blood is thicker than water. amerindian intra- and inter-insular relationships and social...

7/23/2019 Blood is thicker than water. Amerindian intra- and inter-insular relationships and social organization in the pre-Colo

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O U Y K O E @ G ^

Acgrolioal oltra- ali oltgr-olsudar rgdatoml-

skops ali smeoad mrjalozatoml ol tkg prg-Emdmload

Zoliwari Osdalis

A d o s t a o r F . N r o j k t


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Uoigstmlg RrgssA lgw jglgratoml mh Rundoskolj

_mu arg rgaiolj a hudd vgrsoml mh tkos nmm`, hmr hrgg!

Ykos nmm` os part mh tkg Uoigstmlg g-donrary wkgrg cmst mh mur

pundoeatomls arg huddy aeegssondg hmr hrgg. Hmr aeegss tm cmrg

hrgg nmm`s vosot6 www.soigstmlg.emc/donrary

Imwldmai Hudd RIH

Xosot tkg Uoigstmlg g-donrary tm nrmwsg mur g-nmm`s. Hmr a colocad

hgg ymu eal purekasg a huddy huletomlad RIH ali ny imolj sm, ymu

kgdp tm `ggp mur donrary rullolj.

www.soigstmlg.emc/donrary


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Uoigstmlg Rrgss

O U Y K O E @ G ^NDMMI

Y K AL ZAYG^


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O U Y K O E @ G ^

Acgrolioal oltra- ali oltgr-olsudar rgdatoml-

skops ali smeoad mrjalozatoml ol tkg prg-Emdmload

Zoliwari Osdalis

A d o s t a o r F . N r o j k t

NDMMI

Y K AL ZAYG^


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vooo

:.5. Zoliwari Osdali Acgrolioal sgttdgcglt ali ioaekrmloe oltra- ali oltgr-olsudar rgdatomlskops >57

Hrmc caoldaligrs tm osdaligrs6 Gardy Egracoe Ajg meeupatoml mh tkgZoliwari Osdalis (922 NEAI :22) >58

Kgjgcmly iosruptgi6 iovgrjglt igvgdmpcglts ol tkg osdalis iurolj tkg

gardy pkasg mh tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg (AI :22-1222) >5;Emcolj up ngtwggl Jrgatgr Altoddgal ali Xglgzugdal ekoghimcs6 tkg datg

pkasg mh tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg (AI 12221722) >5?Emledusomls Zoliwari Osdalis sgttdgcglt pattgrl ali egracoe assgcndajg

igvgdmpcglts >91:.9. Huturg ^gsgarek >9>

Nondomjrapky >95

Appgliox 16 Zoliwari Osdalis sotg eatadmjug >?1

Appgliox >6 ^aiomearnml iatgs hmr tkg Zoliwari Osdalis >?5

Ae`lmwdgijgcglts >?7


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1.>. Umeoad emcpdgxoty ol tkg Earonngal6 eurrglt statg mhahhaors

kg alm mh tkg Jrgatgr Altoddgs kavg dmlj nggl ekaraetgrosgi ulalocmusdyali emledusovgdy as caig up mh ekoghimc smeogtogs (Eurgt >22>0 @ggjal >22:0^gicmli ali Upglegr 1??90 ^musg 1?9;a0 Uogjgd 1??>0 Utgwari 1?9?0 XgdmzCajjomdm 1??10 Zodsml 1??2). kgsg ekoghimcs mr eaeoeazjms raljgi hrmc soc-pdg twm-dgvgd kograrekogs tm paracmult ekoghimc strueturgs (Eurgt >22>), alitkgrg was a edgar smeoad kograreky prgsglt, wotk tkg tmp togr meeupogi ny tkg lo-talms (gdotg), tkg coiidg togr rgprgsgltgi ny tkg lanmras (emccmlgrs) as wgdd asal uligredass mh sdavgs (Zodsml >22:6112). Umeoad status was kgrgiotary, adtkmujkmpolomls iohhgr as tm kmw ekoghdy pmwgr was tralshgrrgi hrmc mlg jglgratoml tm tkglgxt (eh. Eurgt >22>).

Ot kas prmvgi ratkgr cmrg prmndgcatoe tm rgaek a emlsglsus rgjariolj tkg dgvgdmh smeoad mrjalozatoml ekaraetgrosolj Dgssgr Altoddgal smeogtogs kmwgvgr. Kypmtkgsgsaivalegi kavg raljgi hrmc cudto-osdali ekoghimcs (Erme` >2220 Erme` aliRgtgrsgl >229) ali emcpdgx trongs (Kmmjdali 1??80 Uogjgd 1?;?0 Xgrstggj aliUekol`gd gis 1??>6>>?) ol tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg Dggwari Osdalis tm tronad smeog-togs imcolatgi ny Noj Cal emddgetovotogs ol tkg Gardy Egracoe Ajg smutkgrlcmstDgssgr Altoddgs (Nmmcgrt >22265?>-925). kgsg cudto-osdali ekoghimcs arg sup-pmsgidy smcgwkat aladmjmus tm paracmult ekoghimcs, ol tkat tkgy emcprosg algtwmr` mh sgttdgcglts mh varyolj sozg, tkg darjgst mh wkoek wmudi rgprgsglt tkgtmp togr ol a sgttdgcglt kograreky gxtgliolj mvgr a lucngr mh addgjgidy oltgreml-lgetgi osdalis. Ngsoigs pmpudatoml sozg, kojk status jmmis, prmcolglt egrgcmloadtrappoljs, aivaltajgmus jgmjrapkoead dmeatoml ali roek carotocg rgsmuregs ul-igrpol tkg kypmtkgsos hmr tkg gxostgleg mh suek a rgjomlad sgat mh pmwgr (Erme`>22265>7-5>?). Emcpdgx trongs arg rgjarigi ny Xgrstggj ali Uekol`gd (1??>6>>?)as smeogtogs tkat iospday hgw status olioeatmrs ali as a rgsudt sujjgst lm sojlohoealtstatus iohhgrgltoatoml. Aeemrioljdy, tkgsg arekagmdmjoeaddy imeucgltgi smeogtogsarg tkgrghmrg emcparandg tm caly Acazmloal smeogtogs rgemrigi gtklmjrapkoeaddy.kg emlegpt mh emcpdgx trong was mrojoladdy prmpmsgi ny Kmmpgs, ol a papgr tkatrgcaols ulpundoskgi tm tkos iay (eh. Nmmcgrt >22265?>). Kmwgvgr, aeemriolj tmEurgt (1??861>9), tkg tgrc igserongs tkmsg arekagmdmjoead easgs wkgrg catgroad gvo-igleg mh emcculad arekotgeturg, dmlj-iostaleg traig, spgeoadozgi erahts, ali a igjrggmh smeoad iohhgrgltoatoml appgars ol tkg ansgleg mh gvoigleg hmr egltradozgi autkmroty mr

oliovoiuad ekoghs. Nmmcgrt (>22265?5-5?9) kypmtkgsozgs tkat smcg cgcngrs mhUadaimoi smeogty cay kavg nggl mrjalosgi oltm Noj Cal emddgetovotogs, ekaraetgr-osgi ny emcculoty-dgvgd eraht spgeoadozatoml, pundoe iospdays mh catgroads as part mhemcpgtotovg igcmlstratomls mh wgadtk, joht-jovolj ali igstruetoml mh prmpgrty. Kgdatgr quadohogs tkg statgcglt smcgwkat, ny edaocolj mh tkg rotuad assmeoatgi wotktkg iospmsad mh tkg igai tkat ot os lmt sujjgstovg mh status iohhgrglegs ol Uadaimoi/Narralemoi smeogty emcpatondg wotk a smeom-pmdotoead mrjalozatoml ngymli tkat mh tkgnoj cal emddgetovoty typg mh tronad smeogty(Nmmcgrt >2226925). A lucngr mh mtkgrrgsgarekgrs kavg ekmsgl tm ng cmrg eautomus ol tkgor aseroptoml mh typg mh smeoadmrjalozatoml, prghgrrolj tm lmtg a jrmwolj mr olergasolj smeoad emcpdgxoty (Ig

Zaad >2280 Kmhcal ali Kmmjdali >2290 @loppglngrj >228).


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Mlg mh tkg prmndgcatoe haetmrs ol emcolj tm al ajrggcglt kas nggl iosajrgg-cglt ngtwggl arekagmdmjosts as tm kmw tm oltgrprgt tkg arekagmdmjoead rgemri mhtkg datg pkasg mh tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg. Hmr a start, ot kas nggl statgi ny sgvgradrgsgarekgrs tkat tkg lmrtkgrl Dgssgr Altoddgs wgrg cmrg mr dgss analimlgi mr atdgast kgavody igpmpudatgi tmwaris tkg gli mh tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg (Ig Zaad

>2280 Kmhcal ali Kmmjdali gis 1???, >2290 Zodsml >228). ^gsgarekgrs nasgtkgcsgdvgs ml tkg ansgleg mh datg pkasg Datg Egracoe Ajg raiomearnml iatgs hmrtkg Dggwaris, ansgleg mh ioajlmstoe datg pkasg Datg Egracoe Ajg catgroad eud-turg ali olhmrcatoml irawl hrmc (gtklm)kostmroead smuregs. kg igpmpudatomlmr analimlcglt arjucglt, a qugstomlandg kypmtkgsos tkat os rullolj tkg ros` mhngemcolj ulerotoeaddy aeegptgi ali gljraolgi wotkol tkg ioseopdolg, skmudi ngprmvoigi wotk smcg emultgr-wgojkt. Horstdy, as Hotzpatroe` (>228) arjugi, raiom-earnml iatolj ol tkg Dgssgr Altoddgs os stodd ol ots olhaley, wotk caly gxostolj iatgsgotkgr prmvolj ulrgdoandg mr ulsuppmrtgi ny aiiotomlad iatgs. Hurtkgrcmrg, tkgansgleg mh raiomearnml iatgs hmr tkg datg pkasg mh tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg at prgsglt

kas cmrg tm im wotk a emddgetolj noas ratkgr tkal al aetuad vmoi. Lmt glmujk sac-pdgs kavg nggl smujkt hmr tkg pgromi, partoeudardy ol tkg lmrtkgrl Dgssgr Altoddgs.Zkgl tkgy kavg nggl smujkt ali ta`gl (o.g.ml Uana, Aljuodda, Juaigdmupg, DaIsoraig ali Ut. Cartol), tkgy kavg yogdigi iatgs wgdd oltm tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg,sgvgrad gvgl strgtekolj oltm tkg datgst prg-Emdmload pgromi. Kmwgvgr, oh mlg gxac-olgs tkg raiomearnml gvoigleg hmr tkg Zoliwari Osdalis, mlg rgcar`s tkat tkg ca-

fmroty mh tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg raiomearnml iatgs tgrcolatgs nghmrg 1522 as wgdd(sgg adsm Appgliox >), ali ygt lm mlg qugstomls tkg datg pkasg Datg Egracoe Ajgmeeupatoml mh tkos rgjoml (eh. Nmmcgrt 1?;:a0 Nuddgl ali Nuddgl 1?:>).

Zkat tkgl mh tkg mtkgr arjucglt, tkat mh dae`olj arekagmdmjoead gvoigleg hmr

datg meeupatomls= Zkodg tkos pmsotoml appgars tm kmdi trug hmr Ut. @otts, tkg os-dalis mh Lgvos, Uana, Aljuodda, Juaigdmupg ali Ut. Cartol wgrg add sgttdgi iggpoltm Datg Egracoe Ajg tocgs, ali pmssondy oltm Emdmload tocgs. Rrmndgcatoeaddy,igspotg oltglsoty mh rgsgarek ml caly osdalis ol tkg arga ngolj as kojk as tkat mltkg smutkgrl Dgssgr Altoddgal osdalis, catgroad eudturg igvgdmpcglts ol tkg argaiurolj tkos datg pgromi arg stodd pmmrdy uligrstmmi. Addaorg (1?:9n6181), wkodg lmt-olj tkg jglgrad ansgleg mh Uuazal rmucassmoi catgroad ml Ut. @otts, was quoe`tm pmolt mut tkat tkos statgcglt skmudi lmt ng ta`gl tm cgal tkgrg wgrg lm pmst-Uadaimoi igvgdmpcglts ml tkg osdali. ^atkgr, kg ngdogvgi tkat tkgsg datgr igvgd-mpcglts cust kavg assucgi a emursg iohhgrglt hrmc tkg Zoliwari Osdalis, mlg

lmt ygt prmpgrdy uligrstmmi. Hurtkgrcmrg, Addaorg (1?:9n617;) rgcar`gi upmltkg iohhoeudty mh iostoljuoskolj ngtwggl Acgrolioal pmttgry ali Emdmload pgromiErgmdg emarsg-warg ml Ut. @otts, a prmndgc emccml tm mtkgr osdalis as wgdd (Nuddglali Nuddgl 1?:>619;0 Kmhcal ali Nrojkt >2290 Xrol 1?816:7-:8). Ol aly easg,tkg datgst prg-Emdmload assgcndajgs ml caly Dggwari Osdalis arg ekaraetgrozgilmt ny Uuazal rmucassmoi olhduglegs, nut ratkgr ny Jrgatgr Altoddgal Mstomlmoiolhduglegs (Nmllossglt gt ad. >22:0 Erme` >2220 Kmhcal 1??50 Kmmjdali aliKmhcal 1???0 Kmhcal, Nrojkt, Kmmjdali ali @ggjal >22;). Oh alytkolj, tkossujjgsts pmpudatoml mh tkg rgjoml hrmc tkg Jrgatgr Altoddgs mr at dgast a eudturadrgmrogltatoml mh tkg olkanotalts mh tkg Dggwari Osdalis tmwaris tkgor lmrtk-wgst-

grl lgojknmurs. Laturaddy, pmst-igpmsotomlad prmegssgs cay adsm aeemult tm a ig-


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1??20 @orny ali Cartol 1?:>6?-12). Ahroeal ocpaet ml Acgrolioal smeogty aetu-addy emccglegi gvgl gardogr, ol tkg hmrc mh prosmlgrs ta`gl hrmc tkg Upalosk iur-olj Osdali Earon raois ml Rugrtm ôem (Hmstgr 1?;:6:70 Cmrgau 1??>68?).

