bls_0977_1950.pdf

Union Wages and Hours: The Baking Industry July 1, 1949

Bulletin| No. 977UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

M aurice J. Tobin, Secretary

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICSEwan Cuague, Commissioner

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D . C. Price 25 cents

Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Letter of Transmittal

United States D epartment of Labor,Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Washington, D . C .t January SO, 1950.

The Secretary of Labor:I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report on wages and

hours in the baking industry in 75 cities as of July 1, 1949.This report was prepared in the Bureaus Division of Wage Statistics by

Annette Y. Sherier, under the direction of Charles Rubenstein.Ewan Clague, Commissioner.

Hon. M aurice J. T obin,Secretary of Labor.

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ContentsPage

Summary__________________________________________________________________________________ 1Scope and method of study______________________________________________________________ 1Trends in union wage rates______________________________________________________________ 1Rate variations by industry branch_____City and regional rate differentials_______Standard workweek_______________________Union scales of wages and hours, by city.

Tables:1. Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly hours in the baking industry,

1939-49_______________________________________________________________________ 12. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, July 1, 1949 and increases

since July 1, 1948, by type of baking_______________________________________ 23. Percent increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by

type of baking, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949_______________________________ 24. Cents-per-hour increases in union wage rates and percent of workers

affected, by type of baking, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949_________________ 25. Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by type of baking

and by hourly wage rates, July 1, 1949____________________________________ 36. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake

hand shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949_________________________ 37. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake

machine shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949______________________ 48. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in pie and pastry

shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949______________*_________________ 49. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in Hebrew bake shops,

by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949_______________________________________ 510. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in other nationality

bake shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949_________________________ 511. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in cracker and cooky

shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949________________________________ 512. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by population group and

by type of baking, July 1, 1949_____________________________________________ 613. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by region and by type of

baking, July 1, 1949__________________________________________________________ 614. Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by straight-time

weekly hours, and type of baking, July 1, 1949___________________________ 615. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities,

July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1949_______________________________________________ 7

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Union Wages and Hours in the Baking Industry, July 1, 1949Summary

Union wage scales in the baking industry increased 6 percent between July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1949. The over-all increase of 7 cents an hour advanced the average union wage scale of 72,477 bakery workers to $1.31 on July 1, 1949. The negotiation of new contracts during the year resulted in wage increases for about nine-tenths of all workers studied. The standard workweek for union bakery workers averaged 40.7 hours on July 1, 1949, representing a slight reduction from the previous year. A 40-hour week was most prevalent in the industry and applied to four of every five workers.

Scope and Method of StudyThe information presented in this report is

based on union scales in effect on July 1, 1949, covering 72,477 union bakery workers in 75 cities ranging in population from 40,000 to over 1,000,- 000. Data were obtained primarily from local unions by mail questionnaire; in some cities local union officials were visited by Bureau representatives in order to collect the desired information.

Union scales are defined as the minimum wage rates or maximum schedules of hours agreed upon through collective bargaining between employers and trade-unions. Rates in excess of the negotiated minimum paid for special qualifications or for other reasons are excluded.

Average hourly scales presented in this report are designed to show current levels and are based on all wage scales reported in effect on July 1,1949; individual union rates were weighted by the number of union members working at each rate. However, average cents-per-hour and percentage increases from July 1,1948, to July 1, 1949, are based on comparable scales for both years. Data for 1948 and for 1949 were weighted by the membership reported in 1949.

Trends in Union Wage RatesThe 6-percent rise in union scales from July 1,

1948, to July 1, 1949, represented the smallest annual gain since the end of World War II (see table l) .1 A rate increase of 15 percent was registered in the year after VJ-day (as measured from July 1945 to July 1946), and annual gains of 13 and 8 percent, respectively, were achieved during the next 2 years. About three-fifths of the total rate advance during the 10-year period beginning June 1,1939, occurred after the end of hostilities in 1945.

T a b l e 1 . Indexes of union hourly wage rates and weekly hours in the baking industry, 198 9 -4 9

[June 1, 1939=100}

Year Index of hourly ratesIndex of

weekly hours

1939: June l ._ . _ _ 100.0 100.01940: June 1---- --------- - - ___ _ 102.7 99.51941: June 1__________________________________ 106.1 99.21942: July 1______________________ _____ 116.3 99.11943: July 1----------------------------------------------------- 121.2 98.6

1944: July 1____ ____ __ . ____ 122.0 98.61945: July 1______________________ ____ 123.6 98.61946: July ! __________________________________ 141.6 98.31947: July 1____ _____ . ______ - ____ 160.6 98.21948: July 1____ _____________________ _____ 173.4 98.21949: July 1__________________________________ 184.5 97.8

The proportion of workers receiving wage increases in Hebrew and other nationality bake shopswhich employed less than 10 percent of all workers studiedwas considerably below the levels for the other branches and for the industry as a whole (see table 2). One-third of the Hebrew bakers and two-thirds of the other nationality bakers received upward adjustments in their scales between July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1949, as compared with nine-tenths of the workers in other types of bake shops.

i In the index series designed for trend purposes, year-to-year changes in union scales are based on comparable quotations for the various occupations in both years, weighted by the membership reported in the current year.

869838 50 (i)


2T a b l e 2 . Average union wage rates in the baking industry, July 1, 1949, and increases since July 1, 1948, by type of baking

Type of baking

Average rate per

hour

Amount of increase July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949

July 1, 1949 Percent Cents per hour

All hairing $1.31 6.4 7

Bread and cake: Hand 1.62 6.8 10Machine 1.28 6. 4 8

Pie and pastry 1.18 9. 6 10Nationality baking:

Hebrew____________________ ___________ 1.86 1.3 2Other 1.63 3.4 5

Cracker and cooky ______ _______ ___ 1.06 8.4 8

Increases varying from 5 to 10 percent were received by more than half of the workers whose rates were advanced during the year (see table 3). Raises of 5 and 10 cents an hour were most common in the industry and generally applied to each of the branches covered. Individual wage adjustments, however, ranged from less than 5 to over 40 cents an hour (see table 4).

A comparison of basic scales shows the extent of wage adjustments which occurred in the 4 years after VJ-day. On July 1, 1949, more than half of the union bakery workers were employed at hourly wage scales ranging from $1.20 to over $2, and only 20 percent had scales less than $1. On July 1, 1945, however, wage scales as high as $1.20 were applicable to only an eighth of the workers, whereas scales under $1 covered three-fourths of the workers.

Rate Variations by Industry BranchUnion wage scales are generally distinguished

as to type of baking process, type of product, and specialized versus more standard baking. The greater proportion of baked goods is now standardized and produced in large and highly mechanized establishments. Such establishments employed about 80 percent of the union workers included in the study. Specialized baking is found primarily in bread and cake hand shops and in nationality baking.

T able 3. Percent increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by type of baking, July 1 ,1 94 8 , to July 1 ,1 9 4 9

Type of baking

Percent of union workers affected

byPercent of workers affected by increase of

N ochange Increase

Less than 5 percent

5 and under 10 percent







40 percent and

over

All baking______________________________

Bread and cake:Hand_______________________________Machine______________________________

Pie and pastry__________________________

14.5 85.5 15.8 45.5 19.0 4.0 0.9 0 ) 0.2 0 ) 0.1

13.3 9.2 9.8

67.131.512.4

86.790.8 90.2

32.968.587.6

21.817.66.9

21.135.0

7.0

45.057.4 29.2

11.431.132.1

13.613.320.2

(02.3

33.7

5.2.2.2

.4

0.10)

.50)

0.3 .2

Nationality baking:Hebrew_______________________________Other_________________________________ 2.4

40.7Cracker and cooky_____________________ 6.7 .6 0) .4 0 ) .1

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

T able 4. Cents-per-hour increases in union wage rates and percent of workers affected, by type of baking, July 1, 1948, toJuly 1 ,1 9 4 9

Type of baking

Percent of union workers affected by increase

Percent of workers affected by increase of

Less than 5 cents

5 and under 10

cents

10 and under 15

cents

15 and under 20

cents

20 and under 25

cents

25 and under 30

cents

30 and under 35

cents

35 and under 40

cents40 cents and over

All baking________

Bread and cake:Hand____________Machine_________

Pie and pastry_____Nationality baking:

Hebrew__________Other.....................

Cracker and cooky-

85.5 7.7 30. 7 41.5 4.2 0.6 0. 0.1 0.6 (i)

86.790.8 90.2

12.47.06.9

30.536.212.1

32. 9 11.868. 5 16. 987. 6 5. 2

11.120.027.4

24.145.7 56.3

9.631.647.8

13.31.3

11.8

.1

.7

.63.1

0)0) 0 )

(06.1 .4 .5

.8 4.

.1

8

1 0 )

0.1

Less than 0.05 of 1 percent,


3T able 5. Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by type of baking and by hourly wage rates, July 1, 1949

Percent of union members whose rates (in cents) per hour were

Type of bakingagerate 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220

andper Under and and and and and and and and and and and and and and andhour 70 under under under under under under under under under under under under under under under80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 over

All baking_________ $1,307 0.2 1.3 4.4 12.5 12.5 11.8 11.5 11.5 9.6 4.4 5.7 3.1 6.0 2.0 2.3 0.4 0.8

Bread and cake:Hand____________ 1.618 0) .2 .9 1.6 .7 4.4 6.6 5.8 11.7 7.7 29.8 6.2 7.7 3.0 7.2 3.1 3.4Machine________ 1.278 .1 1.2 4.2 9.8 9.6 14.0 14.5 17.6 13.4 5.1 2.5 1.3 4.9 1.5 .3

Pi ft and pastry 1.179 .1 1.7 14.0 12.8 17.4 11.5 14.6 7.9 8.8 6.0 2.5 .8 .7 .6 -gNationality baking:

Hebrew 1.862 .3 .2 .1 .2 0 ) 2.2 1.7 2.7 1.6 2.9 12.5 36.6 13.4 19.4 .2 6.0Other 1.634 .~6~ 11.0 .6 .4 16.5 23.1 36.2 11.6Cracker and cooky.. 1.059 .6 2.4 6.8 28.4 28.1 14.7 9.7 5.2 2.9 .6 .5 .1 0)

1 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.

