 - 2 3 .0 - 58. 7 2 .2 14. 5M ach ine ten d ers ( m a c h in is t s ) ----------------------- 37 . 6 - - - - - 3 1 .5 - 47 . 7 3. 1 1 7 .8M a ile r s --------------------------------------------------------- - 3 7 .5 - - 6 .8 .4 - 1 1 .3 1 .0 59. 1 - 2 1 .3P h o to e n g r a v e r s ------------------------------------------ ------ 3 6 .2 - - - 4 8 .4 5. 6 2 .0 - 43 . 8 - .2P r e s s a ss is ta n ts and f e e d e r s ------------------------ 3 7 .3 - - - . 6 - 40 . 5 - 4 5 .2 6 .0 7 .7P r e s s m e n , c y l i n d e r ---------------------------- ------------ 3 7 .4 - - - 1 .2 - 34. 7 - 4 8 .4 3. 8 1 1 .9P r e s s m e n , p l a t e n ----------------------------------------- 3 7 .9 - - - . 5 - 2 1 .4 - 5 0 .3 6 .0 2 1 .9S t e r e o t y p e r s ---------- ------------------------------------------ 3 7 .2 * 2 .7 2 .2 ~ 1 2 .3 - 8 2 .4 ~ .4

S ee footn ote at end o f table,


14

T A B L E 1 0 . D istr ib u tion o f union m e m b e rs in the prin tin g tra d e s by s tra ig h t-t im e w eek ly h ou rs , July 1, 1954 - Continued

T ra d e

A v era g ehoursper

w eek

P e rce n t o f m e m b e r s w h ose s tra ig h t-t im e h ou rs p er w eek w e re

U nder30 30

O ver30

andunder

35

35

O ver 35

and under 36 /.

361/ .

O ver36 V, and

under37 Vz

37 l/a

O ver 37 Vz and

under 40

40

N ew spap er _________________ ____ ________ _ 3 6 .8 0 ) 0 .2 4 .8 1 2 .2 0 .6 2 0 .2 1 .8 5 6 .2 1 .9 2 .1D a y w o r k ______________________________________ 3 7 .2 - . 1 .2 6 .0 - 15 .6 1 .4 7 1 .7 2 .2 2 .7N igh tw ork _________________ __ ______ 3 6 .4 (l ) .2 9 .4 1 8 .3 1 .1 2 4 .9 2 .2 4 0 .7 1.7 1 .5C o m p o s it o r s , hand ______ _____________ _ 3 7 .0 - - - - - - - - - -

D ayw ork ______ _____ _____ __ __ _ 3 7 .0 - . 1 .2 8 .5 - 2 2 .4 2 .7 6 1 .9 2 .0 2 .1N igh tw ork _ _________ ------------- _ 3 6 .9 ( l ) (M .1 10 .1 - 3 2 .4 3 .6 4 9 .2 2 .1 2 .3

M ach ine o p e ra to rs ___ __ __ __ ____ 3 6 .9 - - - - - - - - - -D ayw ork ______ _____ __ __ _______ 3 7 .0 - .4 .3 8 .9 - 2 1 .4 2 .7 6 2 .9 2 .5 .9N igh tw ork ____ ________________________ 3 6 .8 0. 1 .2 . 1 9 .6 -

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