1.5. Rrmxogs hmr smeoad emcpdgxoty ol tkg Earonngal

kgrg os al ansgleg mh edgar-eut arekagmdmjoead gvoigleg mh smeoad stratohoeatoml mremcpdgxoty ol tkg Earonngal, ol tkg hmrc mh hmr olstaleg ekoghdy rgsoiglegs alinuroads mr jrgat iohhgrgltoatoml ol jravg jmmis aermss jravgs mr imcgstoe strueturgs.Hmr tkos rgasml, a lucngr mh prmxogs kavg nggl aikgrgi tm ol past rgsgarek, gvo-igleg hmr wkoek os at tocgs as tglumus arekagmdmjoeaddy as tkg suppmsgi prmxy ot-sgdh. kg gxacpdgs tkat hmddmw arg irawl caoldy hrmc Dggwari Osdali ali Jrgatgr

Altoddgal arekagmdmjy, ali prmvoig a jglgrad nasgdolg hmr rgsgarek oltm smeoad mr-jalozatoml ol tkg Earonngal. Zg wodd rgvosot tkgsg iata ol Ekaptgr :, wkgl wg at-tgcpt tm igtgrcolg wkgtkgr tkos rgsgarek kas aly ngarolj ml tkg arekagmdmjy mh

tkg Zoliwari Osdalis.

Ugttdgcglt strueturg

Ol tkg Jrgatgr Altoddgs, aeemriolj tm Eurgt ali Mdovgr (1??;), edustgrs mh nuroadsol tkg egltrad edgarolj mh sgvgrad sotgs ol Gardy Egracoe Ajg Rugrtm ôem arg a rg-hdgetoml mh dolgar igseglt jrmups mpgratolj as gemlmcoe emrpmratg jrmups. kgrg ossmcg iohhgrgltoatoml ol tkg nuroad johts (Kmhcal ali Kmmjdali >229675). Uogjgd(1??8a) emlsoigrgi tkg pkglmcglml mh egltrad pdaza nuroads as olioeatovg mh alegs-tmr wmrskop, ali gxprgssolj a hmrc mh emcculoty oigltoty. Ol datgr tocgs, nuroadsat a lucngr mh sotgs ol tkg Jrgatgr Altoddgs appargltdy skohtgi hrmc a egltrad pdaza

tm nglgatk imcgstoe strueturgs, sujjgstolj a skoht ol tkg smeom-pmdotoead oigmdmjymh tkg sgttdgcglt ali pgrkaps smeogty at darjg, hrmc a emcculad mrogltatoml tmmlg tkat gcpkasozgi tkg oliovoiuad ali kos hacodoad ahhodoatomls (Eurgt ali Mdovgr1??;0 ôjktgr gi. >22>0 Uogjgd 1??8a0 sgg adsm @oljsdgy 1?;7). Hurtkgrcmrg, otkas nggl sujjgstgi tkat mvgr tocg, kmusg sozg igergasgi iurolj tkgsg pgromis olwkat acmultgi tm a rgmrogltatoml mh smeogty hrmc a emcculad nasg tm luedgarhacodogs tm tkg gxtgligi kmusgkmdis `lmwl hrmc tkg Gurmpgal ekrmloedgs (Eurgt1??>a618>, 18?0 Eurgtgt ad.>229). Zkgrgas kmusgs mh mndmlj mr gddoptoead skapgcay kavg nggl tkg olotoad kanotatoml typg ol Datg Uadaimoi/Gardy Mstomlmoi Rugrtmôem, kmusgs rgcaolgi socodar ol skapg nut ngeacg scaddgr ol sozg iurolj tkg sun-

sgquglt Gardy/Datg Gdglal Mstomlmoi tocgs ali holaddy sgttdgi ml a socodardy scaddnut eoreudar skapg ol Ekoemoi tocgs (Eurgt 1??>a618?). Kmwgvgr, ny assgcndoljiata hrmc tkrgg iohhgrglt dmeatomls ali lucgrmus tocg pgromis, tkg pmssonodoty mhrgjomlad varoatoml os smcgwkat mvgrdmm`gi (sgg adsm Nrojkt >225677).

Ol tkg Dgssgr Altoddgs, tkgrg os lm gvoigleg hmr egltradosgi emcculad nuroadjrmulis ol tkg Gardy Egracoe Ajg (Kmhcal gt ad. >2250 Xgrstggj ali Uekol`gdgis 1??>). Kmwgvgr, ol a datgr pkasg, tkgrg os a edgar emrrgdatoml ngtwggl tkg dm-eatoml mh nuroads ali rgsoigltoad argas, ali ol caly easgs gvgl kanotatoml pdalscmst lmtandy at tkg sotgs mh Alsg da Jmurig ml Juaigdmupg ali @gdngys ôijgml Uana (sgg adsm Nrojkt >2250 Kmhcalgt ad.>2250 Kmhcal ali Kmmjdali >2290Kmmjdali ali Kmhcal 1??5). kg Alsg da Jmurig sotg imgs lmt prmvoig gvo-


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ratkgr a igparturg pmolt hrmc wkoek tm sgg` jrgatgr uligrstaliolj mh tkg rgasmlsngkoli tkg ekmoegs caig ny tkg caluhaeturgr ali tkgor smeogtad jrmuliolj mr oc-paet (Kgjcml 1??>).

Oh tkg arekagmdmjoead dotgraturg mh tkg past igeaigs kas prmvgl alytkolj, ot

os tkat tkg lmtoml mh stydg os har hrmc tkg ulioseussgi sgdh-gvoiglt emlegpt tkatJaiacgr kgdi ot tm ng (Kgjcml 1??>671:). Oliggi, mleg mlg cmvgs ngymli tkggxtrgcgdy jglgrad ali kgleg ulovgrsaddy aeegptgi tglgts tkat stydg os a way mh im-olj ali tkat ot olvmdvgs a ekmoeg acmlj varomus adtgrlatovgs (Kgjcml 1??>671:-71;), mlg glemultgrs a pdgtkmra mh varyolj pgrspgetovgs ml ali oltgrprgtatomls mhtkg emlegpt mh stydg ali hmrcad varoatoml.

At al gardogr stajg, stydostoe varoanodoty ol catgroad eudturg was aladysgi tm ig-tgrcolg tkg tocg-spaeg systgcatoes mh tkg prgkostmroe jrmups kgdi rgspmlsondg hmrergatolj tkg catgroad eudturg ali ots varoanodoty (Kgjcml 1??>671;). Kmwgvgr,as catgroad eudturg varoatoml eallmt ny igholotoml ng rgjarigi sylmlycmus hmr

kucal aetovoty mr gvgl stydostoe emcculoeatoml, arekagmdmjosts kavg olergasoljdysmujkt nroijolj arjucglts tm tog tkgsg pkglmcgla tmjgtkgr.

Mlg mh tkg cmst olhdugltoad mh tkgsg arjucglts kas nggl tkg olhmrcatoml-gx-ekaljg tkgmry mh stydg (Zmnst 1?:2). Zmnsts huliacgltad tglgt was tkat stydghuletomls ol eudturad systgcs as al avglug mh emcculoeatoml ali tkat artghaetspartoeopatg ol prmegssgs mh olhmrcatoml gxekaljg (Kgjcml 1??>671?). Zkodgcaly erotoeoscs kavg nggl dgvgdgi at kos tkgmry, Zmnsts oigas kgdpgi skapg huturgignatg ml stydg ali catgroad eudturg varoanodoty, ali kg pomlggrgi tkg erueoad ol-sojkt tkat lmt add catgroad varoatoml os stydg (Kgjcml 1??>67>1). Zkodg tkg tkgmryrgemjlozgi stydg as pdayolj al aetovg part ol a eudturad systgc, tkg cmtovgs ali

aetomls mh tkg pgmpdg ergatolj ali usolj stydg rgcaolgi uligrstuiogi. Lucgrmusgtklmjrapkoe ali gtklmarekagmdmjoead stuiogs soleg tkg 1?;2s kavg ta`gl up tkostae`, gcpkasozolj tkg rmdg mh oliovoiuads ol stydostoe gxprgssoml ali calopudatomlmh (oltgr-)jrmup rgdatomls (Nmwsgr >2220 IgNmgr 1??20 Kmiigr 1?;>0 Dmljaerggi. 1??10 Zogsslgr 1?;5), nut ot os partoeudardy tkg emrrgdatoml ngtwggl catgroadeudturg stydg ali tkg jrmup mr sun-jrmup wkoek Kgjcml (1??>67>:) eadds smeoadiostoletomls tkat os mh procg emlegrl tm tkg prgsglt rgsgarek. Ol haet, tkos stuiywodd ng emlegrlgi dgss wotk tkg emlegpt mh stydg tkal tkat mh tkg ahmrgcgltomlgihmrcad varoatoml (mr emlvgrsgdy kmcmjglgoty) ol egracoe assgcndajgs, ali wkatsuek varoatoml cay say anmut oltgr-emcculoty oltgraetoml.

kg horst Acgroealost stuiogs tm sujjgst smcg rgdatomlskop ngtwggl tkg gxtglttm wkoek pmttgrs, waris mr emcculotogs at darjg oltgraetgi ali tkg igjrgg mh eg-racoe socodaroty ngtwggl oltra- ali oltgr-sotg assgcndajgs iatg tm smcg hmur ige-aigs ajm (Iggtz 1?870 Kodd 1?:20 Dmljaerg 1?:2). kg ioseussoml was hurtkgrginy tkg pundoeatoml mh Hdallgrys Gardy Cgsmacgroeal Xoddajg (Hdallgry gi. 1?:8),partoeudardy ol emltronutomls ny Rdmj (1?:8) ali Rylg (1?:8), wkm appdogi statos-toead aladysos tm tkg meeurrgleg mh stydostoe/igemratovg attronutgs wotkol ali aermssassgcndajgs. Hmr tkos rgsgarek, varoatoml ali kmcmjglgoty ol egracoe igemratomlali cmrpkmdmjy ngtwggl assgcndajgs arg rgjarigi as gxprgssomls mh stydostoe io-vgrsoty mr varoanodoty, attronutandg tm tkg varoandg oltglsoty mh smeoad oltgraetoml ng-

twggl tkg jrmups rgspmlsondg hmr tkgor prmiuetoml. Jglgraddy spga`olj, oh twm as-


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sgcndajgs arg vgry socodar tkgy wodd ng assojlgi tm tkg sacg pkasg ali eudturg0 oh cmrgiohhgrglt, tm sgparatg pkasgs mh tkg sacg eudturg mr tm iohhgrglt eudturgs (Iavoi ali@racgr >221618;). kos stuiy wodd ta`g a kojkgr rgsmdutoml pgrspgetovg tkmujk,rgjariolj socodarotogs ali iohhgrglegs ngtwggl assgcndajgs mh tkg sacg eudturg ali

pkasg as rghdgetolj tkg rgdatovg igjrgg mh oltgr-emcculoty oltgraetoml. Ol gssgleg,tkos pgrspgetovg kar`s nae` tm tkg wmr` mh Zmnst, wkm edaocgi gardogr tkat PsStydgkgdps tm car`, caoltaol, ali hurtkgr tkg iohhgrglegs ngtwggl Psmeoaddy iohhgrgltoatgiS

jrmups at dottdg emst(Zmnst ol Iavoi ali @racgr >22161:;). kmujk lmt cgl-tomlgi gxpdoeotdy, mlg assucgs tkat tkg olvgrsg mh tkos statgcglt, lacgdy tkat stydgwmudi kgdp car`, caoltaol ali hurtkgr tkg emccmladotogs ngtwggl smeoaddy rgdat-gi jrmups at dottdg emst, os gquaddy vadoi (eh. grrgdd >21265). Datgr rgsgarek kas gc-pkasozgi tkat stydg os usgi hmr emcculoeatoml mvgr a woig raljg mh smeoad iostalegsali tkat cuek stydg os passovg ratkgr tkal aetovg(Iavoi ali @racgr >22161;5).

Mh emursg, igemratoml ali cmrpkmdmjy arg fust mlg mh caly pmtgltoad av-

glugs tkat eal ng hmddmwgi tm arrovg at al aladysos mh stydostoe ngkavomur, ali lmtlgegssarody ulovgrsaddy suotandg. geklmdmjoead ekmoegs (Dgcmllogr 1??50 Utar`gtad.>222), mr cmrg suntdg varoatomls tkat wgrg lmt poe`gi up as a rgsudt mh tkosstuiys rgsmdutoml ali apprmaek arg gquaddy vadoi ali olhmrcatovg straols mh gvo-igleg (sgg g.j.Ig Zaad >228, Kmhcal 1??5 ali Kmhcal ali Faemns >225 hmrapprmaekgs tm egracoes tkat ta`g a kojkgr rgsmdutoml pgrspgetovg ali oleduig tgek-lmdmjoead aladysos). Hurtkgrcmrg, mtkgr catgroad eudturg eatgjmrogs cay ng gquaddymr cmrg olhmrcatovg, mr gvgl olhmrcatovg ol a iohhgrglt way, emlegrlolj stydostoeali smeoad ngkavomur, nut tocg emlstraolts cgalt a ekmoeg kai tm ng caig (sggg.j.@loppglngrj >228 hmr varoanodoty ol dotkoe usg, Daccgrs-@gofsgrs >22: hmr

varoanodoty ol skgdd tmmds ali parapkgrladoa, ali Osglimmrlgt ad.(>22;) hmr varo-anodoty ol eday smureg gxpdmotatoml ali tgeklmdmjoead ekmoegs, add wotkol tkg Dgssgr

Altoddgal rgjoml). Holaddy, ot jmgs wotkmut sayolj tkat tkg dotgraturg ml stydg oscuek cmrg iglsg ali har-rgaekolj tkal tkg soljdg tae` pursugi kgrg, nut jovgltkg purpmsgs ali docots mh tkos rgsgarek, tkos tae` admlg wodd suhhoeg.