In the highly mechanized bakeries, a substantial proportion of the workers are semiskilled and perform routine tasks, for which extensive training is not required. In contrast, the work force in specialized or hand shops is composed primarily of skilled, all-round journeymen.

The level of union scales is naturally higher in specialized baking than in the standard-products plants. On July 1, 1949, the hourly scales of

T a b l e 6 . Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake hand shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949

CityAverage rate

per hour July 1, 1949


Percent Cents per hour

New York, N. V . $1.881 1.689

7.1 12.5San Fran risen, Hal if 5.7 9.1Oakland, Calif 1.687 4.3 7.0Pnrt.land, Orp.g 1.651 5.9 9.3Baltimore Md 1.649 3.4 5.5Anp.rn.gp.t all rit.ipx 1.618 6.8 10. ST,ns Angeles, Calif . _ .... . . 1.605 5.2 8.0Chicago, Til ... _ 1.564 10.3 14.6Newark, N .T 1.505 0 0Cleveland, Ohio ___ 1.476 2.0 2.9Rochester, N. V. 1.474 14.1 18.2Springfield, Mess ...................... 1.470 7.3 10.0Washington, D. C _ .. 1.414 7.6 10.0Denver, Colo. 1.395 0 0Bntte, Mont. ___ 1.395 6.8 8.9Pittsburgh, Pa 1.361 7.7 9.7South Bend, Ind______________ 1.346 6.3 8.0Dnlnth, Minn ___ 1.341 5.3 6.8Phoenix, Ariz , _ _ .. 1.322 3.5 4.5New Haven, Conn 1.313 3.1 4.0Providence, R. I ______________ 1.288 4.0 5.0fit. Paul, Minn . _ .... 1.285 4.4 5.4Peoria, Til 1.275 9.0 10.6Minneapolis, Minn 1.256 5.4 6.5St. Louis, Mo__________________ 1.252 3.5 4.2Rock Island (111.) district1.........Toledo, Ohio

1.2251.207

05.2

06.0

Houston, Tex __ 1.200 3.4 4.6Milwaukee, Wis 1.195 0 0Salt Lake City, Utah .. _ _ 1.169 0 0Scranton, Pa .... ___ 1.166 2.2 2.5Manchester, N H 1.152 0 0Youngstown, Ohio ..... 1.137 5.2 5.6Boston, Mass 1.131 17.5 16.8Chattanooga, Tenn____________ .996 0 0

1 Includes Rock Island and Moline, 111., and Davenport, Iowa.

workers in bread and cake hand shops and in nationality baking exceeded the national average of $1.31 for all branches by 31 cents or more an hour. In the mechanized bread and cake shops and cracker and cooky shops, union workers had average hourly scales of $1.28 and $1.06, respectively.

Indexes of Union Hourly Wage Rates and Weekly Hours in the Baking Industry

INDEX

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

869838 50----- 2Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4T able 7. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in bread and cake machine shops, by city, July 1 ,1 94 8 , to July 1,

1949

CityAverage rate per

hour July 1,1949

Amount of increase July 1, 1948, to July 1,1949

CityAverage rate per

hour July 1,1949

Amount of increase July 1,1948, to July 1,1949

Percent Cents per hour PercentCents per

hour

$1.930 6.6 12.0 St. Paul, Minn________________________ $1.209 5.5 6.31.800 6.9 11.6 Indianapolis, Ind_____________________ 1.206 4.4 5.11.655 6.1 9.6 Columbus, Ohio______________________ 1.195 6.8 7.61.578 9.1 13.2 Dallas, Tex_______________________ ___ 1.189 3.5 4.11.556 3.7 5.6 Louisville, K y ________________________ 1.186 6.7 7.4

Washington, D . C ------------------------------- 1.529 7.0 10.0 Rock Island, (111.) district1___________ 1.182 4.4 5.01.506 5.5 7.8 Syracuse, N. Y __ ____________________ 1.179 3.2 3.71.449 0 0 Providence, R. I ------ --------------------------- 1.171 4.4 4.91.386 10.2 12.8 Springfield, Mass_____________________ 1.163 4.2 4.7

Denver, Colo_____ _________________ 1.374 .6 .8Wichita, K ans......... ..... __ _________ 1.161 7.9 8.5

Ppnrifi Til 1.374 4.4 5.8 Scranton, Pa__________________________ 1.157 10.4 10.9New York, N. Y 1.371 8.1 10.3 Grand Rapids, Mich__________________ 1.149 8.1 8.6Newark, N. .T 1.370 8.2 10.4 New Orleans, La________________ _____ 1.136 7.4 7.8Phoenix, Ariz _ . _ 1.369 3.4 4.6 Omaha, Nebr_________________________ 1.133 5.0 5.4Seattle, Wash_________________________ 1.368 3.2 4.2

Reading, Pa____ _______ - __________ 1.130 4.8 5.2St. Louis, Mo ____ _ 1.346 3.9 5.0 San Antonio, Tex_____________________ 1.129 11.1 11.3"Youngstown Ohio 1.327 3.9 5.0 Houston, Tex .... _ 1.123 3.9 4.9Pittsburgh, Pa 1.315 7.8 9.6 Cleveland, Ohio______________________ 1.114 0 0Dayton Ohio _ 1.305 4.8 6.0 Little Rock, A rk ._____ ______________ 1.109 4.4 4.7Buffalo, N. Y ___________ ___________ 1.283 8.0 9.5

Milwaukee, Wis_____________________ 1.086 .2 .2Average, all cities______________________ 1.278 6.4 7.7 Richmond, Va________________________ 1.069 13.3 12.5Oklahoma City, Okla 1.265 4.1 5.0 Memphis, Tenn_______________________ 1.052 4.4 4.4Detroit, Mi eh 1.255 10.2 11.7 Charleston, W. V a____________________ 1.045 1.8 1.8Salt Lake City, Utah 1.254 3.9 4.7 El Paso, Tex__________________________ 1.042 3.2 3.2Kansas City, Mo______________________ 1.252 8.7 10.0

Chattanooga, Tenn___________________ 1.028 4.4 4.3Chicago, 111 1.249 9.7 11.1 Charlotte, N. C_______________________ 1.009 5.8 5.5Des Moines, Iowa 1.238 4.2 5.0 Knoxville, Tenn______________________ .998 3.5 4.1South Bend, Ind ___ 1.238 6.2 7.5 Birmingham, Ala______________ ______ .980 5.4 5.0Minneapolis, Minn 1.235 5.6 6.5 Atlanta, Ga__________________________ .977 4.6 4.3Toledo, Ohio_________________________ 1.233 4.9 5.8

Baltimore, Md________________________ .974 6.4 5.9Boston, Mass 1.229 4.5 5.3 Jacksonville, Fla______________________ .970 3.9 3.7New Haven, Conn _ _______ 1.229 4.6 5.4 Norfolk, Va___________________________ .949 8.0 7.0Duluth, Minn 1.227 5.8 6.7 Miami, Fla____________________________ .932 5.7 5.0Portland, Maine 1.226 4.1 4.8 Jackson, Miss___________ ___________ .912 12.5 10.1Worcester, Mass 1.224 10.6 11.8 Savannah, Ga________________________ .784 6.8 5.0Philadelphia, Pa______________________ 1.215 7.7 8.7


T able 8. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in pie and pastry shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1 , 1949

CityAverage rate

per hour July 1,1949



San Francisco, Calif...... ..........Los Angeles, Calif ..... _ ._

$1.697 1.404

7.68.2

12.010.7

Toledo Ohio 1.288 4.9 6.0New York, N, Y 1.270 8.2 9.6Detroit, Mich .. _ . 1.256 12.5 14.0Boston, Mass 1.229 1.0 1.2Indianapolis, Ind______________ 1.216 3.3 3.9Philadelphia, Pa______________ 1.204 11.3 12.2Ai)P.rngp.} nil rifip.n 1.179 9.6 10. SWorcester, Mass 1.159 0) 4.7

0 )Scranton, Pa. 1.108 5.0Omaha, Nebr_______ _______ _ 1.104 5.7 5.9Columbus, Ohio_______________ 1.087 5.8 6.0Syracuse, N. Y 1.071 0 0York, Pa _ 1.065 12.3 11.7Cleveland, Ohio 1.049 0 0Buffalo, N. Y _________________ 1.018 2.6 2.6Chicago, TIL 1.003 15.4 13.4Providence, R. I _______________ .982 15.9 13.5South Bend, Ind______________ .948 11.9 10.0Baltimore, Mri _ _ .913 4.5 3.9Duluth, Minn ________________ .886 7.5 6.2Chattanooga, Tenn .793 4.6 3.5

1 Information not available.

City and Regional Rate DifferentialsAmong the 70 cities having mechanized bread

and cake shops, which employed more than half of the unionized workers studied, Oakland (Calif.) ranked highest on July 1, 1949 with a scale level of $1.93 and Savannah (Ga.) the lowest with a level of 78 cents an hour. Four of the other five Pacific Coast cities in the study had average scales exceeding $1.50. Scale levels below $1 an hour were found in nine cities, primarily in the Southeast.

Average union scales in cracker and cooky shops ranged from 84 cents in Birmingham (Ala.) to $1.33 in Newark (N. J.). Atlanta (Ga.) with a level of $1.11, was seventh among the 38 cities but ranked higher than Los Angeles, New York, St. Louis, and other large northern cities.

In the other branches of the baking industry, union scale levels in Pacific Coast cities, New York, Chicago, and Detroit were generally among


5T able 9. Average union hourly wage rates and wage in

creases in Hebrew bake shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1, 1949

CityAverage rate




Dpt.rnit, Mieh ______ $2.184 2.001

0.5 1.1Lns Angeles, Calif 0 0Chicago Til 1.978 6.9 12.7New York, N. Y 1.901 .4 .8Rneh ester N. Y 1.890 0 0Auer age., all cities _ 1.862 l.S 2.4

11.4Boston, Mass 1.823 6.7Newark, N. J 1.811 0 0Philadelphia, Pa 1.787 3.9 6.7New Haven, Conn _ _ 1.770 0 0Cleveland, Ohio 1.724 0 0Providence, R. I _________ ______ 1.604 0 0Miami, Fla 1. 542 0 0Worcester, Mass ._ 1.539 0 0Springfield, Mass __ ..... 1.523 0 0Minneapolis, Minn ............ 1.423 5.1 6.9Milwaukee, Wis .... 1.409 3.7 5.0Denver, Colo 1.377 0 0Pittsburgh. Pa^ 1.348 0 0St. Louis, Mo________ 1.287 0 0

the highest. San Francisco had the top scales in other nationality baking and in pie and pastry shops, averaging $1.77 and $1.70, respectively. New York was the leading city in bread and cake hand shops with a scale level of $1.88, and Detroit led in Hebrew baking with an average scale of $2.18. Chattanooga (Tenn.) had the lowest levels in bread and cake hand shops and pie and pastry shops with average union scales of $1 and 79 cents an hour, respectively.

