Blood

SBI 3U

Ms. Raper

Function of Blood

• Transport oxygen - oxyhemoglobin• Transport nutrients: - glucose, amino acids,

• Transport wastes – CO2 , urea, water

• Transport hormones – adrenalin, sex hormones etc.

• Transport heat – • Clotting during injury• Provide immune response: - white blood cells

Plasma

Cells

Whole Blood consists of…

• 55 -60% Plasma – a straw

coloured liquid that contains

- nutrients

- antibodies

- clotting factors

- hormones

• 40 - 45% Blood Cells

- RBC (Erythrocytes)

- WBC (Leucocytes)

- Platelets (Thrombocytes)http://www.kidneywise.com/images/en_p_i027.gif

http://www.cardioliving.com/consumer/Circulatory/Images/Cells.JPG

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/H/Hematopoiesis2.gif

http://www.24dr.com/reference/pictures/5.jpg

http://www.webshots.com/g/55/294-sh/23689.html

http://www.redcross.org/news/bm/blooddonation/images/kidlearn1.jpg

Red Blood cells …

• Made in the Bone Marrow and

• Destroyed in the Spleen.

• Live for about 120 days

• Are flexible to squeeze through blood capillaries.

• Contain Hemoglobin

• Are Bi-concave discs

• Have no nucleus

http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/_frm/frm_made.htm

Red Blood cells are BICONCAVE discs.

How do Red blood Cells carry Oxygen?

• Hemoglobin + Oxygen = Oxyhemoglobin

dark purple/red bright red

Oxyhemoglobin is unstable and readily dissociates back into hemoglobin and free oxygen.

Red blood cell diseases• Anaemia – too few red blood cells maybe

because of low Iron.

Normal Low Iron

• Sickle Cell disease – RBC are not round but sickle shaped, (genetic mutation for assisting in Malaria prevention) results in blood cells being destroyed prematurely.

Malaria Parasite – Plasmodium inside a RBC http://www.sicklecellfoundationofalberta.org/sic3.jpg

http://www-cxro.lbl.gov/microscopy/ALS_Abstracts_97/IMG00012.GIF

Liver or Kidney disease causes RBC to be damaged or destroyed

Your normal RED BLOOD CELL COUNT or Hb is between 12 and 14,(some hospitals measure this as 120 to 140, both are correct, just different units used).

White Blood Cells….

• are made in the bone marrow

• are responsible for “fighting” disease.

• are various types

• contain a nucleus

Together they make up the total white blood count - normally 4 to 10.(Which is actually 4,000 to 10,000 white blood cells per cubic millimetre of blood!!!)

Neutrophil Monocyte Lymphocyte Eosinophil Basophil

http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/_frm/frm_made.htm

http://hsc.unm.edu/som/biomedcom/Photography/PIX/blood%20cells-b-7x10jpg.JPG

Normal blood smear (right), compared to Infection (left)

http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/blood/_frm/frm_blood.htm

http://www.iranblood.org/slide/slid1.16.jpg

Infectious Mononucleosis (“Mono”) shows Atypical Lymphocytes.

http://www.wadsworth.org/chemheme/heme/microscope/pix/atyplymph_nw.jpg

http://www.pathguy.com/lectures/mono.gif

Platelets… are made in the bone marrow

• Concerned with blood clotting.

•Contain an enzyme that is released when the platelets are damaged. This enzyme triggers clotting

• Circulate in the blood for about 10 days then die.http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/circulation.html

Your normal PLATELET COUNT is between 150 and 400(Which is actually 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimetre of blood!!!)

Platelets form part of the network of a clot.

http://chapters.redcross.org/tn/nashvilleblood/Platelets.jpg

Blood Groups

“In 1901 Karl Landsteiner demonstrated the existence of blood group antigens on human red blood cells as well as antibodies directed against those antigens in human sera.” (http://ntri.tamuk.edu/immunology/blood.html)

Vienna, Nov 20th, 1890“In the last few days several patients with more or less serious wounds were taken to hospital. One patients had suffered an open fracture during an accident, another one had internal injuries and a third one had suffered a knife wound during a quarrel. Even though these patients had completely different injuries, all of them had suffered great losses of blood so that they needed a blood transfusion. Some patients recovered from their injuries quickly whereas the condition of other patients turned from bad to worse and some of them even died within a short time. When they were examined to find out the reason for their sudden death it was found that their red blood cells had clumped together i. e. formed sort of blood clots in the blood vessels.”

Landsteiner's experimentBloodRed blood cells

Serum StörkPletschnig

Sturli Erdheim ZaritschLandsteiner

Störk

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

Pletschnig

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

Sturli

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

Erdheim

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

Zaritsch

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

Landsteiner

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

                        

 

             clumping                      no clumping

http://www.ginkgo-web.de/bilingual/blgroups.html

GenotypeBlood group phenotype

Antigens on erythrocytes

Serum antibodies

AA or AO A A Anti-B

BB or BO B B Anti-A

AB AB A and B None

OO O None Anti-A and Anti-B

http://ntri.tamuk.edu/immunology/blood.html

http://www.sirinet.net/~jgjohnso/bloodtype.jpg

Fig 2. ABO Tile Grouping

anti-A anti-B anti-A+B

group A                        

group B                        

group AB                        

group O                        

http://www.umds.ac.uk/tissue/bludgrp2.html#Abbs

The various ABO blood groups occur in the average population of the US in the proportions shown here. 45% of the population are type O, 42% type A, 10% type B and 3% type AB. These percentages vary within different ethnic groups. In addition there is another type antigen to be considered. The Rh antigen.

http://www.psbc.org/education/hematology/banking/groups.htm

http://www.transweb.org/journey/recip_journey/kidney/kidney_blue/kb_14.htm

Remember! Every cell has

surface proteins that helps the

body identify it

www.nlm.nih.gov/.../ency/images/ ency/fullsize/9125.jpg

Rh Factor

• Another key substance in the blood is the Rh or Rhesus factor (named after the monkeys in which it was located)

• People either have the factor and are then Rh + (positive)

• or you don’t have the factor - Rh - (negative)

• Rh is a dominant trait.

Rh + Phenotype Rhesus +

Rh + Genotype either RR or Rr

Rh - Phenotype & Genotype - rr

According to the blood grouping systems, you can belong to either of

following 8 blood groups:

A Rh+ B Rh+ AB Rh+ 0 Rh+

A Rh- B Rh- AB Rh- 0 Rh-

This means that there are 8 possible ABO Blood groups.

Rh. Problems in Pregnancy. Rh + Man and Rh - Woman

Because Rh is a dominant allele there is a 50:50 chance the man

will have the Genotype Rr or RR If he is RR then his children will

inherit the dominant allele and be Rh + this will cause the woman to

develop antibodies to her unborn babies blood and try to destroy it.

A red blood cell (RBC) with three different antigens

on the surface of its membrane.

The antigens are glycoproteins with unique

molecular shapes.

Agglutination

http://gslc.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/blood/images/ABObloodsystem.gif

Distribution of the B type blood allele in native populations of the world

Distribution of the A type blood allele in native populations of the world

Distribution of the O type blood in native populations of the world

http://anthro.palomar.edu/vary/vary_3.htm

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/bio100.htm

Also….