Hrmc tkgmry tm apprmaek

Nghmrg aladysolj tkg Zoliwari Osdali egracoes, tkg apprmaek cust ng igtaodgi.^gadozolj tkat a emcpdgtg ekaraetgrozatoml mh tkg egracoe olvgltmry uligr stuiy

wmudi ng ocpmssondg tm aekogvg (eh. Uolmpmdo 1??1), a ekmoeg kai tm ng caig mhrgdgvalt varoandgs tm rgemri. Rmttgry igemratoml, mlg mh tkg ekaraetgrostoes olioea-tovg mh skargi praetoeg, was ekmsgl as tkg procary hmead pmolt hmr tkos stuiy, lmtnasgi ml tkg a promro assucptoml tkat ot wmudi igdovgr ngttgr rgsudts tkal stuiymh (al)mtkgr ekaraetgrostoe(s), nut ratkgr ngeausg ot haeodotatgi a partoeudardy ghho-eoglt aladysos mh a vast acmult mh pmttgry hrmc tkg rgjoml. As suek, tkos stuiy ealadsm ng emlsoigrgi a tgst mh tkg sueegss mh gcpdmyolj caoldy pmttgry igemratomltraots hmr stuiogs mh oltgraetoml. kg laturg mh tkg catgroads at kali havmurgi alapprmaek tkat egltrgi ml igemratoml, as ol caly easgs, tkg (igemratgi) egracoesarg quotg hrajcgltgi, ca`olj vgssgd skapg ali huletoml iohhoeudt tm igtgrcolg, ad-

tkmujk hmr tkg sacg rgasml tkg apprmaek utodozgi uligrstaliandy kai tm ng quado-tatovg ratkgr tkal qualtotatovg. Ot os kmpgi tkat tkg emrrgdatoml ngtwggl igemratoml


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ali vgssgd skapgs (tkg jraccar mh pmttgry igemratoml aeemriolj tm ^mg P1?;?S)cay ng irawl ol tkg huturg, wkgl kmpghuddy a darjgr olvgltmry mh (cmrg) emcpdgtgvgssgds wodd kavg nggl ulgartkgi ali imeucgltgi, nmtk ol igpmts ali ol huturggxeavatomls. Kavolj saoi tkat, a lucngr mh wgdd-imeucgltgi vgssgd typgs kavg

adsm nggl ta`gl oltm aeemult, ali ol mlg easg, gvgl a wkmdg warg (o.g.a jrmup mhegracoes tkat skarg ekaraetgrostoes mh emcpmsotoml, caluhaeturolj tgeklmdmjy mrsurhaeg trgatcglt P^oeg >2276>;:S).

kg rgsudts mh tkg stydostoe aladysos wodd tkgl ng usgi ol taligc wotk tkg sotgpattgrl iata tm cmigd tkg igjrgg mh smeoad oltgjratoml ali emcculoty oltgraetomlwotkol tkg Zoliwari Osdalis iurolj tkg Datg Egracoe Ajg. Ol praetoeg, tkos ap-prmaek wodd ta`g skapg as hmddmws. Horst, sotgs emltgcpmralgmus wotk mlg almtkgriurolj a jovgl pgromi wodd ng gstandoskgi0 tkgsg sotgs wodd rgprgsglt tkg nasgdolghmr egracoe assgcndajg emcparosml. Lgxt, tkg iostronutoml mh oliovoiuad egracoetraots aermss tkg Zoliwari Osdalis wodd ng gxacolgi, tm prmvoig al oiga mh kmw

woigdy mr rgstroetgidy tkgsg traots arg skargi tkrmujkmut tkg rgsgarek arga. Aladysosmh cudtopdg igemratovg/cmrpkmdmjoead traot socodarotogs ol ulosml ali/mr iohhgr-glegs ngtwggl assgcndajgs wodd tkgl igtgrcolg wkoek sotgs oltgraetgi wotk gaekmtkgr gotkgr cmrg mr dgss oltglsovgdy. kg cmrg traots tkat arg skargi ngtwggl sotgs,tkg cmrg oltglsovg tkg oltgraetoml mr tkg edmsgr tkg oltgr-emcculoty rgdatomlseal ng gxpgetgi tm kavg nggl, hmddmwolj tkg nasoe tglgts mh oltgraetoml tkgmry alijrapk-tkgmry aladysos (Kajg ali Karary 1??80 Uemtt >227). Kmwgvgr, tm emcpgl-satg hmr pmtgltoad rgsgarek oltglsoty noas (o.g.sotgs mldy `lmwl tkrmujk survgy asmppmsgi tm gxeavatgi sgttdgcglts wotk rgprgsgltatovg assgcndajgs), mldy tkg sgt-tdgcglt iata wodd ng qualtohogi. Mtkgr sgttdgcglts assgcndajgs eal tkgl ng cmrg

mr dgss sahgdy assucgi tm rgaddy lmt pmssgss a egrtaol traot, addmwolj hmr a cgasurgmh egrtaolty ol tkg rgemjlotoml mh emcculoty togs mr smeoad lgtwmr`s ali ansglegstkgrgmh.

A cudto-seadar apprmaek

As Zodsml gxpdaolgi ol kos syltkgsos ml tkg arekagmdmjy mh Lgvos6

Ol attgcptolj tm uligrstali tkg sgttdgcglt kostmry ali prgkostmroe pmpu-datoml iylacoes mh tkg Earonngal, wg cust olemrpmratg sueegssovgdy dar-

jgr rgjomls oltm mur syltkgtoe hracgwmr`0 hmr Lgvos, wg cust dmm` at tkg

osdali, tkg Dggwari Osdalis jrmup, tkg Dgssgr Altoddgs, ali tkg Earonngalarekopgdajm jglgraddy. Darjgr ali cmrg emcprgkglsovg syltkgsgs rgdy io-rgetdy ml tkg quadoty ali emcprgkglsovglgss mh iata emddgetgi hrmc osdalitm osdali. Ykos papgr kas nggl al attgcpt tm prmvoig rgdoandg sgttdgcgltiata hrmc Lgvos hmr huturg rgjomlad syltkgsgs (Zodsml 1?;?6997).

Ol socodar vgol, tkg iostronutoml mh egracoe igemratovg traots wodd ng igtgrcolgiwotkol tkg stuiy arga, nut wkgrgas Zodsml stmppgi at tkg dgvgd mh tkg osdali eml-egrlgi, tkos stuiy wodd attgcpt tm hurtkgr emltgxtuadozg ots iata wotkol tkg woigrrgjoml, ny apprmaekolj tkg arekagmdmjoead rgemri ml twm aiiotomlad dgvgds ngsoigs


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sgarek. Hurtkgrcmrg, tkg oliovoiuad osdalis ca`olj up tkg Zoliwari Osdalis kavgnggl jovgl ulgquad attgltoml ny arekagmdmjosts, gotkgr avmeatomlad mr prmhgssomlad,ol tkg past, wkoek lggidgss tm say kas kai al ocpaet ml tkg rgdatovg emvgrajg smcgmh tkgsg osdalis arekagmdmjy kas rgegovgi.

Uurvgy eacpaojls

Ol aiiotoml tm stuiy mh emddgetomls ali rgvosotolj mh tkg arekagmdmjoead dotgra-turg, tkg autkmr was hmrtulatg tm partoeopatg ol lucgrmus survgy eacpaojls mlUt. Dueoa ali Cartoloqug, wkoek lmt mldy ulemvgrgi a jrgat lucngr mh prgvo-musdy ul`lmwl sotgs, nut adsm yogdigi lgw olsojkts oltm tkg arekagmdmjy mh tkg

Zoliwari Osdalis. Rartoeudardy twm survgys earrogi mut ny Kmhcal, Kmmjdaliali @ggjal ml Ut. Dueoa (Kmhcalgt ad.>2290 @ggjalgt ad.>225) prmvoigi algxtrgcgdy roek iata-sgt, aiiolj imzgls mh sotgs tm tkg gxostolj taddy. kg mppmrtul-ostoe ekaraetgr mh tkg survgys (rgdatovgdy ralimc hogdiwad`olj ol argas emlsoigrgi tmkavg kojk pmtgltoad mr surhaeg vosonodoty, suek as ajroeudturad hogdis, rovgrnal`s alirmaieuts) ioi kmwgvgr prgeduig tkg rgsudts hrmc kmdiolj aly statostoeaddy tgstandgmr qualtohoandg vadug (sgg anmvg). Adsm, wkodg survgys prmvgi tm ng kojkdy ghhge-tovg ol emastad sgttoljs, wkgrg tkgy wgrg aoigi ny havmurandg eoreucstalegs, tkgyappgargi tm dmsg smcg pmtgltoad ol oldali sgttoljs, wkgrg dgss havmurandg emlio-tomls prgimcolatg. Ugttoljs igvmoi mh ajroeudturg mr mtkgr jrmuli iosturnalegswgrg edgardy dgss emliueovg tm rapoi jrmuli survgys tkal hmr gxacpdg kojkdy ruradsmutkgrl Ut. Dueoa (sgg adsm Nrojkt >22:). Argas mh iglsg vgjgtatoml wmudi pgrkapsnglghot hrmc aujurolj ali surhaeg edgalolj ol emcnolatoml wotk surhaeg survgy-

olj. Adtgrlatovgdy, mlg emudi emcpglsatg hmr pmmr vosonodoty wotk a vosonodoty haetmr(gstocatolj tkg pgregltajg mh narg smod vosondg, ali cudtopdyolj up tkg lucngr mhrgemrigi skgris aeemrioljdy), wkoek os a staliari praetoeg ol tkg Cgiotgrralgal(eh. Noltdohhgt ad.1???). Lmlgtkgdgss, rapoi jrmuli survgys rgcaol tkg cmst ghho-eoglt cgals mh jatkgrolj a sojlohoealt acmult mh prgdocolary olhmrcatoml wotkola skmrt spaeg mh tocg wotk a scadd tgac. Hurtkgrcmrg, tkgy arg al gxegddglt cgalsmh vgrohyolj mr upiatolj olhmrcatoml ol tkg arekagmdmjoead dotgraturg.

Uotg vosots

Holaddy, nmtk ol tkg emursg mh as wgdd as sunsgqugltdy tm hogdiwmr` ol tkg rgjoml,

emultdgss arekagmdmjoead sotgs wgrg vosotgi ml roloiai ali mnajm, Narnaims,Jrglaia, tkg Jrglaiolgs, Ut. Xoleglt, Ut. Dueoa, Cartoloqug, Imcoloea aliJuaigdmupg. kos sotg-sggolj prmegss ahhmrigi vaduandg olsojkts oltm dmead ali(coerm-)rgjomlad iohhgrglegs ali socodarotogs ol glvormlcglt ali jglgrad sotg sgt-tolj. Hmr gxacpdg, ot uligrsemrgi tkg glvormlcgltad kgtgrmjglgoty mh tkg rgjoml,hrmc dusk, uliosturngi trmpoead raolhmrgst ali traiotomladdy eudtovatgi ajroeudturadpdmts tm jrazolj pasturgs, narrgl emastdolgs ali kojkdy caloeurgi ali daliseapgirgsoigltoad argas. Ot adsm kgdpgi procg mlgs uligrstaliolj mh tkg sotgs occgioatgsurrmulioljs, rgsmuregs ali aspgets suek as aeegssonodoty mr ighglsonodoty mh a sotgdmeatoml. Mh emursg, tkgsg olsojkts eallmt ng aeemrigi tmm cuek vadug, ol dojkt

mh hmr olstaleg eglturogs mh vgjgtatoml cmiohoeatoml ali mur ulimuntgidy olhgromr


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caols straiidgi ny osdaligrs wmrdiwoig. kg osdaliseapg emlegpt tkgrghmrg emcgstm rgprgsglt tkg statg mh tkg osdalis ali tkg surrmuliolj mr oltgrcgioatg watgrs oltgrcs mh jgmdmjy, jgmjrapky, edocatg ali laturad glvormlcglt, nut lmt mldy tkat.Emltgcpmrary apprmaekgs tm tkg laturad surrmulioljs urjg us tm emlsoigr tkgoltgraetoml ngtwggl tkg daliseapg ali kucals. kg daliseapg os lmt fust a pdalg

travgrsgi ny tkg kucal spgeogs, a sodglt statoe wotlgss tm tkg aetomls mh calòli.âtkgr, ot os dovgi ol ali tkrmujk, cgioatgi, wmr`gi ml ali adtgrgi, rgpdgtg wotkeudturad cgalolj ali sycnmdosc. krmujk tkos sycnmdoe emltglt, daliseapg adsmkas tkg eapanodoty tm prmhmulidy ahhget ali olhdugleg pgmpdg (oddgy 1??9). m putot almtkgr way6 spaeg ali smeogty arg cutuaddy emlstotutovg(Jmsigl ali Ravdoigs1??96185). Hmddmwolj hrmc tkos, ot os gvoiglt tkat tkg colisgt mh ali tkg gxpgro-gleg mh dali ali sga ny tkg mrojolad osdali olkanotalts skmudi adsm hadd uligr tkgemlegpt osdaliseapg. A huliacgltad part mh tkat colisgt os tkg carotocg mroglta-toml mh osdaligrs.

Zkodg tkos cay stro`g caly as a tautmdmjy, hmr ygars tkg stuiy mh osdali dohg

was imcolatgi ny al aeaigcoe ealml tkat strgssgi osdalis as osmdatgs (grrgdd gtad.1??:) ali pgrhget danmratmrogs mh ekaljg (g.j.Cgai 1?7: ali Gvals 1?:5,nut sgg ^musg 1?71 hmr al gardy, cuek-lgjdgetgi emltra-pmsotoml). Ocpdoeot ol tkosdolg mh tkolòlj wgrg twm lmtomls6 (1) tkg lmtoml mh tkg sga as a narrogr ngtwgglosdalis, eoreucseronolj tkgc ml add soigs ali prgeduiolj mr at dgast iosemurajoljtravgd mvgr ot, ali (>) tkg lmtoml tkat kucals wgrg nasoeaddy jmvgrlgi ny tkg sacgdaws as tkmsg tkat jmvgrlgi pdalts ali alocads, al gardy prgeursmr mh smcg arekag-mdmjosts hmrays oltm osdali nomjgmjrapky.1>

Ot os lmw emccmldy aeegptgi tkat kucal osdaligrs wgrg lgvgr osmdatgi tm tkgigjrgg tkat hdmra ali haula emudi ng, gxegpt ol vgry gxtrgcg easgs tkat hmrc tkg

gxegptomls tkat prmvg tkg rudg (sgg adsm Nmmcgrt ali Nrojkt >22:). Ml tkg eml-trary, tkg sga cmst do`gdy huletomlgi as a watgrway, al mht-travgrsgi doquoi pdaol(Nrauigd eotgi ol Emmlgy >225) wotk wkoek osdaligrs wmudi kavg nggl gxtrgcgdyemchmrtandg, igspotg ots meeasomlad ulprgioetanodoty (Zodsml 1??50 grrgdd gt ad.1??:0 Zattgrs 1??:0 âolnori >229). kos pgrspgetovg rgquorgs a egrtaol dgap mhhaotk ml tkg part mh emltolgltaddy coligi oliovoiuads ali a egrtaol trovoadosatoml mhtkg aet mh sgaharolj (eh.Io Roazza ali Rgartkrgg >221), adtkmujk Jgdd (1?;76>:>)kas prgvomusdy eautomlgi ajaolst uligrgstocatoml mh tkg igjrgg mh sòdd ali lmwd-gijg ocpdoeot ol tkg art mh sgaharolj6

Eal mlg rgaddy assgrt tkat lavojatolj a nmat, wotkmut a ekart mr a cajlg-toe emcpass, os rgaddy al gvgryiay tas`= Os ot lmt ratkgr a vgry spgeoad tas`,rgquorolj dmlj traololj, cgcmrozatoml mh a cass mh igtaodgi olhmrcatoml,ali emlsoigrandg cgltad ajodoty ol appdyolj tkos huli mh olhmrcatoml tm tkggvgr-ekaljolj eoreucstalegs mh al aetuad sga vmyajg=.