When the various cities were grouped according to size of city, the average union hourly scale on July 1, 1949, for all industry branches combined was 14 cents higher in cities with populations of 1,000,000 or more than that in cities with populations of 500,000 to 1,000,000. This was 25 cents above the level in cities with populations of 250,000 to 500,000 (see table 12). In each of the two smaller-size city groups union scales averaged 29 cents below the level for the largest cities. Aver-

T able 10. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in other nationality bake shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1 , 1949

CityAverage rate




San Francisco, Calif $1.772 7.3 12.0Chicago, TU 1.734 4.9 8.1Detroit, Mich ............ 1.705 1.6 2.7A nerage, all cities 1.634

1.5278.40

6.40Buffalo, N. Y . .............................

New York, N Y 1.496 .6 .9Los Angeles, Calif 1.468 8.9 12.0

age union scales for the individual branches of the industry did not always rank in accordance with the size of a city. The levels of scales in pie and pastry shops and other nationality bakeries were highest in cities with populations from 500,000 to 1,000,000. Average scales in the smallest population group of cities exceeded those in the next larger group for workers employed in bread and cake hand shops and pie and pastry shops.

Table 11. Average union hourly wage rates and wage increases in cracker and cooky shops, by city, July 1, 1948, to July 1 , 1949

CityAverage rate

per hour July 1, 1949



Newark, N. .T . .... $1,332 23.3 25.2Rochester, N. Y__.____________ 1.247 7.8 9.0Oakland, Calif________________ 1.201 9.3 10.2Philadelphia, Pa______________ 1.163 11.0 11.5Detroit, Mich____________ ______ 1.131 10.1 10.3

Chicago, 111______ _____________ 1.114 10.2 10.3Atlanta, Ga___________________ 1.111 9.9 10.0Seattle, Wash_____ _____________ 1.108 11.7 11.6Buffalo, N. Y _________________Dayton, Ohio_______________

1.106 11.0 11.01.102 4.7 5.0

New York, N. Y ______________ 1.101 7.8 7.5Toledo, O h io ..______ __________ 1.065 10.4 10.0Average, all cities_______________ 1.059 8.4 8.2Houston, Tex__________________ 1.056 15.7 14.2Omaha, Nebr__________________ 1.050 9.2 8.8

Des Moines, Iowa______________ 1.043 10.9 10.3St. Louis, Mo__________________ 1.043 8.1 7.8Cincinnati, Ohio_______________ 1.038 4.3 4.3Duluth, Minn_________________ 1.028 7.2 7.0York, Pa______________________ 1.026 11.4 10.5

Boston, Mass____ ______________ 1.020 0 0Kansas City, Mo______________ 1.018 3.5 3.4Pittsburgh, Pa________________ 1.011 0 0Portland, Oreg________________Los Angeles, Calif.............. .........

1.010 0 01.003 6.4 6.0

St. Paul, Minn_________________ 1.003 0 0Columbus, Ohio_______________ .989 17.9 15.0Richmond, V a_________________ .968 8.4 7.5Denver, Colo__________________ .950 7.1 6.3Spokane, Wash________________ .940 7.0 6.8

Minneapolis, Minn_____________ .939 4.0 3.6Scranton, Pa_____________ _____ .929 14.8 11.9Milwaukee, Wis________________ .928 12.2 10.1Charleston, S. C _______________ .915 5.8 5.0Rock Island, (111.) district 1____ .907 10.0 8.3

Cleveland, Ohio_______________ .882 0 0Dallas, Tex____________________ .859 5.2 4.2Salt Lake City, Utah__________ .858 9.5 7.5Birmingham, Ala______________ .844 6.3 5.0


On a regional basis, union scales of wages were highest on the Pacific Coast and lowest in the Southeast (see table 13). The national average rate for the baking industry as a whole$1.31 an hour as of July 1, 1949was exceeded in two regions only, the Pacific Coast and Middle Atlantic States.

Of the three branches of the industry found in


6all regions, the Middle Atlantic States led in bread and cake hand shops and cracker and cooky- plants, and the Pacific Coast in bread and cake machine shops; average scales were lowest for cracker and cooky shops in the Mountain region and for the other two industry branches in the Southeast.Standard Workweek

Changes in weekly hours between July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1949, affected relatively few union bakery workers (less than one-half of 1 percent). The reductions in the work schedules lowered the index of weekly hours on July 1, 1949, to 97.8 (as measured from June 1939) and the average standard workweek to 40.7 hours.

On July 1, 1949, the standard 40-hour workweek before premium overtime rates became effective covered about 95 percent of the workers in bread and cake machine shops and pie and pastry shops, and all the workers in cracker and cooky plants. These three branches of the industry employed 80

percent of the unionized bakery workers studied. Almost half of the workers in Hebrew bake shops had straight-time weekly schedules of 45 hours. Approximately a fourth of the workers in bread and cake hand shops and other nationality baking and a fifth in Hebrew bakeries had a standard workweek of 48 hours.

T able 12. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by population group and by type of baking, July 1, 1949

Population group

Type of baking Cities with

1,000,000 or more

Citieswith

500,000to

1,000,000

Citieswith

250.000 to

500.000

Citieswith

100,000to

250,000

Citieswith

40.000 to

100.000

All baking_________________

Bread and cake:Hand____________________Machine__________________

Pie and pastry_____________Nationality baking:

Hebrew________________ __

$1.442 $1. 298 $1.192 $1.146 $1.148

1.7531.3521.193

1.904 1. 618 1.104

1.4941.2831.248

1.680 1. 711 1. 045

1.4941.2491.077

1.710

1.2341.1861.029

1.611

1.306 1.159 1.065

Other_______ __________Cracker and cooky_________ 1.041 1.024 1.011

T able 13. Average union wage rates in the baking industry, by region 1 and by type of baking, July 1, 1949

Type of baking UnitedStatesNew

EnglandMiddleAtlantic

BorderStates

Southeast

GreatLakes

MiddleWest

Southwest Mountain Pacific

All baking______________________________

Bread and cake:Hand_________________________________Machine_______________________________

Pie and pastry _ _____________________Nationality baking:

Hebrew

$1.307 $1. 276 $1.434 $1.164 $1.016 $1.216 $1.182 $1.121 $1.147 $1. 495

1.618 1.278 1.179

1.8621.6341.059

1.2071.207 1.118

1. 766

1.8031.3061.222

1.8701.4991.104

1.5001.179.913

.996

.995

.793

1. 542

1.4831.2111.066

1.8781.7241.062

1.252 1.264 1.104

1.287

1.2001.152

1.3191.360

1.377

1.669 1.596 1.496

2.001 1. 667 1.088

OtherCracker and cooky______________________ 1.020 .968 1.058 1.030 1.019 .939

1 The regions used in this study include:New England__________________________________ Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, N Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.Middle Atlantic________________________________New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania.Border States__________________________________ Delaware, District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia.Southeast______________________________________ Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee.Great Lakes___________________________________ Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin.Middle West___________________________________ Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.Southwest_____________________________________ Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas.Mountain______________________________________ Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.Pacific_________________________________________ California, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington.

T able 14. Distribution of union members in the baking industry, by straight-time weekly hours, and type of baking, July 1, 1949

Type of baking

Average

hoursper

week

Percent of weekly hours

U nder40

40Over

40 and under

4444

Over 44 and under

4848

All baking____________

Bread and cake:Hand

40.7 2.7 81.2 5.3 0.6 5.0 5.2

43.4 39.9 40.1

44.442.4 40.0

31.193.2 95.0

9.157.4

100.0

26.4.2

4.7

24.312.6

2.8.3

15.0.3

24.7 .9 .3

18.7 23.5

Machine____________Pie and pastry

5.1

Nationality baking: Hebrew 47.9Other_______________ 6.5

Cracker and cookv____

Union Scales of Wages and Hours, by CityTable 15 presents union scales of wages and

hours in effect on July 1,1948, and July 1,1949, for each classification of bakery workers, by type of baking, in each of the 75 cities included in the study. Where more than one union rate was in effect for the same occupation in a particular city, all the rates are listed with the letters A, B, C, etc., designating the various effective agreements. The sequence of the letters does not indicate the relative importance of the agreements or rates.


7T a b l e 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1949

[Honrs are 40 per week for both years unless otherwise indicated]

City and occupation

July 1, 1948, rate per

hour

July 1,1949,rateper

hour

ATLANTA. GA.

City and occupation


hour


hour

ATLANTA, G A Continued

City and occupation


hour

July 1, 1949,rateper

hour

ATLANTA, GA.Continued

Bread and cakeMachine shops: Agreement A:

Bread mixers and ovenmen, doughnut machine operators______________________

Mixers, cake and icing______Checkers, wrapping-machine

operators, dividers________Mixers helpers and molders.Selectors____________________Bench hands_______________Twisters, panners, oven load

ers, bread rackers, dumpers, wrapping-machine helpers, women icers andwrappers_________________

Packers____ _______________Agreement B:

Foremen___________________Mixers_____________________Ovenmen, loaders__________Wrapping-machine operators,

cuttermen, scalers________Dumpers, enrobers, squeeze

b a g m e n (icers), hand wrappers, packers, womenhelpers; after 60 days_____

Agreement C:Bread:

Foremen_________________Dough mixers, ovenmen___Dividers__________________Benchmen,rolling-machine

men, moldermen_______Dumpers_________________Truck loaders and helpers;

after 6 months__________Bread rackers, oven help

ers, pan greasers; after 6months_________________

Grease machine operators. Cake:

Foremen_________________Mixers and ovenmen______Ingredient scalers, check

ers, foreladies, and scaling-machine operators . .

