Blood and Lymph

Key Concepts

• What are the components of blood

• What determines the type of blood that a person can receive in transfusion?

• What are the structures and functions of the lymphatic system?

Key Terms

• Plasma• Red blood cell• Hemoglobin• White blood cell

• Platelet• Lymphatic system• Lymph• Lymph nodes

Blood

Blood is a complex tissue that is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

– 45% of blood is cells; 55% is plasma

PlasmaPlasma• 90% water• Remaining 10% is made up of dissolved glucose,

fats, vitamins and minerals.• Also carries chemical messengers, carries away

wastes• Protein molecules give plasma its yellow color. –

Three groups of Plasma proteins– 1st group - helps regulate amount of water

entering and leaving the blood– 2nd group- produced by white blood cells helps

to fight disease – 3rd group - interacts with platelets to form

blood clots.

Red blood cells (rbc)

• Take up O2 in lungs and delivers it to cells• Produced in bone marrow• Made up mostly of hemoglobin – an iron

containing protein that binds to O2• rbc’s with O2 are bright red, rbc’s without O2

are dark red• Mature red blood cells have no nuclei• Lifespan of only 120 days – die at the rate of 2

million /sec (also formed at the same rate)

http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/news/imgs/red_blood_cells_lg.jpg

White Blood Cells (wbc)

• Also produced in bone marrow• Body’s disease fighters• Some recognize disease-causing organisms

and alert body• Some produce chemicals to fight the invaders• Others surround and kill the organisms• Only 1 wbc for every 500 rbc• Larger than rbc; contain a nucleus• Some only live for a few hours, but most can

last for months or even years

Platelets• Platelets are cell fragments that play an

important role in forming blood clots• Platelets collect around a cut blood

vessel, release chemicals that set off a chain reaction

• Produces fibrin. Weaves tiny fibers across cut, act as a net to trap blood cells and plasma

• Eventually plasma hardens and forms a clot

• Scab is a blood clot on the skin surface

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.medicalprogress.org/uploads/images/blood-clot200px.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.medicalprogress.org/news/newsarchive.cfm%3Fnews_id%3D78&h=215&w=200&sz=47&tbnid=UiSZvJYRpF761M:&tbnh=101&tbnw=93&hl=en&start=8&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dplatelets%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26sa%3DG

Blood Types• 1700s Jean Baptiste Denis tried

transferring blood from a lamb to a human

• Unsuccessful• Not until 1901 that Karl Landsteiner

learned why, he mixed plasma of one person with blood cells of another, sometimes they blended smoothly, sometimes they clumped

• Clumping accounted for failure of blood transfusions

Marker Molecules• Four major types of blood – A, AB, B, O• Determined by marker proteins on rbc’s

called A and B• Blood group is determined by the presence

of the protein on the rbc– Type A has the A protein– Type B has the B protein– Type AB has both– Type O has neither

• Plasma has proteins called clumping proteins – recognize foreign markers (not your) and make those cells clump together

Blood group AIf you belong to the blood group A, you have A antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and B antibodies in your blood plasma.

Blood group BIf you belong to the blood group B, you have B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and A antibodies in your blood plasma

Blood group ABIf you belong to the blood group AB, you have both A and B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells and no A or B antibodies at all in your blood plasma.

Blood group 0If you belong to the blood group 0 (null), you have neither A or B antigens on the surface of your red blood cells but you have both A and B antibodies in your blood plasma

SafeTransfusions

• People with type A blood can safely receive type A or O

• People with Type B blood can safely receive type B or O

• People with type AB can safely receive type AB, A, B, and O

• People with type O blood can safely receive only type O blood

RH factor

• After discovering the ABO blood group, Lansteiner discovered another protein on red blood cells – called Rh factor

• 85% of people have the marker, 15% don’t

• If a person has this marker protein they are RH positive

• If they don’t have this marker they are Rh negative

Lymphatic system

Network of vein-like vessels that return fluid to the bloodstream

• Some blood in capillaries leaks out and supplies cells with needed materials.

• After, the fluid moves into the body’s drainage system – lymphatic system

Lymph

• The fluid inside the lymphatic system

• Consists of water, dissolved materials such as glucose, white blood cells

• Has no pump, moves slowly

• Lymphatic vessels connect to veins in the chest and empty their contents back into blood plasma

Lymph Nodes

• Small knobs of tissue• Filter lymph, trapping

bacteria and other disease causing organisms

• When fighting an infection the lymph nodes enlarge – “swollen glands”

Credits

• http://www.perfusion.com/perfusion/articles/general/9905-platelet-anatomy/

• http://www.medicalprogress.org/news/newsarchive.cfm?news_id=78

• http://www.istockphoto.com/file_closeup/blood/blood_cells/white_blood_cells/379226_human_white_blood_cells.php?id=379226

• http://nmhm.washingtondc.museum/news/news.html

• http://www.nuxx.net/gallery/v/wallpaper/slideshow.html