Appdyolj tkgsg oigas tm tkg Earonngal, cmnodoty wotkol ali mutsoig tkos rgjomlwmudi kavg nggl glemurajgi ny tkg jgmjrapkoead iostronutoml mh tkg osdalis, wkoekos suek tkat caly mh tkg osdalis arg rgdatovgdy edmsg tm mlg almtkgr ali oltgrvos-ondg (Kmhcalgt ad.>22:0 @ggjal ali Ioacmli 1?;:0 Udgojkt 1?876>>:0 sgg adsm

1> Yg pgmpdolj mh osdalis ny cal ol gardy emdmlozatoml hmddmws cuek tkg sacg daws as tkat mh pdaltsali alocads (Hgw`gs 1?196889).


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>;

Ot os ocpmrtalt tkat wg im lmt hmrjgt, ol mur gltkusoasc tm emlstruet oltgrae-toml lgtwmr`s ali osdali-tralsegliolj hracgwmr`s, tm emlsoigr tkg osdali as algltoty as wgdd. Oliggi, wkodg ol smcg easgs, socodarotogs ol catgroad eudturg assgc-ndajgs iovoigi ny watgr passajgs cay ng stroòlj (Nrojkt >22:0 ^musg 1?71), tkgycay ng gquaddy mr gvgl cmrg stroòlj acmlj assgcndajgs admlj tkg emastdolg mh

a soljdg osdali. Hurtkgrcmrg, ot os add tmm gasy tm colocozg tkg ocpmrtaleg mh tkgoltgromr mh osdalis, noasgi as cuek rgsgarek os ny tkg ulsurvgyandg laturg mh calyosdali oltgromrs ali tkg roek poeòljs mh emastad arekagmdmjy. Lmw tkat wg kavgmpglgi mur gygs tm tkg sgaseapgs tkat arg a huliacgltad emcpmlglt mh mur os-daliseapgs, wg cust lmt imwlpday tkg ocpmrtaleg mh tkg dalis, wkoek arg gquaddyhuliacgltad.

Uocodardy tm kmw artarml (>22;) rgegltdy prgsgltgi al mvgrvogw mh Agjgalprgkostmry as wmrdi arekagmdmjy, ot os kmpgi tkat tkos emltronutoml tm ZoliwariOsdali arekagmdmjy cay ng mh oltgrgst tm osdali arekagmdmjosts tkg wmrdi mvgr, lmt

fust Earonngalosts. Egrtaoldy, mtkgr rgeglt pundoeatomls ol Earonngal arekagmdmjy

emudi ng saoi tm kavg rgpgreussomls mutsoig tkgor iorget stuiy hogdi, prmvoiolj tkg-mrogs ali easg stuiogs ol cmnodoty ali gxekaljg (Kmhcalgt ad.>22:, >22;) caro-tocg vmyajolj ali oltgr-osdali vosonodoty (Eaddajkal >22;0 mrrgs ali ^mirjugzâcms >22;), aiaptatoml tm olsudar dohg ali kucal gemdmjy (Hotzpatroe` ali@ggjal >22:0 @ggjalgt ad.>22;), ali (mvgr)gxpdmotatoml mh tgrrgstroad hdmra/hau-la ali carolg rgsmuregs (Lgwsmc ali Zolj >2290 Utgaical ali Utm`gs >2270Utgaicalgt ad.>227), tm lacg nut a hgw.

>.>. Ighololj tkg Zoliwari Osdalis

Zkgl ighololj tkg jgmjrapkoead sempg mh tkg RkI rgsgarek, mlg glemultgrs twmtgrcs hmr tkg jglgrad arga uligr stuiy6 Zoliwari Osdalis ali smutkgrl DgssgrAltoddgs. kg tgrc Zoliwari Osdalis os a emlstruet rmmtgi ol carotocg kostmryratkgr tkal a eudturad ulot pgr s. Emducnus kai adrgaiy oltrmiuegi tkg tgrcnardmvgltm as gardy as 19?> (Xgrigra 1??96>?;-522), ali tkg horst Gljdosk cgl-toml mh tkg tgrc Zoliwari Osdalis iatgs tm at dgast as gardy as tkg sgvgltggltk egl-tury17, wkgl ot was appdogi tm tkg osdalis hrmc Jrglaia tm Imcoloea, as tkgy wgrgiggcgi cmrg woliwari tm tkg prgimcolalt lmrtk-lmrtk-gastgrdy tm gastgrdy traigwolis tkal tkg osdalis hurtkgr lmrtk. Kmwgvgr, ol Hrglek, Iutek ali Upalosk, tkgtgrc Zoliwari was cmrg dmjoeaddy appdogi tm tkg gltorg Dgssgr Altoddgal ekaol,

ali tkg tgrc Dggwari was rgsgrvgi hmr tkg osdalis mhh tkg emast mh Xglgzugda. kgtgrc os aimptgi as al aladytoead ulot ol tkos rgsgarek, wotk hudd rgemjlotoml tkat hdu-oi eudturad nmuliarogs im lmt aeemri pgrhgetdy wotk rojoi jgmjrapkoead nmuliarogs.Ol tkos iossgrtatoml, tkg Zoliwari Osdalis emcprosg Jrglaia, tkg Jrglaiolgs,Ut. Xoleglt, Ut. Dueoa, Cartoloqug, Imcoloea ali Narnaims (eh.Addaorg 1?::).

Adtkmujk mpolomls vary, tkg jglgrad emlsglsus lmwaiays os tkat tkg osdalis mhroloiai ali mnajm, tkmujk a part mh tkg (smutkgrl) Dgssgr Altoddgs, eallmtng emlsoigrgi tm ngdmlj tm tkg Zoliwari Osdalis gotkgr jgmdmjoeaddy mr eudtur-

17 O.g. 187: ^. DOJML Narnaimgs (18:5) >5 Yg cmst woliwaridy Osdali mh add tkg Earonnogs.

kttp6//www.mgi.emc. Ugg adsm Ig Dagt (1?51658) hmr gardy usajg mh tkg Iutek gquovadglt mhZoliwari Osdalis, Godaligl nmvgl igl Zoli.


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:22 `c. kg Zoliwari Osdalis strgtek smcg 922 `c, wotk a tmtad surhaeg arga mhsmcg 58>? c>(sgg tandg >.1). Ot os ocpmrtalt tm rgadozg tkat ol emcparatovg areko-pgdajoe tgrcs, tkos os a rgdatovgdy iocolutovg argla, iwarhgi ny tkg Cgiotgrralgal,Umutk-Gast Asoa ali Megaloa, ali cmrg ol tkg mrigr mh tkg varomus sun-arekopgda-jmgs wotkol tkgsg rgjomls.1;

kg are mh osdalis mh tkg Dgssgr Altoddgs sgparatgs tkg Earonngal Uga hrmctkg Atdaltoe Megal. Adtkmujk jglgrad prmegssgs uligrdog tkg hmrcatoml mh tkgEaronngal osdalis, oliovoiuad osdalis kavg gxtrgcgdy varogi jgmdmjoead kostmrogs.Lmt gvgl osdalis oliovoiuaddy arg mh a ulohmrc jgmdmjoead ajg mr ca`g-up0 hmr ol-staleg al osdali suek as Ut. Dueoa kas a emcpdgx jgmdmjoead kostmry, raljolj hrmcymulj igpmsots ol tkg smutk mh tkg osdali ali mdigr igpmsots ol tkg lmrtk. Dmeadosdali jgmdmjy wodd ng ioseussgi ol cmrg igtaod ol tkg sunsgetomls mh Ekaptgr 9.

Jglgraddy spga`olj, tkg Dgssgr Altoddgal are ngjal tm ta`g skapg ahtgr gast-wari cmvgcglt mh tkg Earonngal Rdatg smcg 5; coddoml ygars ajm dgi jraiuaddytm suniuetoml mh tkg Atdaltoe megaloe erust, wkoek ol turl eausgi aligsotoe vmd-

ealosc (Ndaor Kgijgs >2210 Xal Umgst >2226 >;/?). At prgsglt, tkg osdali ekaolspdots oltm twm jgmdmjoeaddy iostolet ares hrmc Cartoloqug mlwaris, tkg docgstmlgosdalis tm tkg gast ali tkg vmdealoe osdalis vggrolj mhh tm tkg wgst. kg osdalishrmc roloiai up tm ali oleduiolj Imcoloea arg vmdealoe ol jgmdmjoead ca`g-up.Lmrtk mh Imcoloea, tkg are spdots oltm al ollgr ali al mutgr are. kg osdalis mhtkg ollgr are arg jgmdmjoeaddy ymuljgr ali emlsost mh aetovg ali/mr rgegltdy gxtoletvmdealmgs. kos ymuljgr are gxtglis :72 `c hrmc Jrglaia ol tkg smutk tm Uana oltkg lmrtk ali hurtkgr emcprosgs tkg osdalis mh Ut. Xoleglt, Ut. Dueoa, Cartoloqug,Imcoloea, tkg wgstgrl kadh mh Juaigdmupg `lmwl as Nassg-grrg, Cmltsgrrat,Lgvos, Ut. @otts ali Ut. Gustatous. kg mutgr are osdalis arg mh emcpmsotg laturg,

prgimcolaltdy emlsostolj mh carolg sgiocglts ml al mdi vmdealoe hmuliatoml.kos jgmdmjoeaddy mdigr are strgtekgs smcg 5:7 `c ali emcprosgs Carog-Jadaltg,

1; Yg @uda gxekaljg mh Cgdalgsoa (wkoek emudi ng emlsoigrgi al attraetovg aladmjy hmr egrtaol gx-ekaljgs ol tkg Earonngal) ta`gs pdaeg mvgr al arga rmujkdy tkg sacg as tkat ca`olj up tkg Zoliwari

Osdalis. Yg cattgr mh seadg os mnvomusdy ocpmrtalt tm ngar ol coli wkgl emlsoigrolj eudturad emc-parosmls wotk mtkgr olsudar argas (eh.Nrmminal` >22>6 fijurgs 5 ali 7).

Yandg >.1. Arga mh Zoliwari Osdalis ol `c>(Coermsmht

Glearta Oltgraetovg Zmrdi Atdas >221).

Osdali Arga (`c>)

Imcoloea :72

Cartoloqug 1122

Ut. Dueoa 818

Ut. Xoleglt ali Jrglaiolgs 5;?

Jrglaia 599

Narnaims 952(Yroloiai ali Ymnajm) (71>;)

Ymtad

(Oleduiolj Yroloiai ali Ymnajm)

58>?

(;:7:)


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Na`gr Dottcal >225). Gstocatgs put tkg sga dgvgd at tkg tocg mh cals horst arrovadol tkg Earonngal (armuli :222 NR) at armuli 92 cgtrgs ngdmw tkat mh tkg prgsglt,rosolj tm a hgw cgtrgs anmvg prgsglt sga dgvgd ny armuli 7222 NR (Zatts 1??9).roloiai ngeacg sgparatgi hrmc tkg Umutk Acgroeal caoldali as a rgsudt mh tkgHdaliroal gustatoe tralsjrgssoml tkat emccglegi armuli 1:,222 NR (Haornroijg

1?:86751), ali ny armuli 8>22 NR tkg Judh mh Raroa was emcpdgtgdy suncgrjgi(Nmmcgrt >222699). roloiai ali mnajm wgrg sgparatgi ny a ekallgd as gardyas tkg ngjollolj mh tkg Kmdmeglg (Nmmcgrt >222699). kmujk dgvgds mseoddatgismcgwkat, tkgy kavg sdmwdy haddgl soleg tkgl. Dmwgr sga dgvgds wmudi kavg kaia cassovg ocpaet ml kucal cojratoml tm mr prgsgleg ol tkg Earonngal (Ueuiigr>221). Rrgvomusdy suncgrjgi dali wmudi kavg nggl gxpmsgi, larrmwolj ekal-lgds ngtwggl osdalis ali adtgrolj tkg hmrc ali ekaraetgrostoes mh tkg osdaliseapggltorgdy. Zkgl sga dgvgds ngjal tm rosg, Acgrolioals wmudi kavg dmst dali tm tkgglermaekolj watgr ali cay kavg lggigi tm rgdmeatg.>1Olergasgi iostalegs ngtwgglosdalis ali tkg iosappgaraleg mh osdgts adtmjgtkgr wmudi kavg rgligrgi lavojatoml

cmrg tocg-emlsucolj ali ros`y ali Acgrolioals wmudi kavg kai tm hacodoarozgtkgcsgdvgs wotk adtgrgi sgaseapgs. Ekaljolj sga dgvgds wmudi adsm kavg ocpaetgitkg avaodanodoty mh a lucngr mh rgsmuregs, as lgw nomtmpgs (caljrmvgs, toiad skad-dmws, emrad rgghs ali ngaekgs) rgpdaegi mdi mlgs.