Supervisors (women)_____Icers, checkers, wrappers,

packers, cutters; after 6 months, cake wrapping-machine operators______

Pan greasers and cakedumpers________________

Shipping:Shipping clerks___________Bread wrapping-machine

operators_______________Checkers, bun wrapping-

machine operators______Bread wrapping-machine

operators helpers; after6 months_______________

Bun trayers, hand wrappers; after 6 months_____

Agreement D:Bread:

Foremen_____ ___________Ovenmen, dough mixers__Dividers__________________Molders, bench hands,

benchmen, roll-machineoperators_______________

Wrapping-machine operators_____________________

Checkers_________________Oven loaders and dumpers,

panners________________Mixers helpers, wrapping-

machine operators helpers, rackers, pan greasers;after 6 months__________

Packers and slicers (women); after 6 months______

Dough mixers helpers, first 6 months; and hand wrappers; after 6 months.

$1.300 1.250

1.150 1.100 1. 000 .900

.830

1.150 .950 .800

.750

.700

1. 390 1.190 1.110

1.080 .900

.790

.840

.800

1. 320 1.170

.970

.810

.710

1.190

1. 060

1.030

.790

1. 390 1.190 1.110

1.080

1.060 1. 030

.900

.840

.810

.790

$1. 350

Bread and cakeMachine shops Continued

Agreement D Continued Cake:

Foremen_________________ $1.3201. 300 Mixers, ovenmen_________

Scaling-machine operators,1.170

1. 200 checkers, ingredientmen. .9701.150 Wrapping-machine opera1. 050 tors, packers and icers.940 (women); after 6 months.

Wrapping-machine helpers,,810

first 6 months__________ .790

.920

.870

Dumpers ____________Shipping:

.710

Shipping clerks___________ 1.190Agreement E:

1.175 Bread:.975 Foremen___ _____________ 1. 390.825 Dough mixers, ovenmen, shipping and receiving.775 clerks_________________ 1.190D ividers_______ _ ____

Roll-machine operators,1.110

benchmen, molders _ 1. 080.725 Wrapping-machine operators_____________________ 1.060

C heckers________________ 1. 0301.440 Oven loaders and dumpers. .9001.240 Dough mixers helpers,1.160 pan greasers, bread rackers, bread panners, flour1.130 dumpers, wrapping-ma.940 chine helpers; after 6m onths_________ ____ .840.930 Hand wrappers___________

Cake:.790

Foremen___ ________ _ 1. 320.880 Mixers, ovenmen, and.840 icing mixers____________

Ingredient scalers, scaler1.170

1.370 operators and checkers__ .9701. 220 "Women wrapping-machine

operators, hand icers, packers, wrappers, cut

1.010 ters ____________________ .810.890 Grease machine operators. .800

Cake dumpers____________Packing:

.710

Supervisors and supplymen__ 1.150.850 Pastemen__________________

Machine set-up men, wrapping-machine operators,

1.100

.750head clerks_______________ 1.050

1.240 Floormen___________________Women:

1.000

1.100 Supervisors_______________Sponge packers, hand

1.0201.080 bundlers________________ .920

.880Scalers and weighers______ Q formers, stitchers, wrap

.910

ping-machine operators. _ Sweet packers, carton

.900.830 formers, weighers and

1.440closers__________________

Shipping:.890

Supervisors and stockmen.. 1.1501. 240 Assemblymen______________ 1.1001.160 Car loaders____ ____________ 1.050Clerks (women) .990

1.130 Crackers and cookies:Sponge mixing;1.110 Head mixers________________ 1. 3501.080 Mixers______________________ 1. 250Mixers helpers_____________ 1.100.940 Sweet mixing:

Head mixers________________ 1. 350Mixers______________________ 1.250Mixers helpers_____________ 1.100

.880 Sponge baking:Head bakers________________ 1. 350

.850 Machine captains___________Bakers (including sweet

1.290

baking)_________________ 1.220.830 Rollermen_______________ _ 1,180

$1.3701.220

1.010

.850

.830

.750

1.240

1.440

1. 240 1.160

1.130

1.110

.880

.830

1. 370

1.220

1. 010

.850

.840

.750

1.2501.200

1.1501.100

1.120

1.020 1.010

1.000

.990

1.250 1. 200 1.150 1.090

1.450 1. 350 1. 200

1. 450 1. 350 1. 200

1.390

1. 330 1. 280

Crackers and cookiesCon. Sweet baking:

Machine captains___________Ovenmen___________________Dough feeders, pan cleaners

and feeders_______________Icing:

Head mixers________________Mixers______________________Mixers helpers____ ________Base cake weighers_________Floormen___________________Machine operators, women

helpers___________________

BALTIM ORE, M D .

Bread and cakeHand shops: Agreement A:

Dough mixers, ovenmen____Benchmen__________________

Agreement B:Dough mixers______________Journeymen bakers_________Helpers_____________________


Bread department:Mixers, oven operators

(bread trays)___________Ingredient scalers_________Bench hands_____________Divider operators, molder

operators.______________Bread wrappers, machine-_ Wrapping-machine helpers. Mixers helpers, oven feed

ers, oven dumpers, oven helpers, molder operators(women)_____ __________

Bread wrappers (women) __Bread packers____________Flour blenders (bread and

cake)___________________Pan greasers, bakery help

ers (men and women)___Cake and sweet depart

ment:Mixers, ovenmen (first

class)___________________Ingredient mixers helpers.Bench hands_____________Cooky mixers, icing mixers. Cake decorators (men and

wom en)________________Ovenmen (second class).__ Dividers (depositor opera

tors)____________________Oven feeders______________Cake packers_____________Packers__________________Pan greasers, bakery help

ers, bakers helpers_____Bench helpers (women)-----Cake icers (women)-----------Cake wrappers (women)

Agreement B:Bread department:

Mixers, ovenmen---------------Set-up men_______________Divider men______ _____Oven dumpers------------------Moldermen...........................Ovenmens helpers, cooler-

men, bake-shop helpers,pan greasers____________

Wrapping-machine feeders. Wrapping-machine feeders

(women)____ __________Cake department:

Mixers, ovenmen........ ........Icing m akers.-------------------Ingredient scalers, sugar

grinders________________Oven dumpers------------------Flour blenders____________

$1. 290 $1.3901.100 1.200

1.050 1.150

1.275 1. 3751. 200 1. 3001.150 1.2501.100 1.2001.000 1.100

.900 1. 000

* 1.711 i 1.756i 1. 644 i 1. 689

* 1.021 * 1.1252. 917 * 1.1252. 792 2.794

1.150 1.2501.125 1. 2251.120 1. 220

1.025 1.1251. 075 1. 050.950 1.050

.925 1.025

.855 .955

.850 .950

.825 .925

.813 .913

1.150 1.250.925 1. 225

1.120 1. 2201.050 1.200

1.075 1.1751.050 1.150

1.000 1.100.900 1.000.875 .975.850 .975

.813 .913

.750 .825

.725 .800

.725 .775

1.140 1.2401.085 1.1801.040 1.130.965 1.050.940 1.025

.890 .970

.815 .890

.700 .770

1.140 1.2401.130 1. 240

.965 1.050

.890 .970

.865 .945

145-hour workweek. ? 48-hour workweek.


8Table 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities) July 1 , 1948, and July 1 , 1949-

[Hours are 40 per week for both years unless otherwise indicated!-Con.

City and occupation

BALTIM ORE, M D -C o n .

Bread and cakeMachine shops' Continued

Agreement BContinued Cake departmentCon.

Pan greasers, packers andshippers________________

Tray and mold boys______Wrappers and icers (wom

en) _____________________Agreement C:

General utility men---------------Mixers________ _____________Ovenmen___________________Machine operators, bread

wrapping-machine operators, depositor operators___

Cake bench hands, ovenloaders and dumpers______

Ingredient scalers, bread henchmen, bread pannersand rackers_______ _______

Dough mixers helpers, cakeoven helpers...................... .

Hand icers (women), hand bread wrappers (women),pan greasers________ _____

Bread checkers. .............. ......Checkers, packers and wrap-

ers (women)______________Agreement D :

Bread department;Oven operators, dough

mixers, doughnut-machine operators_________

All round bench hands, molder operators, divider operators, wrapping-machine operators______

Ingredient scalers, oven feeders and dumpers, mixers helpers, doughnut-room men__________

Pan rackers (loaders), pan greasers, molders helpers, bread packers, selectors and order packers,chute packers................ .

Flour handlers, pan washers_____________________

Helpers (women)_________Agreement E:

Mixers_____________________Helpers____________________Cake wrappers (women)____

Pie and pastry shops:Doughnut shops:

Agreement A: Doughnut-machine oper

ators...................................Bakers helpers___________Head packers (women)___Packers (women).............

Agreement B:F orem en ..._____________Mixers, machine operatorsBakery helpers__________Packers and helpers (worn

en)........................______

B IR M IN G H A M . ALA.


Mixers___________ _________Ovenmen, head____________Ovenmen_____ ____________Dividers, and head rolling-

machine operators________Molders, and benchmen____Rolling-machine operators._ Machine wrappers and util

ity men____ ______________Pan greasers and bake-shop

helpers___________________Packers and shippers_______

8 48-hour workweek.


hour


hour

City and occupation


hour


hour

BIRM IN GH AM , A L A .-C on .

