blood biology 2122 chapter 17. characteristics/functions 1.connective tissue (formed elements) 2.ph:...
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Blood Composition 1.Plasma (55%) – Dissolved solutes; Water 2.Formed Elements – Erythrocytes; Leukocytes; Platelets 3.Buffy Coat 4.Proteins – AlbuminTRANSCRIPT
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Blood
Biology 2122Chapter 17
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Characteristics/Functions1. Connective Tissue (Formed Elements)
2. pH: 7.35-7.45
3. Males: 5-6 L; Females: 4-5 L
4. O2 and CO2 ; Hormone Transport
5. Regulatory (Body Temperature; pH; Fluids)
6. Protection: Antibodies-Immune System
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Blood Composition 1. Plasma (55%)
– Dissolved solutes; Water
2. Formed Elements
– Erythrocytes; Leukocytes; Platelets
3. Buffy Coat
4. Proteins
– Albumin
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Erythrocytes1. Function/Structure– Biconcave discs– No mitochondria – Functions
• Gas Transport; Hb and oxygen gas affinity
• Delivers oxygen gas to cells; carbon dioxide as waste
2. Concentration – Hematocrit – Females vs. Males
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Production Hematopoiesis-Erythropoiesis
Life Span: 120 days
Stem Cell: Hemocytoblast
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Regulation, Destruction and Disorders
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Leukocyte Classification 1. Granulocytes – Neutrophils; Eosinophils;
Basophils– Larger; short-lived compared to
RBC
2. Agranulocytes – Lymphocytes; Monocytes– No cytoplasmic granules– Specific immune response
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Characteristics of Granulocytes 1. Neutrophils – Polymorphonuclear
Leukocytes (PMNs)– Lilac stain
2. Eosinophils – Pink Granules (acid stain);
large– Parasitic Worms
3. Basophils– Lg. granules (blue-basic);
Histamine; U or S-shaped nuclei
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Characteristics of Agranulocytes1. Lymphocytes– Dk. Purple Spherical
nuclei – T and B-Cells (Specific
Immunity)
2. Monocytes– U-Shaped nuclei– Macrophages
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Leukocyte Production1. Leukopoiesis
2. Stem Cell
3. Stimulated by Chemical Messengers
– Glycoproteins (Interleukins and Colony-Stimulating Factors
4. Pathways
– Lymphoid vs. Myeloid Stem Cells
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Blood Groups and Blood Types 1. ABO Groups – Based on presence or absence
of surface antigens (agglutinogens) – A or B
– Plasma: antibodies (agglutinins)
– Type O (universal donor); Type AB (universal receiver)
2. Rh antigens (Factors) – 85% are positive
3. Frequency– O>A>B>AB
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Hemostasis – How Blood Vessels Repair Themselves
1. Blood vessels undergo damage – unseen
2. Hemostasis - response to this damage
3. “Plugging the Hole” – Clot Formation
4. Stages
– Vascular Spasm
– Platelet Plug
– Coagulation
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Spasms and Plugs 1. Vascular Spasm– Damaged blood vessels (vascular smooth muscle) --------
Chemicals ------------ constriction (spasm)– “Vasoconstriction” – Most Effective – small blood vessels
2. Platelet Plug Formation– Platelets “aggregate” ------ Plug (temporary)– Adhere to exposed collagen fibers – Von Willebrand factor; ADP; Serotonin; Thromboxane
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Coagulation – ‘blood clotting’1. Multi-step pathway
(mediated by clotting proteins)
2. Platelets – reinforced by fibrin (fibrin mesh)
3. Clotting Factors (plasma proteins) – Factors activated (enzyme)
– Cause a ‘cascade effect’
– I – XIII
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Pathways
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Pathways - Prothrombin Activator1. Both factors cascade – common factor X
– Prothrombin activator
2. Prothrombin activator catalyzes transformation of prothrombin to thrombin.
3. Thrombin
– Fibrinogen ---------- Fibrin
– Insoluble strands glue platelets – clot
– Factor XIII activated (binds fibrin strands)
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Hemostasis 4. Clot Retraction – stabilizes the clot
5. PDGF – promotes smooth muscle cells and fibroblast to repair wall.
6. Fibrinolysis – removes unnecessary clots
– Plasmin (clot buster)
– Heparin; Antithrombin III (anticoagulants)
– Hemostasis Animation
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Disorders
1. Thromboembolic Disorders – Thrombus– Embolus – Embolism – DVT Animation
2. Bleeding Disorders – Hemophilia