Dohg ml tkg osdalis emudi ocpdy dovolj ultrmundgi ali nmultohuddy prmvosomlgimlg cmcglt ali ngolj ahhdoetgi ny irmujkts mr kurroealgs tkg lgxt (Igdpugek>229). Hrmc a dmlj-tgrc pgrspgetovg, edocatg ali sga dgvgd ekaljg cay kavg jmlgdarjgdy ullmtoegi ny tkg Acgrolioals, prmcptolj jraiuad, adcmst laturad aifust-cglts tkrmujk tocg ratkgr tkal ahhgetolj iaody dovgs. Zkgrgas dmlj-tgrc prme-gssgs arg igtgetandg ol varomus ways as kojkdojktgi anmvg, gvglts arg cmrg iohhoeudt

tm poe` up ol tkg arekagmdmjoead rgemri, nut tkgrg arg smcg gxacpdgs. kg sotgCmult Orvolg 1 ml mnajm sggcs tm kavg nggl emvgrgi ol nmudigrs as a rgsudt mh algartkqua`g mr dalisdoig (Eacnroijg 1?8:). kg Ukmad Nay Gast sotg ml Aljuoddargvgadgi stmrc-igpmsotgi nalis mh stgrodg sali ol prmhodg ali tkg Narlgs Nay sotgskmws gvoigleg mh grmsoml ali semurolj ny jrmuli sgas (Erme` >2220 Erme` aliRgtgrsgl >221). Xmdealosc, stodd pdajuolj tkg Earonngal tm tkos iay, adsm pdaygia part ol Acgrolioal dovgs, as os gvoiglt ml Cartoloqug, wkgrg a vmdealoe daygr ossaliwoekgi ngtwggl twm meeupatoml daygrs at tkg sotgs mh Xov, Hmli-Nrd, Ut.Rogrrg, Jralig Alsg ig Dmrraol, Alsg Ngddgvoddg ali Dg Rrekgur (Addaorg 1?;?0Nrari >2290 Cattomlo 1?;90 mmnmdgt ad.1?:8). Uocodardy, tkg Uadaimoi meeupa-

toml daygr at tkg Umuhrorg sotg ml Imcoloea os sgadgi ny a tkoe` daygr mh vmdealoeigpmsots (Nrarigt ad.>227). kg ralts sotg ml Cmltsgrrat (Rgtgrsglgt ad.1??7)kas do`gwosg yogdigi gvoigleg mh pyrmedastoe hdmws tkat egrtaoldy prgiatg, nut argpmssondy emtgrcolmus wotk, Uadaimoi sgttdgcglt, as olioeatgi ny kujg nmudigrsemvgrolj ali ol turl emvgrgi ny kucal igpmsotoml. Ml Uana, a lucngr mh skgddtmmds dyolj atmp a pyrmedastoe igpmsot wgrg ulemvgrgi iurolj emlstruetoml aetovo-togs, ali at tkg Uujar Haetmry sotg ml Ut. @otts, a daygr mh vmdealoe tgpkra sgpa-

>1 Ygrg os a iostolet pmssonodoty tkat Dotkoe mr Arekaoe ajg sotgs kavg nggl dmst tm tkg glermaekolj sga(o.g.Na`gr Dottcal >225685), ali olergasoljdy, Egracoe Ajg sotgs arg ol ialjgr mh ngolj waskgi

away (o.g.Cmrgd ali Alsg da Jmurig ml Juaigdmupg acmlj caly mtkgrs, sgg Kmhcal gt ad.>221,Ig Zaad >228).


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ali ^mirjugz âcms >227).>8kg Da Kugea pkglmcglml kas sm har haodgi tmcalohgst otsgdh ol tkg Zoliwaris tkmujk, nar mlg mr twm traig otgcs, ali Arekaoe

Ajg rgcaols arg seareg glmujk, dgt admlg gvoigleg mh em-coljdolj.^gturlolj tm tkg Uadaimoi pkglmcglml, lm rgsgarekgr mh tkg Earonngal kas

haodgi tm lmtg tkg rgcaràndg dolgar, arekolj iostronutoml mh tkg osdalis aermss tkgEaronngal Uga (Narnaims hmrcolj tkg mldy gxegptoml), wkoek wmudi appgar tmdgli tkg arekopgdajm a stgppolj-stmlg, avglug-do`g quadoty wkgl ot emcgs tm cmvg-cglt tkrmujk tkg arga (o.g.@ggjal >2290 Kmhcalgt ad.>22:0 ^mg 1?;?). kggardogst arekagmdmjosts assucgi tkat al olotoad Egracoe Ajg gltry was caig oltmtkg arekopgdajm at gotkgr tkg Xglgzugdal mr Hdmroioal gli mh tkg ekaol (mr nmtk),ali tkat tkg Acgrolioals wmudi kavg vglturgi hmrtk hrmc mlg osdali tm tkg lgxtemlsgeutovgdy (osdali-kmppolj). Mleg tkg catgroad eudturad dol` ngtwggl tkg horstegracoe assgcndajgs ml tkg osdalis ali tkg Xglgzugdal Uadaigrm ali mlqul eud-turg was iosemvgrgi, Hdmroia was ioscossgi as a pmssondg eudturad imlmr arga. kg

aivglt mh raiomearnml iatolj mhhgrgi tkg horst mppmrtuloty tm tgst tkg cojratomlpattgrl mh tkg Uadaigrm Acgrolioals. Olotoad rgsudts wgrg smcgwkat ulgxpgetgi, astkgrg wgrg vgry gardy iatgs hmr Rugrtm ôem ali a lucngr mh Dggwari Osdalis, aliiatgs mh socodar mr sdojktdy ymuljgr ajg hmr tkg Zoliwari Osdalis ali roloiai.Kmwgvgr, jovg mr ta`g a egltury, tkg iatgs cmrg mr dgss hottgi tkg aeegptgi seglarommh sgqugltoad sgttdgcglt hrmc smutk tm lmrtk, adtkmujk tkg cojratoml cust kavgnggl a hast gvglt. Ny 922 NE tkgl, Uadaimoi jrmups kai calohgstgi tkgcsgdvgsml caly mh tkg Earonngal osdalis up tm Rugrtm ôem, hdggtoljdy ol smcg easgs alipgrcalgltdy ol mtkgrs.

kg pglgemltgcpmralgoty mh sgttdgcglt at nmtk lmrtkgrl ali smutkgrl glis

mh tkg Dgssgr Altoddgs ali tkg jglgraddy kmcmjglgmus stydg mh tkg egracoes hmuliaermss adcmst tkg gltorg arekopgdajm sggc tm sujjgst tkat tkg osdalis wgrg meeupogi(gotkgr nroghdy mr cmrg dgljtkody) ny a lucngr mh kojkdy cmnodg, oltgr-rgdatgi sgt-tdgr jrmups (eh. musg 1??>). kg traiotomlad vogw mh tkg gardy pkasg Gardy Egracoe

Ajg sgttdgcglt os mlg wkgrg tkg horst sgttdgcglts wgrg gstandoskgi prgimcolaltdyol tkg lmrtk ali gast mh vmdealoe osdalis (eh.Kavosgr 1??:), a dottdg nae` hrmc tkgskmrg, ol tkg voeoloty mh a pgrglload rovgr ali acoi hmrgst, wkoek ^musg (1??>6:?)rgjarigi as a prgiodgetoml hmr glvormlcglts rgcoloseglt mh alegstrad kmcgdaliswotk suotandg ajroeudturad dali ol tkg lgar voeoloty. Kavosgr (1?;;655) sujjgststkat Uadaimoi pgmpdg wmudi kavg nggl ulsurg mh tkgor surrmulioljs ali cmrg

ighglsovg ol tkgor sgdgetoml mh sotg dmeatoml. Hgrtodg smods ali anulialt hrgskwatgrsuppdogs wmudi kavg nggl gssgltoad, ali hmmi aequosotoml egltrgi ml tgrrgstroad rg-smuregs. Kmwgvgr, mtkgr dmeatomls wgrg adsm sgttdgi, tkat appgar tm ng igpgligltml tkg prgsgleg mh rgghs, attgstolj tm tkg coxgi gemlmcy tkat tkgsg emdmlosts kaistartgi tm praetosg. Xoddajgs wgrg appargltdy rgdatovgdy darjg ali dmlj-dovgi (Nrari>2290 @ggjal >22261910 Rgtgrsgl 1??80 Zattgrs 1??9), adtkmujk sgttdgcglt io-cglsomls cay kavg nggl mvgrgstocatgi, ny oltgrprgtolj skggt igpmsotoml eausginy ioaekrmloeaddy skohtolj sgttdgcglt dmeatomls as emltgcpmralgmus meeupatoml.

>8 Zkodg tkg oltrmiuetoml mh pmttgry os cmst rgaiody assmeoatgi wotk sgigltary, ajroeudturad jrmups, ot

wmudi ng haddaeomus tm assucg tkmsg traots hrmc tkg prgsgleg mh pmttgry mr tm ioscoss tkg pmssonodotytkat kultgr-jatkgrgrs caluhaeturgi pmttgry (Arlmdi 1?;?0 Kmmpgs ali Narlgtt 1??76>).


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pdalts. Ol ot arg carvgddmus polg jrmvgs, ali tkgrg arg vgry darjg traets mheudtovatandg dali, ali tkgrg os kmlgy, ali tkgrg arg noris mh caly olis ali

hruots ol jrgat iovgrsoty. Ol tkg oltgromr arg colgs mh cgtad, ali tkg pmpuda-toml os wotkmut lucngr. Gspamda os a carvgd (Falg gi. 1?;;68).

Lmt fust tkg laturad glvormlcglt, nut adsm tkg pmpudatoml mh tkg Earonngal wasjrgatdy aicorgi0 tkg Olioals wgrg rgjarigi as kalismcg, wgdd nuodt ali hroglidy.Olotoad havmurandg toioljs smml eacg tm ng rgpdaegi ny cmrg lgjatovg aeemults,as tkg wmligr ali igdojkt mh horst emltaet javg way tm iosoddusomlcglt ali cad-oeg ali, ol ots wa`g, eadeudatgi ali emdmurgi rgpmrts tkat east tkg Acgrolioalsol a nai dojkt tm fustohy Emdmload igsojl (Zkotgkgai 1?;9). Ng tkat as ot cay,gvgry gardy aeemult gcpkasozgs tkg mvgrwkgdcolj ghhget mh tkos glemultgr ml tkgGurmpgal vmyajgrs. A emrluempoa mh ul`lmwl haulad ali hdmrad spgeogs, al ul-hacodoar edocatg ali kucals uldo`g aly glemultgrgi nghmrg acmultgi tm a tmtad

eudturg skme`. Dusk vgjgtatoml sggcgi tm olioeatg tkat Earonngal smods wgrg ol-ergiondy hgrtodg, ali tkg tgcpgraturg appgargi partoeudardy emliueovg tm ajroeud-turg. Ol skmrt, tkg Earonngal sggcgi a smrt mh Areaioal pdaeg, kmdiolj uldocotgiprmcosg. Ot tmm` a wkodg nghmrg tkg Earonngal edocatg was ekaraetgrozgi cmrg ae-euratgdy ol tkg wa`g mh tkg aivglt mh kurroealgs ali tkg car`gi sueegssoml mh wgtali iry sgasml (Zatts 1???). Iosemchmrts suek as jlats ali cmsquotmgs as wgdd asvaromus iosgasgs wmudi add sgrvg tm ekaljg tkg pmsotovg tmlg mh tkg horst rgpmrts.

Horst rgpmrts mh tkg Zoliwari Osdalis ali Gurmpgal sgttdgcglt

kg Zoliwari Osdalis horst ngeacg `lmwl tm Gurmpgals tkrmujk Emducnussemlvgrsatomls wotk tkg alm. kg alm spm`g tm koc mh tkgor hgar mh tkg cal-gatolj Earon wkm addgjgidy olkanotgi al osdali eaddgi Quaros tm tkg smutk-gast (sggadsm @ggjal 1??8), ali mh tkg osdali mh wmcgl, Catololm, do`gwosg suppmsgidydmeatgi tm tkg smutk-gast.>:Emducnus ngdogvgi kg kai hmuli gvoigleg mh tkgsgrgpmrtgi osdalis ml kos sgemli vmyajg ol 19?5>;, adtkmujk emltrmvgrsy surrmulistkg prgeosg oigltohoeatoml mh tkg osdali, partoeudardy as tkg tgrc Quaros kas solegnggl dol`gi tm tkg jglgroe Arawa` tgrc eagro mr osdali (Daurgleg 1?8:). Ahtgrstmppolj mhh at sgvgrad osdalis ali ta`olj lmtg mh egrtaol kanots (mnsgrvatomls tkatwgrg tm day tkg nasos hmr hovg kulirgi ygars mh ignatg ml ossugs mh gtkloeoty ali ng-kavomur>?), Emducnus swohtdy travgddgi admlj tkg rgst mh tkg arekopgdajm ml kos waytm tkg cgl kg kai statomlgi at Da Lavoiai. Kg rgturlgi tm tkg arga ml kos tkorivmyajg, s`ortolj tkg smutkgrl gli mh tkg arekopgdajm (roloiai) nghmrg gxpdmroljtkg Xglgzugdal emast. kg osdalis hurtkgr lmrtk wglt ulgxpdmrgi. kg dae` mh ol-tgrgst ol tkg osdasoltodgsgvolegi ny Emducnus edgargi tkg way hmr mtkgr Gurmpgallatomls tm olvmdvg tkgcsgdvgs ol tkg Dgssgr Altoddgs iurolj tkg glsuolj egltu-

>: ^gemrigi ol tkg Ualtaljgd dgttgr ali tkg dgttgr mh Emducnus, wkoek wgrg proltgi ol 19?5. Dgljtkogrigseroptomls mh tkg lgojknmurolj Earons arg tm ng hmuli ol tkg fmurlads mh Emducnus, tralserongi nyIg Das Easas ali lmt pundoskgi ultod 1;>7 ny Lavargttg, ol a lucngr mh dgttgrs wrottgl ny Emducnusas wgdd as tkg aeemults mh Ir. Ekalea ali Coekgdg ia Eulgm (avoalogt ad.1??9691-97).

>; ^gemrigi ol tkg dgttgr mh Ir. Ekalea (1??5).>? Ugg g.j.Iavos ali Jmmiwol 1??2 ali Zkotgkgai (gi.) 1??7.