Bread and cakeMachine shopsContinued

Agreement B:Mixers_________ __________ $1. 250 $1.300Ovenmen___________________ 1.215 1. 265

$0.800 $0.870 Divider operators___________ 1.150 1.200.795 .855 Molder operators__________ _ 1.075 1.125

Wrapping-machine operators. 1.045 1.095.700 .770 Oven feeders and dumpers.. _ .980 1.035

Checkers___________________ .955 1.0051. 200 1.200 Packers, sugar grinders, flour1.150 1.150 dumpers, pan greasers and1.125 1.125 helpers___ ____ __________ .900 .950

Slicers, feeders, wrapping-machine helpers__________ .825 .875

1.100 1.100 Agreement C :Bread:

1.050 1.050 Mixers_________ _______ 1.250 1.300Ovenmen________________ 1. 215 1. 265Divider operators_________ 1.150 1.200

1.000 1.000 Molder operators__________ 1.075 1.125Wrapping-machine opera

.975 .975 tors................................... . 1.045 1.095Oven feeders and dumpers. .980 1.030Checkers_________________ .955 1.005

.850 .850 Roll panners.................. ....... .950 1.000

.775 .775 Sugar g r in d e rs , flourdumpers, pan greasers,

.750 .750 packers_________________ .900 .950Slicers, feeders, wrapping-

machine helpers________ .825 .875Cake:

Mixers------------------------------- 1.170 1.2201.245 1.245 Icing mixers______________ 1.150 1.200

Oven operators___________ 1.140 1.190Depositors________________ 1.055 1.105Wrapping-machine oper

1.195 1.195 ators___________________ .940 .990Oven feeders and dump

ers______________________ .930 .980Head icers________________ .905 .955

1.145 1.145 Icers, wrappers_____ _____ .845 .895Pan greasers; bake-shop

h elp ers ...____ _________ .835 .885Agreement D:

Bread:1.095 1.095 Mixers_________________ _ 1.250 1.300

Oven operators__________ 1.215 1.2651.045 1.045 Divider operators 1.150 1.200.880 ! 880 Molder operators________ 1.075 1.125

Wrapping-machine opera1.250.900

tors 1.045 1.0951. zou .900 Oven feeders and dumpers. .980 1.030.800 .800 Packers, sugar grinders,flour dumpers, pan

greasers, and bake-shophelpers_________________ .900 .950

Slicers, feeders, wrapping-machine helpers________ .825 .875

1.050 1.075 Cake:.880 .905 Mixers 1.250 1.300.800 .825 Oven operators___________ 1.215 1.265.750 .775 Te.ing mixers 1.150 1.200

Depositor operators_______ 1.150 1.2001. 250 1. 350 Depositors helpers 1.065 1.1151.000 1.100 Head icers_______________ .940 .990.875 .900 Oven feeders and dumpers. .930 .980

Pan greasers and bake-.775 .800 shop helpers .900 .950

Packers__________________ .865 .915Icers and wrappers___ . . . .845 .895Wrapping-machine oper

ators ______________ .940 .990Agreement E:

1.045 1.095 Fruit cake:.945 .995 Mixers ____ _ . . . . .910 .960.920 .970 Sealers, halrers .860 .910

Packers, sealers, checkers,.895 .945 pan washers and toppers.870 .920 helpers _ _ .670 .720.820 .870 Second floor packers, wrap

pers ____________________ .620 .670.770 .820 Crackers and cookies:

First floor:. .720 .770 Mixing room:. .695 .745 Head mixers___ ____ _____ . 1.040 1.090

City and occupation


hour

BIRM IN GH AM , ALA.Con.

Crackers and cookiesCon.First floorContinued

Mixing roomContinuedMixers____________________Mixers helpers___________

Bake shop:Machine operators, sponge

peelers, spon ge-ovenbakers______ ____ ______

Sponge-oven helpers______Sponge peelers:

1-6 months_____________Dough rollers, sweet-oven

bakers__________________Sponge-oven traymen____Machine feeders, sweet-

oven helpers_______ ____Stackers...-----------------------Machine helpers__________Stackers:

1-3 months_____________Second floor:

W rapping-m achine operators, checkers_____________

Pan and tray dumpers_____Sponge packers, sample wo

men, large carton makers, large wafer-machine operators_____________________

Pan greasers, pan feeders Wrapping-machine bundlers. Helpers:

Men___________________Women________________

Third floor:Head mixers__________ Icing mixers, sirup cookers__Trayers, cold-room packers..Cappers____________________Icing mixers helpers, general

helpers___________________Caddy and carton formers,

women helpers___________Shipping room:

Stock checkers......... ......... Stock room:

Issue clerks.............................Helpers____________________

$0,940.870

1.040.970

.950

.910

.910

.890

.870

.670

BO STO N , M ASS.


Dough mixers______________Ovenmen, bench hands,

divider operators........... .M olders............. ......................Wrapping-machine opera

tors, wrapping-machine helpers, packers, shippers..

Bakers helpers__________Agreement B:

Foremen, second hands...Shipping clerks..................Ovenmen (bread and p ies )...Mixers__________________Ovenmen (cakes)_______Frosting makers_________Head benchmen................Benchmen___________ _Filling cooks............ ..........Greasers, helpers.......... ..Frosters...____ _________

Agreement C:First hands_____________Ovenmen, dough mixers.Benchmen........... ..............Frosters (w om en )..........

Agreement D:Foremen..................... .......Dough mixers, ovenmen.Benchmen______________

Agreement E:Foremen___________________


hour

.620

.890

.820

.800

.790

.750

.670

.620

.940

.870

.800

.750

.670

.620

.890

.870

.820

* 1.460

21. 350 2 1.300

* 1. 250 2 1.160

(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)(3)

1.415 1.305 1. 250 .890

1.270 1.165 1.115

3 Information not available for rates and hours on July 1, 1948.* 1.400

4 44-hour workweek.

$0,990.920

1.0901.020

1.000

.960

.940

.920

.720

.670

.940

.870

.850

.840

.800

.720

.670

.990

.920

.850

.800

.720

.670

.940

.920

.870

1. 510

* 1.400 2 1.350

* 1.300* 1.210

1.500 1. 270 1.260 1.240 1.230 1. 220 1. 210 1.160 1.120 .900 .900

1.465 1.355 1.300 .940

1.270 1.165 1.115

4 1.450


9T a b l e 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1948 , and July 1, 1949Con.

[Hours are 40 per week for both years unless otherwise indicated]

City and occupation

July 1, July 1,1948, 1949,rate rateper per

hour hour

BOSTON, MASS.Continued

City and occupation


hour


hour

BOSTON, MASS.Continued

City and occupation


hour


hour

BUFFALO, N. Y Continued

Bread and cakeHand shops Continued

Agreement EContinued Dough mixers, benchmen,

ovenmen, shipping clerks. _ Bread and cakeMachine shops:

Agreement A:Mixers_______ ______________Dividermen________________Mixers' helpers, ingredient

scalers, moldermen, ovenfeeders____________________

Wrappers, packers, floormen(after 3 years)_____________

Flour blenders, molders' helpers, rackers, pangreasers___________________

Agreement B:Mixers______________________Machinemen, ovenmen,

benchmen____ ____ ______Mixers' helpers, ingredient

scalers, molder operators,ovenmen's helpers________

Checkers and rackers:1-3 years_________________Over 3 years______________

Bakery helpers, pan greasers, flour dumpers, floorm en...

Agreement C:Mixers___________ __________Benchmen, benchwomen,

divider operators, ovenmen______ _____ ________

Mixers helpers, molder operators, oven loaders anddumpers............. ..... ............

Wrapping-machine operators, checkers, stale checkers, wrapping-machine helpers, floormen (bakery), conveyor men:

1-3 years............................After 3 years____________

Bakery helpers, pan greasers, floormen (shipping)___

Agreement D:Ovenmen, icing mixers, mix

ers________________________Shippers____________________Ingredient scalers___________Bakery helpers_____________Shippers helpers:

1-2 months___*____________After 2 months___________

Wrappers (women):1-2 months_______________After 2 months___________

Agreement E:Mixers______________ _______Ovenmen___________________Ingredient scalers___________Scalers................... ...................Helpers_____________________Checkers, packers, wrap

pers, cutters, icers:Up to 1 year---------------------1-3 years................................After 3 years______________

Agreement F:Ingredient scalers____ ____Bench hands, mixers, oven

men_____ _______ ________Packers (women)............ .......

ie and pastry shops:Agreement A:

Doughnut-machine operators________________ _____

Doughnut mixers___________Cleaners____________ ______ _Packers:

1- 2 years_______2- 3 years_______Over 3 years______________

< $1.250

1.460 1. 350

1. 300

1.250

1.2201.460

1.350

1.300

1.1601.250

1.220

1.460

1. 350

1.300

1.1601.250

1. 220

1.230 1.130 1.080 .980

.930

.780

.830

1.430 1. 370 1. 300 1.280 1.160

.840

.880

.970

1.300

1.290 1.080

1.300 1.240 1.170

.890

.930

.970

Pie and pastry shopsCon. Agreement B:

Mixers, ovenmen, bench hands______ ________ $1,290 $1.290

< $1.300 Helpers. _ 1.080 1.080Cutters, pie table..... .970 .970

1. 510Agreement C:

Mixers, ovenmen . __ .._ . . . 1.330 1.3801. 400 Pie fillers, dough cutters . 1.190 1.240

Hebrew baking:Foremen _____ . . .. * 1.874 11.999

1.350 Second bands 2 1.737 i 1.853Third hands. ._ 21.599 1.706

1.300 Crackers and cookies: Dog food department:

Mixers 1. 210 1.2101.270 Bakers, machine captains___ 1.185 1.185

Reliefmen__________________ 1.155 1.1551. 510 Dough feeders__________ ___ 1.110 1.110

Oven firemen_______________ 1.085 1. 0851.400 Pan feeders_________________ 1.060 1.060

Bakers' helpers_____________ 1. 040 1.040Kibblers___________________ 1.000 1.000

1.350 Packing department:Floormen___________________ 1.070 1.070

1. 210 1.300

Handlers of broken and rejected goods____ _________ .845 .845

Scalers, weighers, packers___ .835 .8351.270 Shipping department:

Shippers____________________ 1.160 1.1601.510 Car checkers_______________ 1.125 1.125

Car assemblers_____________ 1.105 1.105Head car loaders........... .......... 1.100 1.100

1.400 Assemblers...... ........ ........... 1.075 1.075Assistant car loaders________ 1. 060 1.060Stock clerks, stockmen........ . 1.040 1.040

1. 350

1.2101.300

BUFFALO, N. Y.

