blood vessels & circulation. three types of blood vessels 1. arteries take blood away from...
TRANSCRIPT
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BLOOD VESSELS & CIRCULATION
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Three Types of Blood Vessels
1. Arteries Take blood away from
heart Usually oxygenated Branch repeatedly
Arterioles
2. Capillaries One cell thick Billions present Large surface area for
nutrient exchange
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Three Types of Blood Vessels
3. Veins Take blood to heart Usually deoxygenated Converge
Venules
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Tunics – Layers of Blood Vessels
Tunica intima Endothelium Lines vessels
Tunica media Smooth muscle/elastic tissue Changes vessel diameter
Vasodilation Vasoconstriction
Tunica externa Connective tissue covering
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What structural differences do you see?
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Structural Differences - Arteries
Very thick tunica media (Why?)
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Structural Differences - Veins
Thinner walls, larger lumens
Valves (Why?)
Three factors aiding in venous return Valves Respiratory pump Skeletal muscles
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Structural Differences - Capillaries
Tunica intima is only one cell thick (Why?)
Capillary beds True capillaries Vascular shunts
Microcirculation
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Substances diffuse through interstitial fluid from high to low concentration
Capillary Exchange
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Varicose Veins
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Homeostatic Imbalances
Atherosclerosis & arteriosclerosis
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Hydrostatic Pressure – forces fluid out at arteries
Osmotic Pressure – draws fluid back in at veins
Hydrostatic & Osmotic Pressure
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Vital Signs
1. Respiratory Rate
2. Body Temperature
3. Blood Pressure
4. Pulse – pressure wave of blood; measure at Pressure Points
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Blood Pressure
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Measuring Blood Pressure
Two measurements using a sphygmomanometer: SystolicSystolic – Pressure at peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic Diastolic – Pressure when ventricles relax
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Blood Pressure Gradient
Highest in aorta Lowest in vena cava
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Measuring Blood Pressure
Sounds of Korotkoff Systolic pressure – 1st tapping sound when
blood squirts through constricted artery Diastolic pressure – sounds disappear,
blood flows freely Ex. A normal reading of 120/75 mmHg
120 systolic pressure/75 diastolic pressure
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Blood Pressure (BP)
BP = CO x PRCO = cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volumePR = peripheral resistance
The amount of friction encountered by the blood as it flows through the blood vessel
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Factors Affecting Cardiac Output
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Factors Affecting Peripheral Resistance
Viscosity – fairly constant in a healthy person
What could cause an increased viscosity?
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Factors Affecting Peripheral Resistance
Neural factors Vasoconstriction Vasodilation
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Factors Affecting Peripheral Resistance
Renal factors The kidney retains or
releases water in urine to regulate BP levels
When BP is low: Kidneys release renin
to cause vasoconstriction.
Adrenal glands release mineralocorticoids to retain salt (causing less water lost as urine)
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Factors Affecting Peripheral Resistance
Chemicals Nicotine - BP by
vasoconstriction… and then you DIE!
Alcohol – BP by vasodilation
Epinephrine – HR and BP
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Factors Affecting Peripheral Resistance
Diet and Exercise High salt, saturated fats, cholesterol = BP Each extra pound of fat, requires miles of
additional blood vessels = BP
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Homeostatic Imbalance
Hypertension – sustained high blood pressure (140/90 or greater)