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Ekaptgr 5

UOYGIOUYÔNWYOMLALIEGÂCOEAUUGCNDAJGUOLYKG

ZOLIZAÎOUDALIU6 EW^^GLYUYAYGMHAHHAOÛ

Kavolj mutdolgi tkg eudturad, jgmjrapkoead ali jgmdmjoead sgttolj mh tkg ZoliwariOsdalis ol tkg prgegiolj ekaptgr, tkos ekaptgr wodd oltrmiueg tkg twm caol iata-sgts (arekagmdmjoead sotgs ali tkgor egracoe assgcndajgs) tkat kavg nggl aladysgihmr tkg prgsglt stuiy. Horst al kostmroead mvgrvogw wodd ng prmvoigi mh past ap-prmaekgs tm tkgsg iata (arekagmdmjoead survgyolj ali egracoe edassohoeatomls) wotk-ol tkg (woigr) stuiy arga, as tkos past rgsgarek kas tm a darjg igjrgg igtgrcolgi tkgavaodanodoty, typg ali quadoty mh iata at kali ali meeasomladdy oltrmiuegi al ul-

costaàndg rgsgarek noas. kgl tkg eurrglt statg mh ahhaors5;rgjariolj sotg pattgrlali iostronutoml mh egracoe stydgs ol tkg Zoliwari Osdalis wodd ng prgsgltgi ol tkghmrc mh al osdali-ny-osdali mvgrvogw mh tkg iostronutoml mh sotgs ali tkg ekaraetgr-ostoes mh egracoe assgcndajgs ol tkg Zoliwari Osdalis, gxegpt hmr tkg Jrglaiolgs,wkoek arg ta`gl as al gltoty.5?Gaek osdali os igadt wotk uligr hmur sunkgaioljs6jgmjrapkoead ali jgmdmjoead sgttolj, kostmry mh arekagmdmjoead rgsgarek, kanotatomlkostmry ali al mvgrvogw mh tkg egracoe traiotomls ml tkg osdali.92

5.1. Uotg pattgrl arekagmdmjy ali tkg Zoliwari Osdalis

_mu ealt hmmd koc ml sgttdgcglt pattgrls, saoi tkg U`gptoead JraiuatgUtuiglt, dmmòlj mvgr kos skmudigr. Ykgrgs lmtkolj kg do`gs ngttgr tkal admt mh ndae` imts ml a cap.(Hdallgry gi. 1?:86181)

Ol gxacololj tkg arekagmdmjoead rgemri mh a lucngr mh osdalis, mlg os dgi olotoaddytm stuiy tkg spatoad rgdatomlskops acmlj kucal gltotogs ali ngtwggl tkgc ali tkglmlkucal pkysoead wmrdi, adsm tgrcgi rgjomlad arekagmdmjy (@altlgr >22;69>-95). Uuek a rgjomlad, woig-raljolj apprmaek emltrasts wotk tkg scaddgr spatoad seadgmh sotg-hmeusgi apprmaekgs, adtkmujk mh emursg tkg rgsudts mh tkg dattgr prmvoig erotoeadiata hmr tkg hmrcgr(@altlgr >22;695). kg huliacgltad nae`nmlg mh suek rg-

sgarek os tkg gdueoiatolj mh rgjomlad sgttdgcglt pattgrls, rgegltdy ekaraetgrozgias sojlohoealt rgsgarek ali gxeotolj, oltgddgetuaddy ekaddgljolj wmr` (@mwadgwsò>22;6>>7). ^gjomlad sgttdgcglt pattgrls arg igholgi as tkg arrays hmrcgi ny sgtsmh oltgraetolj, oltgrigpgliglt dmead jrmups mh pgmpdg ali rgjomlad systgcs as tkg

prmegssgs ngkoli tkg pattgrls (@mwadgwsò >22;6>>8). Zkodg tkg apprmaek kasnggl ocpdgcgltgi ol tkg stuiy mh a woig raljg mh smeogtogs, hrmc kultgr-jatkgrgr

5; Yos eurrglt statg mh aflaors kas nggl assgcndgi tkrmujk dotgraturg stuiy, stuiy mh emddgetomls alipgrsmlad mnsgrvatomls ol tkg figdi0 sgg adsm Ekaptgr 1.

5? Adtkmujk tkos jmgs ajaolst tkg eurrglt pmdotoead iovosoml mh tkg osdalis, ot os iggcgi tkg cmst lgutradstartolj pmolt hmr rgsgarek.

92 Appgliox 1 prmvoigs igtaodgi olhmrcatoml ml gvgry oliovoiuad Zoliwari Osdali sotg uligr emlsoi-gratoml ol tkos rgsgarek.


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ali tronad smeogtogs tm ekoghimcs ali statgs, ot os partoeudardy ol stuiogs mh quaso-gjadotaroal voddajg ali emcculoty smeogtogs tkat ot skmws ots vadug tm tkg eurrgltrgsgarek. Umcg mh tkg qugstomls tkg apprmaek raosgs (wotkmut lgegssarody alswgr-olj tkgc) arg6 wkat arg emcculotogs, wkat arg tkg rgeoprmead rgdatomls ngtwgglsgts mh voddajgs ali rgjomlad smeogty (tm wkoek mlg emudi aii tkg prghaeolj qugs-

toml6 wkat arg tkg rgdatomls ngtwggl voddajgs), kmw ali wky im dmead ali rgjomladjrmups hmrc, wkat òlis mh gxekaljgs ermsseut tkgsg emcculotogs (@mwadgwsò>22;6>59). Adtkmujk suek qugstomls eallmt ng alswgrgi at tkos pmolt ol tocg, alattgcpt wodd ng caig ol tkos iossgrtatoml tm at dgast gstandosk do`gdy emllgetomlsngtwggl emcculotogs nmtk dmeaddy ali (oltgr-)rgjomladdy (sgg Ekaptgrs 7-:).

kos rgsgarek aimpts tkg emlegptuad hracgwmr` mh rgjomlad sgttdgcglt arekag-mdmjy, adngot wotk tkg sdojkt cmiohoeatoml mh tkg tgrc sgttdgcglt oltm sotg, hmr twmrgasmls. kg horst os tkat tkg eurrglt statg mh rgsgarek tkrmujkmut tkg ZoliwariOsdalis os mhtgl olsuhhoeoglt tm igtgrcolg a sotgs huletomlad ekaraetgr, o.g.tm ios-toljuosk ngtwggl al aetovoty arga, a pmttgry seattgr mr a sgttdgcglt. Ot os tkgrghmrg

iggcgi cmrg sglsondg tm aimpt tkg cmrg oledusovg tgrc sotg ultod wg kavg cmrgedaroty ml sotg ekaraetgrostoes. kg sgemli rgasml os tkat wotkol tkg emltgxt mh tkgarekagmdmjoead rghdgetoml mh tkg aetomls mh oltgraetolj pgmpdgs, aetovoty argas alimtkgr lml-sgttdgcglt sotgs arg fust as ocpmrtalt, oh lmt quotg gquaddy olhmrcatovg,as sgttdgcglt sotgs, ali tkgrghmrg skmudi ng aeemrigi smcg oh lmt gquad emlsoigra-toml (sgg adsm Ekaptgr 9).

Lgxt, mlg kas tm igholg mlgs rgjoml as gcngiigi ol tkg tgrc rgjomlad.@mwadgwsò (>22;6>>8) usgs tkg tgrc rgjoml ol a jgmjrapkoead sglsg0 tkat os as ajgmpkysoead rgjoml (iraolajg nasol, emastad pdaol, cmultaol pdaol) mr cmrg mhtglas a ngkavomurad rgjoml. kg dattgr os igholgi as al oltgraetolj sgt mh sgttdgcglts

mr egltrad pdaegs hmrcolj al oltgjratgi smeoad wkmdg PS PemltaololjS PScudto-pdg emcculotogs ali mlg mr cmrg pmdotoeaddy autmlmcmus smeogtogs PScmrg mr dgssgemlmcoeaddy sgdh-suhhoeoglt ol cmst tkoljs, mr PScmrg mr dgss igcmjrapkoeaddy au-tmlmcmus (@mwadgwsò >22;6>>8). @altlgr (>22;) rgemjlozgs tkat rgjomls ealng emlegptuadozgi at caly iohhgrglt seadgs, varyolj hrmc tkg darjg emltolgltadgxpalsgs tm kojkdy dmeadozgi iraolajg systgcs. Adsm, kg statgs tkat rgjomls tgli tmng igcareatgi ny tkg arekagmdmjost tkgcsgdvgs, oligpgliglt mh aly gxostolj pkyso-ead mr eudturad nmuliarogs (@altlgr >22;691-9>). Ol tkg easg mh tkg ZoliwariOsdalis, tkg rgjoml os igholgi jgmpkysoeaddy as a jrmup mh osdalis tkat ca`g up al(artohoeoaddy eoreucserongi) arekopgdajm (sgg Ekaptgr >). Kmwgvgr tkg suppmsgi

ngkavomurad oltgrrgdatomls ngtwggl tkg emcculotogs olkanotolj tkgsg osdalis argcgrgdy kypmtkgtoead emlfgeturg awaotolj arekagmdmjoead tgstolj.91Hurtkgrcmrg, ahmeus ml a partoeudar rgjoml skmudi lmt ndoli us tm pmtgltoad emllgetomls wotkmtkgr rgjomls (sgg adsm Ekaptgr 7).

Holaddy, @mwadgwsò pmolts mut a lucngr mh eavgats. Horst os tkat rgjomlad sgt-tdgcglt pattgrl stuiy ali arekagmdmjoead surhaeg survgy skmudi lmt ng rgjarigias sylmlycmus mr oliggi gquovadglt (@mwadgws o >22;6>>:). kos os partoeudardy

91 Yat os tm say tkat emcculotogs ml a lucngr mh tkg Zoliwari Osdalis appgargi tm ng edmsgdy togitmjgtkgr iurolj tkg 1:tkali 1;tkeglturogs (sgg adsm Ekaptgrs > ali 9), nut ot os ul`lmwl tm wkat

gxtglt oh at add - tkgsg rgdatomlskops eal ng prmfgetgi nae` past tkg Emducnoal iovoig (nut sggEkaptgr 7).


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Nghmrg emltoluolj, a igholotoml mh tkg tgrc sotg skmudi ng prmvoigi. Zoddgy,ol kos cmlucgltad wmr` ml tkg prgkostmry mh tkg Xor vaddgy, Rgru, hacmusdy ig-edolgi tm ioseuss tkg qugstoml mh wkat a sotg os (1?786;). Kmwgvgr, kg os lmt rghgr-rolj tm a cattgr mh typmdmjoead iostoletoml, nut ratkgr tm jgmjrapkoe nmuligilgss.

Add kg cgals os tkat ol kos aladysos kg cay kavg ducpgi sgparatg sotgs tmjgtkgr, mr

aetuaddy hadsgdy spdot up mlg sotg oltm cudtopdg sotgs. Kg prmvoigs a jglgrad sotg edas-sohoeatoml, wkoek was al gasogr tas` ol kos partoeudar arga iug tm tkg gxegddglt vos-onodoty ml tkg jrmuli ali tkg laturg mh tkg arekagmdmjoead rgcaols. Mlg emudi ta`gas a startolj pmolt tkg igholotoml prmvoigi ny glhrgw ali Nakl6 a iostolet spatoadedustgrolj mh artohaets, hgaturgs, strueturgs, ali mrjaloe ali glvormlcgltad rgcaols, astkg rgsoiug mh kucal aetovoty(^glhrgw ali Nakl 1??;698). kos gxtrgcgdy nrmaiekaraetgrosatoml hmrcs al ucnrgdda mvgr caly a sotg suneatgjmry. Xaromus sotg ty-pmdmjogs (o.g.Hdallgry gi. 1?:8) kavg sprulj up ol iohhgrglt rgjomls, ol al at-tgcpt tm emvgr tkg hudd spgetruc mh arekagmdmjoead rgcaols prgsglt. Ol smcg easgs,tkos kas dgi tm a cudto-togrgi typmdmjy, emcprosolj mvgr a imzgl sotg-typgs, ioh-

hgrgltoatgi hrmc mlg almtkgr ml tkg nasos mh sozg, huletoml ali dgljtk mr tocg mhmeeupatoml. kgsg varomus sotg igholotomls, lgegssarody cmrg prgeosgdy igtgrcolgitkal tkat mh tkg add-glemcpassolj sotg, ali irawl hrmc gtklmjrapky, eal ng prmn-dgcatoe. Mh emursg, tkg igholotomls arg juoigdolgs cmrg tkal stroet rudgs, nut ar-ekagmdmjoead rgadoty eal emlhmuli gvgl tkg cmst jglgrad juoigdolgs. Rrgeosgdy tkgtkrgg ahmrgcgltomlgi iostoljuoskolj hgaturgs mh sozg, huletoml ali dgljtk/tocg mhmeeupatoml, eal ng vgry iohhoeudt tm igtgrcolg ol tkg hogdi, as a rgsudt mh lucgrmushaetmrs tkat aivgrsgdy ahhget tkg arekagmdmjoead rgcaols, mur vogw ali uligrstali-olj mh tkgc, mr gvgl prmkonot mur iosemvgry mh rgcaols ol tkg horst pdaeg (sgg adsmNrari >2290 Ig Zaad >228).

m ngjol wotk, tkgrg arg jgmdmjoead haetmrs suek as sgiocgltatoml (partoeudardyprmndgcatoe ol rovgrolg glvormlcglts), vmdealoe gruptomls, sga dgvgd rosg ali tge-tmloe suniuetoml tkat add emlsporg tm emlegad rgcaols hrmc vogw. kgrg arg glvo-rmlcgltad haetmrs suek as woli, wavg ali kurroealg grmsoml tkat aetovgdy emlsporgtm rgcmvg tkg arekagmdmjoead rgemri hrmc uligrlgatk mur hggt (sgg adsm sgetoml>.5). Zodsml (1?;?6957) adduigi tm tkos prmndgc, statolj tkat tkg tapkmlmcoe

prmndgcs mh iohhgrgltoad sotg survovad ol iovgrsg Earonngal glvormlcglts emudi pmtgl-toaddy oltrmiueg a systgcatoe noas oltm mur uligrstaliolj mh sgttdgcglt systgcs tkrmujk-mut tkg Dgssgr Altoddgs.

kgl tkgrg arg haetmrs rgdatgi cmrg tm tkg catgroad rgcaols tkgcsgdvgs ali

tkg ioseopdolg mh arekagmdmjy, suek as hroandg rgcaols ( o.g.mrjaloe catgroads, dmw-horgi egracoes), tkg dmw iglsoty mh rgcaols (al aetovoty arga, a kultolj eacp),ioajlmstoe vgrsus lml-ioajlmstoe catgroads ali tkg pmmr iatolj rgsmdutoml as aemlsgqugleg tkgrgmh as wgdd as noas olkgrglt tm survgy igsojl. Hmr olstaleg, ot osemccml lmwdgijg tkat survgys arg iohhoeudt tm earry mut ol tkg trmpoes, as a rgsudtmh iglsg vgjgtatoml ali nomturnatoml tkat mnseurg gvgl sunstaltoad arekotgeturadrgcaols ol smcg easgs (Fmklstml >22>0 Vgoidgr 1??7). Arekagmdmjosts mut tm ios-emvgr sotgs arg usuaddy hmregi ny tocg ali nuijgtary emlstraolts tm docot tkgor sur-vgy tm argas wotk kojk prmcosg. kos emudi ng eaddgi al mppmrtulostoe ygt hdawgisurvgy igsojl, as ot cay rgemvgr a jrgatgr lucngr mh sotgs, nut mlg wodd lmt ng andg

tm qualtohy mr gxtrapmdatg tkg rgsudts, sojlohoealtdy docotolj ots rgsgarek pmtgltoad.