Bread and cakeMachine shops: Agreement A (semi-machine

shops):Foremen___________________ 1. 425 1.500Oven hands and mixers_____ 1. 375 1.450

1.270 Bench hands_______________ 1.320 1. 395

1. 400

Checkers, wrapping-machine operators, helpers, and pan greasers_________ 1.065 1.140

1. 300 Hand wrappers. . .875 .9501. 250 1.150

Agreement B :Foremen___________________ 1.580 1.630Oven hands and mixers_____ 1. 520 1.570

1.100 Bench hands_______________ 1. 410 1.4601.150 Scalers and machine opera

tors_______________________ 1.330 1. 380. 950 Ingredientmen_____________ 1.270 1. 320

1.000 Packers and checkers_______ 1. 220 1.270Oven dumpers_____________ 1. 210 1.2601.480 1. 420 1. 350 1. 330 1. 210

Molders (women)___________ 1.180 1.230Helpers and pan greasers,

flour dumpers (women), and blenders (women)___ 1.150 1.200

Machine operators, bread and pan stackers_________ 1.120 1.250

Icers and wrappers (women). .980 1.030.930.970

1.010

Agreement C:Bread department:

Foremen_____ ___________ 1.408 1. 528Mixers 1.295 1. 415

1. 300 Traveling-oven men______ 1. 270 1.390Assemblymen____________ 1.245 1.3651. 290 1.080

Dividermen, bench hands. 1. 225 1. 345Machine and moldermen. . 1.195 1. 315Oven feeders and dump

ers, oven helpers, wrapping-machine operators.. 1.120 1.240

1. 350Checkers____ _____ ______ 1.115 1. 235Bench helpers____ ________ 1.105 1.225

1.290 1. 220

Wrapping- and slicing-machine helpers, flour handlers, packers_______ 1.080 1.200

.930 Coolermen_______________ 1.055 1.200

.9701.010

Pan greasers, machine hand helpers____________ 1.055 1,175


Agreement CContinued Cake department:

Foremen_________________Mixers____________________Assemblymen, traveling-

oven men...........................Scalers___________________Fried-cake-machine m en .. Wrapping-machine opera

tors_____________________Oven helpers_____________Foreladies____ ___________Machine helpers__________Pan greasers______________Pie-machine boysAfter 6

m onths...______________Cake decoratorsAfter 6

months (women)_______Icers, packers, wrappers

(women)_______________Agreement D:

Bread department:Working foremen_________Mixers____________________Ovenmen_________________Assemblymen. . . . ________Dividermen, bench hands. Machine and moldermen.._Mixers helpers___________Assembly helpers, oven

feeders and dumpers____Checkers_________________Bench helpers, wrapping-

machine operators______Packers____ _____________Wrapping- and slicing-

machine helpers, cooler-men, flour handlers_____

Pan greasers, machinehand helpers___________

Cake department:Foremen_________________Mixers.____ ______________Ovenmen_________________Depositors.............. ..............Ingredient scalers_________Foreladies_______ ________Machine helpers__________Pan greasers___________ . . .General helpers-----------------Icing-machine operators

(women)_______________Icers, packers, wrappers

(women)_______________Rollette department:

Mixers____________________Jam cookers______________Foreladies________________Mixers helpers_____ _____General machine helpers... Wrappers, rollers, boxers

(women)_______________Agreement E:

Mixers, ovenmen___________Cake decorators-------------------Assemblymen, fried-cake-

machine operators.............Bench hands, dividermen.. .Moldermen, peelmen........ .Doughnut fryers, icing-ma

chine operators, mixershelpers, packers__________

Wrapping-machine operators. Bench helpers, cooky-ma

chine operators, oven helpers, flour sifters andblenders................................

Bake-shop helpers, flour sifters and blenders helpers,doughnut fillers...................

Icers, wrappers and packers(women)_________________

Agreement F:Male workers-----------------------

$1.408 1.295

1.270 1. 215 1.160

1.1201.055 1.100 1.0951.055

.985

.885

.885

1.408 1.295 1.270 1.245 1. 225 1.195 1.145

1.120 1.115

1.105 1.085

1. 055

1.4081.295 1.270 1. 215 1.205 1.1001.085 1.0751.055

.920

.885

1.235 1.150 1.1001.0851.055

.885

1.3151.295

1.245 1.225 1.195

1.1451.125

1.105

1.055

.885

1.140

$1.528 1.415

1.390 1.335 1.280

1. 240 1.240 1. 220 1. 215 1.175

1.105

1.025

1.005

1. 528 1. 415 1. 390 1.365 1. 345 1.315 1.265

1.240 1. 235

1.2251.205

1.2001.175

1.528 1.415 1. 390 1. 335 1. 325 1. 220 1.205 1.1951.175

1.005

1.3551.2701.2201.2051.175

1.005

1.435 1.415

1.3651.3451.315

1.2651.245

1.225

1.175

1.005

1.140J 45-hour workweek. * 48-hour workweek. < 44-hour workweek.


10T a b l e 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1948y and July 1 , 1949 Con.

[Hours are 40 per week for both years unless otherwise indcated]

City and occupation

July 1, 1948,rateper

hour


hour

BUFFALO, N. Y.Continued


Agreement G:Working foremen___________Mixers, ovenmen, henchmen,

dividermen, fried-cake-machine operators___________

Bench helpers, checkers, flour dumpers, moldermen, oven loaders and dumpers, wrapping-machine operators___________

Pan greasers, bread rackers, bread panners, wrapping-machine helpers__________

Hand icers, checkers, packers, wrappers and cutters(women)_________________

Agreement H:Foremen___________________Dough mixers, ovenmen____Benchmen__________________Dividermen____________ ____Ingredient scalers___________Oven loaders and dumpers._Moldermen_________________Pan greasers, flour dumpers. Bread rackers, wrapping-

machine operators________Hand icers (women)________

Agreement I:Foremen___________________Oven operators, doughnut-

machine operators, potatochip operators, mixers____

Benchmen, divider depositors______________________

Ingredient scalers, wrapping-machine operators, molder operators, mixers helpers, head selectors, filling cookers, floorladies-.

Selectors, oven feeders and dumpers, stock handlers, muffin grillers, open-kettlefryers_____________________

Production workers._______Oliver-wrapper operators,

roll- and sweet yeast-machine operators________

Icers and decorators, cake- pan washers and greasers, sweet yeast make-up panners, chip bagging machine operators, chip fryers, order packers, doughnut tray packers, general helpers_______________________

Pie and pastry shops:Agreement A:

Mixers, ovenmen, cookers. __ Icing mixers, ingredient

scalers, auxiliary workers._Foreladies__________________Helpers (women)___________

Agreement B:Scaling-machine operators,

machine operators________Packers, checkers___________Floorladies_________________Packers and wrappers (wom

en) _______________________Hebrew and Polish baking:

First hands, ovenmen, mixers..Second hands, bench hands___

Crackers and cookies:Agreement A:

Mixing department:Head mixers______________Sponge mixers____________Flour dumpers, mixers

helpers______ ___________Baking department:

Machine captains____ ____

$1,350

1.350

1.200

1.100

.825

1.580 1.520 1.410 1.330 1.270 1.210 1.180 1.150

1.120

(3)

(3)(3)

(3)

(3)(3)

(3)

(3)1.205

1.055.955

1.1451.010

.900

1.3451.260

1.160

1.260

$1.550

1.450

1.300

1.200

1.6301.5701.4601.3801.3201.2601.2301.200

1.170.970

1.660

1.460

1.410

1.360

1.3101.260

1.095

1.060

1.205

1.055.955

1.1951.0601.030

.950

1.6001.500

1.4601.375

1.275

1.375

City and occupation

BUFFALO, N. Y.Continued

Crackers and cookiesCon. Agreement AContinued

Baking departmentCon. O ven firem en, bakers

(traveling and reel oven)_Cuttermen_______________Floormen (class A), sponge

rollermen, mixers help-

Rollermen________________Graham oven feeders_____Tenant-machine operators. Floormen (class B), pan

feeders and greasers____Spray-machine operators

and inspectors, ovenfeeders and takers-out, dough feeders, pan cleaners, and feeders_________

Forming-machine operators_____________________

Icing department:Head mixers______________Machine captains_________Machine set-up men, ma-

chinemen, jelly andmarshmallow m en_____

Icers (women), other helpers (women)____________

Machine operators (women) _____________________

Packing department:Working supervisors______Sponge packers___________Hand bundlers, filling-

machine operators______Sweet packers____________C arton form ers (m a

c h in e ) , s ea lers andweighers________________

Agreement B:Mixing department:

Head mixers______________Enrobers_________________Sponge mixers____________Sweet m ixers____________Jelly- and marshmallow-

men____________________Flour dumpers, filling-

machine operators______Baking department:

Machine captains_________Cuttermen_______________Sponge rollermen_________Pan feeders and greasers,

general helpers__________Icing and cello-bag depart

ment:Head mixers______________Machine set-up men, paper

cutters, icing mixershelpers_________________

General helpers___________Forming-machine opera

tors, carton formers(women)_______________

Sealers, weighers (women). Packing department:

General helpers___________Sponge packers___________Hand bundlers and carton

formers (machine table), sweet packers, carton formers (hand), Q formers, cover stitchers, repack girls, breakage girls______________ ______

BUTTE, M O N T .Bread and cakeHand shops:

Foremen, mixers______________Ovenmen_____________________Benchmen____________________Wrappers, hand (women)_____


hour


hour

City and occupation

J u ly !,1948,rateper

hour


hour

BUTTE, M O N T.Con.

Bread and cakeMachine shops:Foremen, dough mixers_______ $1.643 fi $1.748Roll-machine operators, ma-

chinemen___________________ 5 1. 500 81.748$1.190 $1,305 Ovenmen___________________ _ 5 1. 595 8 1. 700

1.120 1.285 Bench hands_________________ 8 1.500 8 1.605Wrapping-machine operators,

wrappers (men)_____________ 4 1.114 4 1.1821.160 1.275 Wrappers (women)___________ 4.784 * .8301.100 1.2151.095 1.205 CH ARLESTO N. S. C.1.070 1.185

Crackers and cookies:1.070 1.155 Foremen; mixers (cake) _____ 1.100 1.150

Ovenmen, dough mixers, icingmixers (cake)_______________ 1.000 1.050

Shipping and receiving clerks.. .900 .950D iv id e r m e n , m o ld erm en ,

1.040 1.155 stockmen, roll-machine operators, wrapping-machine

.900 1.035 operators, scaling-machineoperators__________________ .850 .900

1.345 1.460 Oven loaders and dumpers___ .800 .8501.260 1.375 Benchmen, bread rackers,

cleaners, icers and packers(women)___________________ .700 .750

1.160 1.275CHARLESTON, W . YA.

.910 1.015Bread and cakeMachine shops:

.900 1.035 Agreement A:Bread:

1.020 1.135 Mixers No. 1 _____________ a 1.350 2 1. 350.940 1.055 Mixers No. 2, dividers,

wrapping-machine oper.920 1.035 ators, shipping clerks___ 21. 200 2 1. 200.910 1.025 Proof-box operators---------- 21.150 21.150

Bakers helpers, first class.. * 1.100 2 1.100Molders___ ___________ 21.000 21. 000

.900 1.015 Bakers helpers, secondclass____________________ 2.950 2.950

Dividers (women) 2 1. 200 2 1. 2001.320 1.475 Agreement B:1.240 1.345 Bread:1. 220 1. 345 Dough mixers, sponge set1.190 1.315 ters_________ ________ *1.300 2 1.400

Wrapping-machine opera1.140 1. 245 tors ___ ._ ___ _ _ 21. 300 2 1.400

Ovenmen, oven loaders and1. 090 1.195 dumpers, bread rackers. _ 21.120 21. 220

Dividermen, moldermen__ 21.130 2 1.2301. 310 1.415 Truck loaders and helpers,1. 220 1. 325 shipping and receiving1.170 1. 275 clerks ___________ ___ 2 1.120 21. 220

Pan greasers, bread pan1. 090 1.195 ners, feeders_____________ 2.980 21.080

Bread rackers_____________ (3) 21.050

1. 220 1. 325 CH ARLOTTE, N. C.Bread and cakeMachine shops:

Agreement A:1.170 1. 275 Bread:1.090 1.195 Foremen__________________ 1.150 1.200

Mixers____________________ 1. 000 1. 050Head ovenmen___________ 1.000 1.050

.950 1.055 Machinemen______ ___ .925 .975

.900 1.005 Wrapping-machine operators and ovenmen______ .900 .950

1.090 1.195 Helpers:.990 1.095 First 3 months__________ .750 .750

After 3 months__________ .800 .800Hand wrappers and ma

chine helpers:First 3 months__________ .700 .750After 3 months_________ .800 .800

Cake:.940 1.045 Foremen__________________ 1.150 1. 200

Mixers and ovenmen______ 1.000 1.050Machinemen_____________ .900 .950Foremen (women)________ .850 .900

4 1. 568 * 1.673 Cake wrapping-machinei l. 523 4 1.628 operators __ (3) .850< 1.432 4 1. 537 Experienced icers .850 .850* .784 4.830 Oven loaders and dumpers. .800 .850

2 48-hour workweek. 2 Information not available for rate and hours on July 1,1948. < 44-hour workweek. fi 42-hour workweek.


11Table 15. Union scales o f wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1949-


City and occupation

CHARLOTTE, N. C.Con.


Agreement AContinued CakeContinued

Pan washers and greasers., leers, wrappers and box

makers:First 2 months__________From 2 to 4 months______After 4 months__________

Helpers:First 3 months__________After 3 months_________

Shipping:Shipping clerks_________Freight handlers and

stock helpers__________Checkers and packers___

Agreement B:Ovenmen, m ix e r s , a n d

doughnut-machine operators_______________________

D iv id e r s , rolling-machine operators, depositor operators, and wrapping-machine operators____________

Scalers, molder operators, stockmen, a n d m ix e r s helpers___________________

Oven loaders and dum pers... Production employees and

cake icers, hand___________General helpers:

Less than 1 years service__With 1 years service_______

Shipping:Shipping and receiving

clerks___________________Selectors__________________

CH ATTAN O O G A. TENN .

Bread and cakeHand shops:Head baker___________________ 2Second baker_________________Helpers______________________


Bread:Dough mixers____________Ovenmen_________________Benchmen________________Twisters, bench and ma

chine helpers, wrapping-machine operators______

Wrapping-machine helpers______________________

Cake:Mixers____________________Ovenmen_________________Machine operators..............Hand icers_______________Checkers, wrappers, pack

ers, cutters_____________Agreement B:

Bread:Foremen____ ____________Mixers and ovenmen______Head benchmen and di

vider operators_________Benchmen, machinemen,

assistant mixers, dumpers, wrapping-machineoperators_______________

Set-up men and wrapping-machine tailers_________

Bread twisters____________Helpers:

Less than 3 months_____3-6 months........................Over 6 months__________

Shipping:Shipping clerks___________


hour


hour

City and occupation


hour


hour

CHATTANOOGA, TENN.Continued

Bread and cakeMachine shopsContinued

Agreement C:$0.775 $0.825 Cake:

Fnmmfln $1.050 $1.110Ovenmen and mixers .900 .950

.700 .700 Foreladies _ .... _ .825 .865

.750 .750 Scalers and icing mixers___ .800 .840

.800 .800 Helpers, men .720 .750Cutting-machine opera

.750 .750 tors, icers and wrappers. _ .700 .740

.800 .800 Wrapping-machine operators_____________________ .720 .720

1. 000 1.050 Inexperienced helpers,wom en.________________ .570 .570

.900 .900 Pie and pastry shops:

.800 .850 Foremen_________________ 1.050 1.110Mixers, ovenmen and first

cook____________________ .900 .950Cookers__________________ .800 .800

1.150 1.230 Wrappers, boxers, crust-machine operators, piefillers and toppers ........ .700 .740

Shipping clerks___________ .750 .7501.100 1.180 Pie glacers and helpers,

men_______ ____________ .660 .660

1.050 1.130 CH ICAGO, ILL..950 1. 020 Bread and cakeHand shops:

RetailBread:.875 .950 First hands_________________ 1.460 1. 650

Second hands______________ s 1.410 51. 600(s) .875 Icers________________________ 1.135 1. 245(3) .900 General bake-shop helpers__ 51.065 51.175

Pan cleaners and greasers___ 5.945 81.055RetailBread and cake:

1.000 1. 080 First hands, spongers, oven.950 1. 020 men _____________________ 51. 600 51. 650

Second hands___________ 51. 550 51. 600Third hands:

First 6 months___________ . 900 5. 9506-24 months______________ 51.090 5 1.14024-36 months_____________ 31. 390 51. 440

1.146 2 1.146 WholesaleBread:2.938 3.938 First hands, mixers, oven2. 625 2.625 men, spongers____________ 1.400 1. 525

Second hands, bench or machine hands, molders ordividers__________________ 1. 350 1. 475

.985 1. 035 Ingredientmen_____________ (3) 1. 475

.930 .980 Bread and cakeMachine shops:

.930 .960 Agreement A:Bread only:

Working foremen_________ 1. 510 1. 620.875 .905 Ovenmen_________________ 1.400 1. 510

Mixers____________________ 1. 400 1. 510.820 .850 Ingredient scalers. ........... . 1. 350 1.460

Traveling-oven fe e d e rs.985 1. 035 and dumpers, soft-roll.930 .980 scaling-machine m en ,.875 .905 bench hands____________ 1. 350 1. 460.765 .795 Dividermen______________ 1. 350 1.460

Dough dumpers, molders.. 1. 250 1. 360.710 .740 Bake-shop helpers:

First 90 days___________ 1.030 1.140After 90 days___________ 1.140 1. 250

1. 560 1. 610 Sorters___ ____ __________ 1.020 1.1301. 300 1. 350 Agreement B:

Bread department:1.220 1.270 Working foremen_________ 1. 510 1.620

Ingredient scalers, benchhands__________________ 1. 350 1. 460

Dividerm en............... ......... 1. 350 1. 4601.150 1.200 Mixers, ovenmen--------------- 1.400 1.510

Soft-roll scaling-machine1.010 1. 060 operators, traveling-oven.970 1.000 dumpers and feeders____ 1.350 1.460

Dough dumpers, molders.. 1. 250 1.360.790 .820 Bake-shop helpers_______ 1.140 1. 250.820 .850 Sorters, women inspectors. 1.020 1.130.910 .940 Helpers___________________ 1.030 1.140

Cake department:1.190 1.240 Working foremen_________ 1.510 1.620

City and occupation


hour

CHICAGO, ILL.Continued


Agreement BContinued Cake departmentCon.

Mixers____________________Scalers, cake and yeast

oven feeders and dumpers, cooky-machine operators___________________

Bench hands_____________General bakery helpers,

pan washing machine helpers, pan greasing machine helpers, shipping-room helpers______

Women employees:Foreladies______________Icers____________________Dough handlers________Machine feeders________Wrappers, packers, box

workers, miscellaneous.Unskilled____________Skilled (inexperienced) Skilled (experienced) _ .

Agreement C:Cake only :

Cake mixers, icing mixers, ovenmen, first scalers, doughnut mixers, headcookers_________________

Ingredientmen___________Mixers helpers, oven help

ers, second scalers_______Dumpers, truckers_______Women employees:

First month____________After 30 days_______ ___After 6 months_________After 1 year____________After 3 years___________

Stock and mixing foremen.Doughnut foremen_______Assistant foreladies_______

Agreement D :Bread only:

Mixers, ingredient scalers,ovenmen_______________

Soft roll (scaling-machine),dividermen_____________

Working foremen_________M o 1 d e r s , traveling-oven

dumpers and fe e d e rs , b e n ch h a n d s , doughdumpers________________

Bake-shop helpers________Sorters___________________Helpers___________________Checkers, wrappers, pack

ers, cutters (women):Start___________________After 30 days___________After 6 months_________After 1 year____________After 3 years____________

Doughnut shops:Doughnut and chocolate en-

robing-machine operators.. Shipping clerks, helpers,

loaders___________________Foremen (women)__________Helpers (women):

Starting rate______________After 1 m onth____________After 6 months___________After 1 year______________

Pie and pastry shops:Pie shops:

Ingredientmen, o v e n m e n ,cooks, dough mixers----------

Dough breakers, fruit mixers, servicemen, helpers___

Pie-machine operators_____ _

$1.400

1.3501.350

1.030

1.020.950

.900

.950

1.3001.300

1.0401.040

.700

.750

.800

.850

.9001.4001.350.950

1.400

1.350 1. 505

1.3001.1401.0401.030

.700

.750

.800

.850

.900

1.250

1.050.920

.750

.770

.820

.870

1.120.920.840

2 48-hour workweek. 3 Information not available for rate and hours on July 1, 1948. 5 42-hour workweek.