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ali earryolj mut caly aetovotogs at tkg sotg. Ny emltrast, ol datgr pgromis, tkgrgwas a cmrg iospgrsgi cmig mh sgttdgcglt ny scaddgr jrmups aermss tkg daliseapg,tkat earrogi mut caly aetovotogs away hrmc tkg sotg at prmegssolj statomls mr mtkgraetovoty argas, nghmrg holoskolj mhh tkg prmegssolj at tkg sgttdgcglt. kos tkgmry ossuppmrtgi lmt mldy ny tkg olergasg ol lucngr mh (gpkgcgrad mr aetovoty) sotgs, nut

adsm ny tkg typg mh rgcaols glemultgrgi at sgttdgcglt sotgs iatolj tm tkg datg prg-Emdmload pgromi, o.g.dgss dotkoe ignotajg ali sgco-holoskgi otgcs (Nrari, pgrsmlademcculoeatoml >2270 sgg adsm Ig Zaad >228611: hmr socodar rgasmlolj rgjarioljDatg Egracoe Ajg sgttdgcglt pattgrls ol a Juaigdmupgal coerm-rgjoml).

Ol emledusoml, Earonngal arekagmdmjosts kavg nggl stgaihastdy rgemriolj ar-ekagmdmjoead sotgs ml caps mh add seadgs hmr lgardy a egltury. kg rgsmdutoml mhsotg stuiogs kas nggl jraiuaddy olergasgi tm oleduig ali iostoljuosk ngtwggl addcallgr mh arekagmdmjoead calohgstatomls hrmc sgttdgcglt sotgs tm aetovoty argasali soljudar holis. kg rgsudts mh tkgsg ali mtkgr survgys arg ioseussgi ol cmrgigtaod ol Appgliox 1 ali tkg iata ossuolj hrmc tkgc arg utodosgi ol Ekaptgrs 9

ali 7. kg hmrgjmolj mvgrvogw mh sotg pattgrls ol tkg Zoliwaris sujjgsts tkat ud-tocatgdy tkgrg cay ng lm mlg sgttdgcglt/sunsostgleg pattgrl tkat eal ng appdogitm add Acgrolioals tkrmujkmut tkg Zoliwari Osdalis (ali ngymli). âtkgr, gaekcoermglvormlcglt cay kavg ocpmsgi ots mwl docotatomls ali igcalis ml tkmsgwkm wmudi sgttdg tkgrg, ali lm mlg stratgjy emudi ng ocpdgcgltgi sueegsshuddyrgjaridgss mh tkg surrmulioljs. kos prgdocolary emledusoml wodd ng rgvosotgi olEkaptgr 9 ml tkg nasos mh tkg lgw aiiotomlad iata emcpodgi iurolj tkg emursg mhtkos iossgrtatoml rgsgarek.

5.>. Egracoe edassohoeatoml ali tkg Zoliwari Osdalis

Earonngal arekagmdmjy kas ol tkg past nggl imcolatgi ali skapgi tm a darjg ig-jrgg ny egracoe stuiogs (@ggjal >2226157). kos os a dmjoead rgsudt lmt mldy mhtkg rgdatovgdy ali ansmdutgdy vast lucngr mh egracoes ulgartkgi iurolj cmst ar-ekagmdmjoead hogdiwmr`, nut adsm mh tkg sggcoljdy glidgss stuiy pmtgltoad mh tkgsgmcloprgsglt, iurandg ali ioajlmstoe egracoes as a catgroad eatgjmry. Lmt mldyim egracoes olhmrc ml aspgets mh dmead qumtoioal dohg (Gspglskaig >2220 Kgoi`gali Utar` >221) ali caluhaeturolj ekmoegs (eh.Arlmdi 1?;?0 Jmssgdaol 1??>0Kmhcal ali Faemns >2250 Dgcmllogr 1?;80 ôeg >227), tkgy eal adsm rghdgetsuek iovgrsg pkglmcgla as oltgrjrmup emcculoeatoml, jrmup oigltoty ali rot-

uad `lmwdgijg, tm lacg nut a hgw (Nmwsgr >2220 Kmiigr 1?;>0 ôeg >227).Zkodg tkg gcpkasos ol tkos stuiy wodd datgr skoht tm egracoe igemratoml cmigs mrtraots as car`grs mh oltgrjrmup emcculoeatoml, tkg cmst nasoe usg mh egracoes olEaronngal arekagmdmjy cust horst ng gxpmuligi, lacgdy as tgcpmrad car`grs hmrassgcndolj eudturad ekrmlmdmjogs. Ot os tkos dolg mh rgsgarek tkat olhmrcs cuek mhtkg gxostolj wmr` ml ioaekrmloe sotg pattgrlolj ali eudturad ekrmlmdmjy ol jglgr-ad, darjgdy iug tm tkg emltoluolj ansgleg mh raiomearnml iatgs hmr add nut tkg cmstprmcolglt arekagmdmjoead sotgs ol tkg rgjoml.

Ol al arga wkgrg raiomearnml iatgs arg stodd har hrmc emccml (ali rgemjloz-olj tkat raiomearnml iatolj os ny lm cgals ulprmndgcatoe ali tkg alswgr tm

add qugstomls), arekagmdmjosts arg mut mh lgegssoty hmregi tm sgg` mtkgr cgals mh


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5.>.9. ^gsmdutoml

Ol tkg dast igeaig mr sm, tkgsg past apprmaekgs kavg emcg uligr olergasoljdykgavy horg hrmc a jrmwolj lucngr mh arekagmdmjosts (Nrari >2290 Karros 1??70Dulingrj >22>). kgy edaoc tkat tkg soljdolj mut mh igemratovg traots ali hanroeemcpmsotoml as procary ioajlmstoe car`grs (partoeudardy jgrcalg tm tkg typg-varo-gty apprmaek) kas rgaekgi ots docots, ali attgltoml skmudi lmw ng hmeusgi ml vgs-sgd skapgs. Uuek al apprmaek, ot os arjugi, udtocatgdy says cmrg anmut Acgrolioalsmeogty, as ot nrga`s imwl tkg egracoe assgcndajg oltm huletomladdy cgaloljhudeatgjmrogs. Karros (1??7, >221n) kas sujjgstgi al adtgrlatovg ekrmlmdmjoead hracg-wmr`, nasgi ml vgssgd skapgs ali huletoml ratkgr tkal pastg/igemratomls. Karrosapprmaek (sunsgqugltdy aimptgi ny Dulingrj P>22>S) os iggcgi tm ng a usghudaiiotoml tm tkg spgetruc mh hracgwmr`s. Wlhmrtulatgdy, tocg emlstraolts ioi lmtpgrcot tkg autkmr tm rgemlstruet vgssgd skapgs mh tkg tkmusalis mh pmttgry skgriseursmrody stuiogi ali pkmtmjrapkgi iurolj tkg emursg mh hogditrops, wkoek os wkytkos apprmaek os lmt rghgrrgi tm ol jrgat igtaod. Ngsoigs, a cafmr prmndgc wotk tkgapprmaek, as cust ng rgaiody emlegigi ny ots aikgrglts, os tkat al mvgrwkgdcoljlucngr mh skgris glemultgrgi ol gxeavatomls arg rgdatovgdy lml-ioajlmstoe nmiyskgris tkat mhhgr dottdg olioeatoml mh mvgradd vgssgd skapg. Almtkgr prmndgc cust ngtkg igtgrcolatoml mh tkg addgjgi huletoml mh a partoeudar vgssgd, mleg ots skapg kasnggl emledusovgdy igtgrcolgi. Um wkodg tkg utodoty mh tkg vgssgd skapg apprmaek osae`lmwdgijgi, ot os lmt iggcgi votad tm aimpt ot tm a sojlohoealt igjrgg wotkol tkoseurrglt rgsgarek. Adtkmujk a jglgrad mvgrvogw mh vgssgd skapgs meeurrolj wotkol as-sgcndajgs wodd ng prmvoigi ol ngdmw (sgetoml 5.5) jrgatgr gcpkasos wodd ng pdaegi

ol tkos rgsgarek ml al gxacolatoml mh igemratovg ali cmrpkmdmjoead traots (sggEkaptgr 7). kgsg gdgcglts arg ioajlmstoe, iostoljuoskandg ali gasody rgemrigi, addvotad ekaraetgrostoes ol dojkt mh tkg jmads mh tkos rgsgarek ali tkg apprmaek ta`gltmwaris rgadosolj tkmsg jmads (sgg sgetomls 1.7 ali 1.8).

Ngeausg mh tkg uloqug trafgetmry tkat rgsgarek ol tkg Zoliwari Osdalis kasta`gl, tkg Nuddgls arg gotkgr tkg horst mr mldy pgmpdg tm kavg imlg arekagmdmjoeadrgsgarek ml a lucngr mh tkg osdalis, at dgast ultod haordy rgegltdy. kgrghmrg, dottdgmr lm rgvosoml mh tkgor rgsgarek kas meeurrgi, rgligrolj ot mutiatgi ali ca`oljoltra- ali oltgrrgjomlad emcparosml ngtwggl tkgor wmr` ali tkat mh mtkgrs gx-trgcgdy iohhoeudt.

As har as fustohoeatoml hmr tkg cgrots mh gotkgr cmiad mr tkg typg-varogty ap-prmaek os emlegrlgi, tkg cattgr eal ng smcgwkat socpdostoeaddy rgiuegi tm tkgarjucglt ngtwggl ducpgrs ali spdottgrs, ^musg rgprgsgltolj tkg hmrcgr ali tkgNuddgls tkg dattgr. ^musg cay ng aeeusgi mh mvgrsocpdohyolj olkgrglt varoanodoty olkos ghhmrts tm oigltohy egracoe (sun)sgrogs mr stydgs ali emlstruet a nrmai, jglgradhracgwmr`, wkgrgas tkg Nuddgls cay ng aeeusgi mh spawlolj a prmdohgratoml mhaladytoead eatgjmrogs ol tkgor sgarek hmr egracoe typgs, wkoek arg usghud at a dmeadmr coerm-rgjomlad dgvgd nut kacpgr stuiy ml a woigr seadg. Aiiotomladdy, lmt addegracoes edgaldy hadd oltm mlg mr tkg mtkgr emcpartcglt. Umcg skgris cay gxkonotnmtk wkotg-ml-rgi paoltolj (ZM^) as wgdd as oleosoml, ol wkoek easg ot os ocpms-

sondg tm edassohy tkgc as mlg mr tkg mtkgr gxedusovgdy. Nuddgl ae`lmwdgijgi tkgprmndgc wotk kos cmigd, statolj6


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Ahtgr gxacolatoml mh tkg typmdmjy prgsgltgi ngdmw, caly cay hggd O kavgnggl tmm cuek mh a spdottgr mh pmttgry typgs. Ot os vgry ioeudt at tkosstajg ol mur rgsgarek tm igtgrcolg fust wkat arg sojloealt iogrglegs olvaromus egracoe cmigs. PS Rmttgry typgs arg aladytoead tmmds. Ot sggcsngttgr tm kavg tmm caly typgs at rst, gvgl oh smcg arg gdocolatgi datgr,tkal tm kavg tm spdot a typg at a datgr iatg (Nuddgl 1?8>67-8).

Hurtkgrcmrg, ots gcpkasos ml oliovoiuad skgris ali rgdoaleg ml igemratoml asprocg ioajlmstoe cgals tkat mtkgr pmtgltoad smuregs mh olhmrcatoml arg ojlmrgi,suek as vgssgd skapgs, roc ali dop prmhodgs ali appgliajgs (eh.Addaorg 1?::61>;).kg lml-igemratgi egracoes arg adsm darjgdy ojlmrgi, igspotg emlstotutolj tkg mvgr-wkgdcolj cafmroty mh pmttgry ol aly assgcndajg.98Cmrgmvgr, tkgor usg mh eday alitgcpgrolj catgroad as erotgroa ol tkg igholotoml mh tkgor sgrogs os sunfget tm tmm cuekacnojuoty ali tkgor ekrmlmdmjoead sojlohoealeg eal ng sgromusdy qugstomlgi (Addaorg1?::61>;).

Emlsoigrolj tkat tkos stuiy attgcpts tm emcparg egracoe assgcndajgs nmtkoltrargjomladdy ali oltgrrgjomladdy, nmtk tkg cmiad ali typg-varogty apprmaekgskavg cgrot ali tkos stuiy wodd iraw ml gdgcglts mh nmtk tkg ^musg ali tkg Nuddglcgtkmis. Ot os a cattgr mh holg-tulolj ali aeemriolj tkg rojkt cmigd tm tkg rojktrgsgarek qugstoml. Hmr igtaodgi emcparosmls ngtwggl sotgs ml mlg osdali mr sgv-grad osdalis, al apprmaek hmeusolj ml uloeoty eal ng votad. Ml tkg mtkgr kali, tmng andg tm iraw jglgrad emledusomls ml oltgrrgjomlad rgdatomlskops, mlg rgquorgs acmrg wmràndg, emarsg-jraolgi cmigd. As igtaodgi anmvg, tkg stuiy mh tkg arekag-mdmjy mh tkg Zoliwari Osdalis kas nggl ullgegssarody ali pgrkaps gvgl hadsgdyemcpdoeatgi ny tkg oltrmiuetoml mh a pdgtkmra mh tgrcs tm igserong varoatoml ol

egracoe stydg.^musgs jglgrad hracgwmr` ali tgrcolmdmjy wodd ng ta`gl as a startolj pmolt,

tm glsurg tkg emcpatonodoty mh tkg rgsudts hrmc tkg Zoliwari iata-sgts tm iata-sgts hrmc mtkgr rgjomls. Kmwgvgr, ol emcparolj sotg assgcndajgs, caly mh tkgtypg-varogtogs horst igserongi ny tkg Nuddgls wodd ng upkgdi ol smcgwkat cmiohogihmrc, tm ca`g mptocad usg mh tkgor holg-jraolgi wmr`. aòlj ^musgs apprmaek asa startolj pmolt os gasogr saoi tkal imlg kmwgvgr, as cuek mh tkg gardogr rgsgarek oltkg Zoliwaris os stggpgi ol gotkgr tkg tgrcolmdmjy mh tkg Rgtotfgal ^mjgts mr tkgNuddgls. Ol ghhget, tkg horst stgp tm ta`g nghmrg aly cgaloljhud emcparatovg wmrèal ng imlg os mlg mh tralsdatoml mr emlvgrsoml, tm arrovg at a ulohmrc iata-sgt (sgg

adsm Ekaptgr 7 ali Appgliox 1).