Con.


hour

$1.510

1.4601.460

1.140

1.1301.0601.0601.0101.010.940

1.0101.060

1.4401.440

1.1801.180

.810

.860

.910

.9601.0101.5101.4601.060

1.510

1.4601.615

1.4101.2501.1401.140

.810

.860

.910

.9601.010

1.360

1.1601.000

.830

.850

.900

.950

1.290

1.060.970

869838 50------3


12T a b l e 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 19^8, and July 1, 19^9-


City and occupation

CHICAGO, IL L Continued

Pie and pastry shopsCon.Pie shopsContinued'-

Toppers, wrappers, cream - pie fillers, cake icers, fruit cleaners, women helpers, plate washers, sorters, inspectors__________________

Hebrew baking:Foremen or first hands_______Second hands_________________

Bohemian bakingBread:Small shopsHand:

First hands_________________Second hands_______________

Large shopsMachine:First-hands.________________Second hands-----------------------

Polish baking:Retail shops:

Day work:Foremen, spongers_______Second hands_____________

Wholesale shops:Day work:

Foremen, spongers_______Second hands_____________

Crackers and cookies:Agreement A:

Men employees:First mixers______________Second mixers____________Other men helpers:

First 2 months__________3-12 months____________1-2 years________________Over 2 years____________

Women employees:First 2 months____________3-12 months______________1-2 years__________________Over 2 years______________Foremen (w om en)_______

Agreement B:Sponge-mixing department:

Mixers____________________Mixers helpers___________General helpers___________

Sponge-baking department:Machine captains_________Peelers-in_________________Rollermen________________Draw boys___ ,___________Stackers______ ____________

Sweet-mixing department:Mixers____________________Mixers helpers___________

Sweet-baking department:Ovenmen_________________Machinemen______________Ovenmens helpers_______Pan feeders and greasers.__

Icing department:Mixers____________________Machinemen______________Mixers helpers___________Packers__________________Machine feeders__________

Packing and wrapping department:

Machinemen____________ _Fiber-case scalers_________Fiber-case stitchers_______Sponge packers, under 16

oz. carton, bundlers____Sweet packers, pans______Sponge packers, 16 oz.

carton and over_________Sweet packers, cartons____Carton and caddy formers

(women)_______________Sweet packers, caddies,

feeders__________________Glassine packers (women). Packers__________________


hour


hour

City and occupation


hour


hour

CHICAGO, ILL.Continued

Crackers and cookiesCon.Agreement BContinued

Packing and wrapping departmentContinued

Bag fillers, dump pack___ $0.870 $0.970Fillers, cellophane________ .870 .970

$0.770 $0.890 Agreement C:Ovenmen___________________ 1.195 1.295

11. 889 s 2.024 Icing department:11.829 1.952 Machinemen_____________ 1.145 1.245

Head m ixers_____________ 1.045 1.145Packers__________________ .905 1.005

21.600 8 1.715 Head sample girls________ .880 .98021. 540 81.645 Stitchers (women), cello

phane packers, sample1.800 1.850 helpers, trolley packers.. .835 .9351.725 1.775 Packing department:Stacking-machine c a p -

tains:First 3 months_________ .920 1.020

21.667 si 729 Next 3 m on th s_______ 1.145 1.24521.542 a i 604 After 6 months________ 1.245 1.345Wrapping-machine opera

tors____________________ 1.095 1.19521.773 1 835 Scalers___________________ .995 1.095n . 648 1 710 General helpers___________ .945 1.045Carton formers__ __ ___ .915 1.015

Bundlers, sponge packers. _ .915 1.015Sweet packers. _______ .875 .975

1 150 Women carton and caddy1 000 stitchers---------- ---------- .835 .935Receiving department:

onn Floor unloaders___________ 1.115 1.215 oUUOCA

. 900 Order fillers and stockmen. 1.075 1.175 oOU. 900

. 950i a a a Receiving clerks . . . 1.070 1.175

non 1. UUU1 AKA Paper cutters and sugar uZ\J 1. UoU grinders----- ------- ------------ 1.020 1.1207 0 0 Shipping department: (UU 7KO . 850 Head shipping c le rk s .----- 1.295 1.395. /ou . 900 Men-in-charge, c o m m is . 800 . 950 sion department . . . 1.195 1.295. 850 1.000 Men-in-charge, wholesale1.000 1.100 department.. ______ 1.145 1.245

Order fillers______________ 1.045 1.145Stockmen.. _ __ .995 1.0951.320 1.420 Agreement D:1. 220 1.320 Sponge and sweet mixing1.020 1.120 department:Mixers (sponge and sweet). 1.305 1.3851.450 1. 550 Sponge and sweet baking1.390 1.490 department:1.360 1.460 Machinemen (sweet)_____ 1.355 1.435

1. 220 1.320 Ovenmen (sweet)________ 1.225 1.3001.170 1.270 Oven relievers . . . . 1.185 1.260

Oven helpers (sweet and1.370 1.470 sponge)... __ ----- 1.120 1.1951. 270 1.370 Pan feeders and greasers

(sweet) _______ __ __ . 1.030 1.0951.370 1.470 General helpers __ _ __ .920 .9851.270 1.370 Icing department:1.220 1.320 Assistant foremen _______ 1.405 1.4501.050 1.150 Meehinemen 1.225 1.300

Mixers_________________ __ 1.175 1.2501.320 1.420 Packers.. ._ ______ ____ .925 .9901.220 1.320 Cello baggers and makers. _ .865 .9301.220 1.320 Machine feeders . . _. __ _ .855 .920.920 1.020 Sponge and sweet packing.920 1.020 department:

Floor boys. ___________ .965 1.040Packers (sweet) _______ .925 .990

1.220 1.320 Cello baggers__ _____ .865 .9301.120 1.220 Floor girls____ ________ .745 .7651.070 1.170 Carton and caddy forming:

Women employees ______ .875 .9401.020 1.120 Agreement E:1.020 1.120 Mixing and baking depart

ment:.970 1.070 Mixing supervisors 1.400 1.505.970 1.070 Baking supervisors_______ 1.400 1.505

Machine captains_________ 1.380 1.485.970 1.070 Peelers________ _______ 1.320 1.425

Working supervisors______ 1.300 1.405.920 1.020 D raw m en ... . 1.300 1. 405.920 1.020 Mixers, rollermen, cutter-.870 .970 men, reliefmen_________ 1 1.395 1 1.395

City and occupation


hour

CHICAGO, IL L Continued

Crackers and cookiesCon.Agreement EContinued

Mixing and baking departmentContinued

Bakers___________________Oven firemen_____________Flour dumpers, ovenmen,

pan dumpers___________Battermen_______________Dough feeders, pan clean

ers and feeders__________Machine set-up men______

Wrapping and packing department:

Warehousemen, shippinghelpers_________________

Tally clerks (women)_____Sponge packers___________Sweet p a c k e r s , carton

formers, weighers, scalers, hand bundlers, machine operators_________

Icing department:Head mixers______________Enrobermen______________Stackers__________________Assemblymen, cracker-

meal-machine operators..Mixers helpers___________Jelly- and marshmallow-

men____________________Scrappers--------------------------Spreaders_________________

General bakery workers:Ritz forming - machine

operators_______________General help________ _____Floormen_________________W o rk in g s u p e r v is o r s

(women)_______________Women helpers___________General help (women)____

$1. 220 1.180

1.1601.115

1.110

1.1601.000.940

.920

1.4001.2401.210

1.160 1.150

1.130 1.020 .920

1.1001.0801.030

1.000.920.900

CINCINNATI, OH IO

Bread and cakeMachine shops:Foremen or first bakers________Ovenmen, mixers_____________Bench hands_________________

Crackers and cookies:Head mixers, cutting-machine

operators___________________Reel-oven operators___________

Machine set-up captains, peelers__________________________

Upright and brake rollermen, mixers (baking and icing),band ovenmen______________

Assistant cutting-machine operators, marshmallow depositor operators, receiving clerks, truck shipping clerks, assistant reel-oven operators, inspectors, checker captains..

Assistant mixers, order checkers, spray-machine operators, auto-brake operators___

Small power truck operators, r e p a ir m e n , marshmallow beaters, order fillers, flour dumpers, warehouse storekeepers_____________________

Sirup mixers, enrober helpers, grinding mill operat ors, slotting-machine operators, order chasers, car packers, cheese and fig grinders, spray-machine c l e a n e r s ,shortening weighers................

Women employees:Inspectors, box tapers, oven

tenders, packers, ingredient weighers, machine operators, (class A )__________

* 1. 560 2 1.465 2 1. 390

1.360 1. 310

1.280

1.260

1. 220

1.155

1.115

1. 075

1.000145-hour workweek, 3 48-hour workweek. 8 42-hour workweek.

Con.


hour

$1,3251.295

1.2651.215

1.215 1.185

1.2651.1051.045

1.025

1.5051.3451.315

1.2651.265

1.235 1.1251.025

1.205 1.185 1.135

1.1051.0251.005

2 1.560 2 1. 465 2 1. 390

1.435 1. 385

1.355

1. 335

1.295

1.230

1.190

1.150

1.030


13T a b l e 15. Union scales of wages and hours in the baking industry, in selected cities, July 1, 1948, and July 1, 1949 Con.


City and occupation


hour


hour

CINCINNATI, OHIOCon.

City and occupation


hour


hour

COLUMBUS, O H IO -C on .

City and occupation


hour


hour

COLUMBUS, OHIOCon.

Crackers and cookiesCon.Women employeesCon.

Machine operators (class B), breakers (stackers), variable scalers, dump fillers, bundlers, magazine feeders, machine feeders, stockclerks, nesting makers_____ $0.950

Carton weighers, general helpers, supply girls, carton handlers and assemblers, machine helpers and machine operators (class C), scrap pickers__________ . 900

$0.980

.930

CLEVELAND, OH IO


First hands_________________Second hands_______________Male bake-shop helpers and

shipping clerks________Women, all classes__________

A

bls_0977_1950.pdf

Documents

average union wage rates

union wages

baking industry

union scales of wages

percent increases

distribution of union

bytype of baking

hour increases