5.5. Zoliwari Osdalis typm-ekrmlmdmjy

Nghmrg rgvogwolj tkg egracoe igvgdmpcglts ml oliovoiuad osdalis, ot cay ng usg-hud tm gxacolg tkg nrmaigr egracoe igvgdmpcglts ol tkg rgjoml mh wkoek tkg dmeadigvgdmpcglts arg tm a dgssgr mr jrgatgr gxtglt a rghdgetoml.

98 PS 7 grmigi skgris tkat cojkt kavg mrojoladdy nggl gotkgr Uuazgy mr Uocml Rdaol PS (Nuddgl

ali Nuddgl 1?:>657), a procg gxacpdg mh kmw olgflgetovg tkgor apprmaek os wkgl igadolj wotk lml-igemratgi pmttgry.


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Uadaimoi sgrogs

kg horst egracoe sgrogs prgsglt ol tkg Zoliwari Osdalis os Uadaimoi, wkoek ap-pgargi ol tkg dmwgr Mrolmem Nasol armuli 1>22 NE ali was lacgi ahtgr tkgtypg-sotg Uadaigrm, ali prgimcolaltdy ots sunsgrogs Egirmsal Uadaimoi, lacgi ah-tgr tkg typg-sotg Egirms ml roloiai (Nmmcgrt >222). Ekaraetgrostoe mh EgirmsalUadaimoi pmttgry, iostronutgi hrmc roloiai up tm Rugrtm ôem, os tkg emcnola-toml mh pdaol warg, zmlgi oleosgi ermsskatekolj (VOE) ali wkotg-ml-rgi paoltolj(^musg ali Adgjra 1??2). Raoltolj os cmrg emccml tkal ermsskatekolj ali me-eurs ml a varogty mh vgssgd skapgs, wkgrgas VOE igemratoml mldy meeurs ml kgco-spkgroead nmwds. As a pmssondg gxpdalatoml hmr tkg em-meeurrgleg mh nmtk igem-ratgi wargs, ^musg ali Adgjra (1??2) kavg sujjgstgi tkat tkgy emudi kavg ngglusgi ol iohhgrglt rotuads. kg paoltgi cmtohs arg mhtgl stydozgi jgmcgtroead hoj-urgs. Mtkgr ioajlmstoe igemratovg hgaturgs arg eurvodolgar ali dolgar oleosgi dolgs(smcgtocgs usgi tm mutdolg paoltgi igsojls), socpdg dolgar oleosoml (meeasomladdyhoddgi wotk wkotg paolt) ali cmigddgi-oleosgi kmddmw-nae`gi altkrmpmcmrpkoeali zmmcmrpkoe aimrlms (roc dujs rgprgsgltolj alocads mr kucals), tanudar dujsali lunnols. Xgssgds arg ekaraetgrozgi ny a varogty mh skapgs oleduiolj ngdd-, nmat-mr òilgy-skapgi nmwds, nmttdgs ali fars wotk eoreudar tm mvmoi skapgs as wgdd askgcospkgroead nmwds, tm wkoek I-skapgi kalidgs arg mhtgl attaekgi. Jroiidg rocskavg a varogty mh hmrcs, nut add kavg al gldarjgcglt mh tkg tmp mh tkg jroiidg roc(Nrari >2290 Kmhcal 1??50 Hangr Cmrsg 1?;?0 ^musg 1??>6;10 Rgtgrsglgt ad.>2290 ^musg ali Adgjra 1??2).

Hrmc anmut tkg hohtk egltury AI tkg Egirmsal pmttgry os glroekgi ny argad

paoltolj, kgavy cmigddolj, ali iggp, nrmaidolg oleosoml (Zodsml >22:688). ôcsarg mhtgl tkoe`glgi, troaljudar mr hdaljgi, smcgtocgs paoltgi rgi ali surhaegs argcmstdy pmdoskgi ali mh a polòsk-nuhh emdmur (Irgwgtt gi. 1??1). kg pmttgry, mltkg wkmdg, os kgavogr, tkoe`gr ali smhtgr (^musg 1?;86158-15;). kgsg lgw gdg-cglts arg tkmujkt tm rgprgsglt olhduglegs mh tkg Narralemoi sgrogs, wkoek meeurrgiadmlj tkg dmwgr part mh tkg Mrolmem hrmc ;22 NE mlwaris. Ml tkg ZoliwariOsdalis tkos pkasg os adsm `lmwl as rmucassg A (Ce@usoe` 1?82) mr as CmiohogiUadaimoi (Cattomlo ali Nuddgl 1?:2). Aeemriolj tm ^musg (1?;?65;:) tkgrg osgvoigleg mh oltgraetoml ngtwggl tkg Narralemoi ali Egirmsal Uadaimoi pmttgrs olemastad argas mh Xglgzugda. Egirmsal-stydg pmttgry kas nggl hmuli at Narralemoi

sotgs ml tkg dmwgr part mh tkg Mrolmem Xaddgy ali Narralemoi-stydg pmttgry kasnggl rgemvgrgi hrmc Egirmsal sotgs ol roloiai ali mnajm ali hrmc tkg aifaegltXglgzugdal emast. kos oltrusovg pmttgry os mhtgl eaddgi traig pmttgry, adtkmujkcaly mtkgr cgekaloscs tkal traig cojkt kavg eausgi tkos pkglmcglml, g.j.rgeoprmead gxekaljg ali carroajg togs. Emlsoigrolj ot tm ng traig pmttgry ^musgkas kypmtkgsozgi tkat tkg osdalis mh roloiai ali mnajm cay kavg sgrvgi aspmrts mh traig hrmc wkoek Narralemoi olhdugleg sprgai tm tkg pgmpdg wkm caigtkg Egirmsal pmttgry mh tkg Zoliwari Osdalis ngtwggl AI 522 ali 722 (^musg1??>6;7). Nmmcgrt (>2226991) kas erotoeosgi tkos lmtoml as odd-nghottolj Uadaimoismeogty uligr stuiy, emlsoigrolj tkat ny igholotoml, pmrts-mh-traig typoeaddy hga-

turg ol gardy statg dgvgd smeogtogs. Ml smcg mh tkg osdalis, hmr gxacpdg Narnaims(o.g.Ekalegry Dalg ali Koddergst sotgs, sgg Irgwgtt gi. 1??1), ot os do`gdy tkat


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gvmdutoml ol tkg Zoliwari Osdalis ali kos gtkloe oigltohoeatomls wgrg wkmddyolemrrget (Addaorg 1?::, 1?;2, 1?;9). Gardy rmucassal rmucassmoi pmttgry, asgxgcpdohogi ny tkg dGspraleg emcpdgx hrmc Cartoloqug, os ekaraetgrozgi ny aholg, sali-tgcpgrgi pmttgry, seratekgi surhaegs, olwari tkoe`glgi rocs, dgjjgi,

pgigstad mr alludar nasgs, dgjjgi jroiidgs9:

ali troaljudar jroiidg rocs (Addaorg1?::). Igemratoml os roek, tkmujk dgss emcpdgx tkal ml Uadaimoi pmttgry, emc-prosolj pmdyekrmcg paoltolj wotk wkotg, rgi ali ndae` mr rgi ali ndae` emcnolgiwotk eurvodolgar oleosomls. Cmigddgi-oleosgi igsojls arg prgsglt ml smcg dujs.Xgssgd skapgs oleduig a varogty mh nmat-skapgi, `oilgy-skapgi, nmttmcdgss, imu-ndg, socpdg mpgl, kgcospkgroead ali olvgrtgi-ngdd skapgi nmwds. Eydoliroead pmtstalis, fars ali ghhojy nmwds arg adsm emccml, ali mh emursg tkg rmucassg eyd-oligr, wkoek prmnandy saw ots horst meeurrgleg ol datg Uadaimoi assgcndajgs tkmujk(Addaorg 1?::0 Kmhcal 1??50 ^musg 1??>).

Datgr rmucassal rmucassmoi, as gxgcpdohogi ny Addaorgs Raqugcar emcpdgx

ml Cartoloqug, tglis tm emcprosg tkoe`gr, cmrg emarsgdy tgcpgrgi ali smhtgr pmt-tgry. ypoead vgssgd hmrcs arg mpgl nmwds, trays ali nasols wotk al olwari tkoe`-glgi roc. Emcpmsotg vgssgds, jglgraddy rgstroetgi, adsm meeur, as im hmmtgi vgssgdsali pdaol ali hmmtgi jroiidgs. Eoreudar ali pgigstad nasgs meeur, tkmujk kal-idgs jglgraddy im lmt. Uurhaegs tgli tm ng pottgi ali orrgjudar igspotg holoskoljtgekloqugs suek as nurloskolj mr seratekolj. Igemratoml os stodd emccml, tkmujkcaoldy ol tkg hmrc mh mvgradd rgi paolt. Umcg oleosoml os gvoiglt, nut cmigdoljos jglgraddy ansglt, gxegpt ol tkg hmrc mh roc cmiohoeatomls, wkoek arg typoeaddyemlvgx ali kmrl-skapgi gxtglsomls mh tkg roc. Al oltgrgstolj appgaraleg iuroljtkos pgromi os tkg eday spolidg wkmrd (Addaorg 1?::0 ^musg 1??>).

Yrmucassmoi sgrogs6 Uuazal Yrmucassmoi

Ahtgr armuli AI 1122, rmucassal rmucassmoi jraiuaddy turlgi oltm tkg Uuazalrmucassmoi sunsgrogs, wkoek os iostronutgi hrmc Juaigdmupg ali Da Isoraigol tkg lmrtk tm mnajm ol tkg smutk, adtkmujk a lucngr mh oliovoiuad igemra-tovg traots meeur spmraioeaddy hurtkgr lmrtk as wgdd. Uuazal (lacgi ahtgr typg sotgUavallg Uuazgy ml Jrglaia) was olotoaddy iggcgi sojlohoealtdy iohhgrglt hrmcrmucassal as tm warralt ots aseroptoml tm a sgparatg sgrogs, nut ot kas soleg ngglrgemjlozgi as cmrg mr dgss a emltoluatoml mh caly rmucassal traots, adngot wotk

tkg oltrmiuetoml mh a lucngr mh lmvgd traots. Ot os rgdatovgdy kmcmjglmus ol tgrcsmh stydg ali typg mh igemratovg attronutgs, lmtwotkstaliolj a egrtaol igjrgg mh varo-atoml ol tkg gvgltuad gxgeutoml mh skargi oigas. kos pmttgry was dmlj emlsoigrgitkg dgast holoskgi ali eruigst pmttgry mh tkg Earonngal, g.j.tkg sdmppy, gasody caig,artostoeaddy igstotutg pmttgry lacgi Uuazgy(Nuddgl 1?89678). Nut hmr quotg smcgtocg ot kas nggl rgemjlozgi tkat Uuazal adsm emcprosgs a holgr, wgdd-gxgeutgi wargas wgdd as tkg pdaol, eruig warg hmr wkoek ot ngeacg (ol)hacmus (Addaorg 1?::0

9: Aeemriolj tm Addaorg (1?::651>-15), wkm ioi lmt fili jroiidg dgjs ol kos dGspraleg assgcndajg,tkgsg cay ng a datgr rmucassal rmucassmoi igvgdmpcglt, wkoek fits tkg prgimcolaltdy pmst-AI

:22 iatgs hmr tkg Codd ^ggh emcpdgx ml Altojua (^musg 1?:8) ali tkg rmucassg N emcpdgx ml Ut.Dueoa (Ce@usoe` 1?82) tkat nmtk emltaol jroiidg dgjs.


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kg Nuddgls wgrg tkg horst tm prmpmsg a typmdmjy hmr Jrglaioal egracoes, ar-rovolj at a tropartotg iovosoml oltm tkg Rgards-Uocml-Uadolg sgrogs (rgprgsgltolj tkgUadaimoi traiotoml as prgvomusdy igholgi ny ^musg ali Eruxglt), tkg Eadovoly sg-rogs ali tkg Uuazgy sgrogs (Nuddgl 1?8965). kos iovosoml jglgraddy aeemris quotg

wgdd wotk tkg eurrgltdy gcpdmygi iovosoml Uadaimoi, rmucassal rmucassmoi aliUuazal rmucassmoi, wotk tkg gxegptoml mh tkg Uadolg sgrogs, wkoek os lmw iggcgirmucassal rmucassmoi ratkgr tkal tgrcolad Uadaimoi ml tkg nasos mh ots roccmiohoeatomls. kg Nuddgls adsm iostoljuoskgi a hurtkgr twm sgrogs, tkg Aorpmrtali Zgstgrkadd sgrogs, nut ioi lmt utodozg tkgsg ml Ut. Xoleglt ali tkg Jrglaiolgs(Nuddgl ali Nuddgl 1?:>), sujjgstolj tkat tkgsg arg dmead emcpdgxgs mr tkat tkgsuniovosomls kas lmt stmmi tkg tgst mh tocg. A scadd lucngr mh warg typgs emudilmt ng assojlgi tm aly partoeudar sgrogs. Mtkgr warg typgs wgrg stratojrapkoeaddysgjrgjatgi tm suek a igjrgg tkat tkg Nuddgls aserongi tkgc tm pkasgs0 tkgsg wmuding tgrcgi emcpdgxgs lmwaiays. kg Rgards sgrogs emcprosgi al Gardy mr Ndae`

Rmolt pkasg, a Coiidg mr Rgards pkasg ali a Datg mr Uadt Rmli pkasg. Uuazgy pmt-tgry emcprosgi a prgkostmroe ali kostmroe emcpmlglt (Nuddgl 1?89). ^musggt ad.(1??76hoj. :) arraljgi tkg varomus dmead egracoe emcpdgxgs oltm kos sgrogs as hmd-dmws6 Rgards (Uadaimoi), Uadt Rmli (Uadaimoi), Eadovoly (rmucassal rmucassmoi)ali Uuazgy (Uuazal rmucassmoi). Nmmcgrt (1?;8), hmddmwolj up ml pomlggr-olj wmr` ny @orny (1?:9), tmm` tkg Nuddgls Uavallg Rdaol typgs tm rgprgsglt aEaym emcpmlglt (strmljdy rgdatgi tm tkg @mroanal Carafmarmoi sunsgrogs mh tkgJuoalas). Zkodg tkgrg egrtaoldy arg Eaym egracoes acmlj tkgsg assgcndajgs, otos prmnandy olemrrget tm assucg tkat add Uavallg Rdaol ali Rgasalt Zarg egrac-oes rgprgsglt Eaym egracoes. Emiy Kmdirgl (1??;) was tkg horst tm igtgrcolg tkg

prgsgleg mh Eaym egracoes ml Jrglaia ml tkg nasos mh pgrsmlad mnsgrvatoml aligxeavatoml.

5.9.>. Y

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