blood and immunity. the average person has about 5l blood -45% = blood cells -55% = fluid (plasma)
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Blood and Immunity
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The average person has about 5L blood
-45% = blood cells-55% = fluid (plasma)
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These parts can be separated by centrifuging
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Components of the Blood
1) Plasma 90% of plasma is water, but also
contains blood proteins, glucose, vitamins, minerals, dissolved gases and waste products of digestion
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plasma proteins help maintain homeostasis:-albumins : osmotic balance
-globulins : produce antibodies for protection against invading microbes
-fibrinogens: blood clotting
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2) Erythrocytes: red blood cells
transports oxygen in hemoglobin
hemoglobin is an iron containing pigment
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Anemia
Lack of iron in diet, or lack of processing of iron into hemoglobin
Can be treated with iron supplements
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Each Hb molecule can carry four oxygen molecules – oxyhemoglobin or Hb(O2)4
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RBCs have a biconcave shape = concave on both sides-increases surface area for gas exchange
RBCs have no nucleus = enucleated-enables the cell to carry more hemoglobin
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Reproducing Red Blood Cells
bone marrow is the site of RBC reproduction = erythopoiesis
5 million RBCs are produced every minute of the day
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RBC's begin as stem cells and contain a nucleus : divide – shrink- nucleus disappears – discharge into blood
immature RBC's can undergo mitosis (have nucleus)
mature RBC's cannot undergo mitosis (no nucleus)
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males = 5.5 million RBCs per milliliter of blood
females = 4.5 million/mL
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Increased altitudes may effect number of red blood cells.
How?there is less oxygen available
so the body compensates by creating more RBCs
a hormone called erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production.
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Blood Doping
Storing your own red blood cells for donation before sporting events
Increases oxygen carrying capacity
Also can use EPO (erythropoietin) as an injection
Difficult to catch
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3) Leukocytes: white blood cells less numerous than RBCs have a nucleus some are phagocytes: engulf foreign
cells, release an enzyme that digests the invader
-remaining fragments are pus
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some are lymphocytes-produce antibodies
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4) Platelets initiate clotting
maintains homeostasis by preventing the loss of blood from torn or ruptured blood vessel
platelets break apart and release a protein called thromboplastin
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thromboplastin + calcium ions activate prothrombin which is then converted into thrombin
thrombin then acts as an enzyme by splicing two AA's from a fibrinogen molecule
fibrinogen is converted into fibrin threads which seal the cut
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Blood GroupsKarl Landsteiner -->different blood
types exist
glycoproteins are makers located on the membrane of some of the RBC's (A,B, or nothing) = antigen
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The body produces antibodies for foreign antigens
Blood Type
Antigen Antibody
A A Anti-BB B Anti AAB A & B noneO none Anti-B &
Anti A
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antibodies attach to antigens and cause the blood to clump or agglutinate
agglutinated blood can no longer pass through the capillaries and clogs the tissues preventing oxygen and nutrient delivery
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blood type AB is the universal acceptor (can accept all blood types)
blood type O is the universal donor (can be given to anyone but can only accept O)
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Rhesus Factor
the rhesus factor is another antigen on the RBC
if you have the rhesus factor you are said to be Rh+ (85% of Canadians)
no antigen = Rh
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Rh- can donate blood to Rh+, but not reverse
there are no natural antibodies against the Rh factor, are produced after a transfusion
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Erythroblastosis fetalis
Concern when mom is Rh- and baby is Rh+
first pregnancy there is no problem
During birth, the blood of the child and mom mixes
now mom makes antibodies against Rh+
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second pregnancy : if embryo is Rh+, the antibodies may diffuse across the placenta and destroy the embryo’s red blood cells
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Treatments:
1. transfusions of Rh- blood
2. injections to inhibit the formation of antibodies against Rh+ antigens
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Immune Response
The body's first line of defense is physical: skin, mucus, stomach acids, lysozymes
The second line of defense is utilized when invaders (antigens) take up residence within the body
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leukocytes seek out and destroy the invader by phagocytosis
lymphocytes produce antibodies
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Two Types of Lymphocytes
1. T cells
produced in the bone marrow, stored in the thymus gland
seeks out the intruder and signals the attack
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2. B cells:
produce the chemical weapon: antibodies
released from bone marrow
Antibodies are "Y" shaped
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they are specific and connect to a certain antigen “lock and key”
Antibodies that attach themselves to viruses alter their shape and prevent access to the entry ports of cells
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Steps to an immune attack
1. Bacteria or virus –the antigen- enters the body
2. A macrophage engulfs the invader and pushes its antigen markers outside of the membrane
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3. Helper T cells recognize the harmful markers and signal the B cells
4. B cells release antibodies which attach to the antigen
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5. Killer T cells now recognize the foreign cell and kill it
6. The battle has been won so Suppressor T cells shut down the response
7. Memory T cells are made so the body can quickly identify the antigen should it return (immunity)
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Allergies: body mistakes harmless cells for harmful invaders
Autoimmune disease: body attacks itself, ex rheumatoid arthritis
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Vaccines
First vaccine developed by Edward Jenner in 1796
reasoned that exposure to less harmful cowpox virus provided some immunity to the more violent smallpox virus
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the first exposure to cowpox developed antibodies and because the two viruses are so similar, when smallpox was introduced T cells signalled B cells to produce antibodies
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the rabies vaccine was developed by Louis Pasteur
he was able to grow the rabies virus in tissue cultures and inject the virus in milder form
Jonas Salk introduced the Polio vaccine in 1955
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Summary: How do vaccines work?
a weakened microbe is injected into a person. The immune systems creates antibodies against that disease
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Antibioticsantibiotics are special chemical
agents usually obtained from living organisms
in 1924 soil organisms were identified as the producers of a bacteria killing substance called actinomycetin
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1929 it was found that mold produced bacteria destroying secretion = penicillin
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Summary: How do antibiotics work?
they kill bacteria in your body but do not create immunity
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Unfortunately, micro-organisms have the ability to mutate and become immune to antibiotics, so they can become less effective if overused.
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White Blood Cell Review Used when antigens (bacteria/virus)
get inside our first line of defense– First line of defense is our skin, mucus,
stomach acids and lysozymes (enzymes that attack bacteria)
3 Types of White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)– First Type – Phagocytes (Macrophage):
engulf foreign cells, release an enzyme that digests the invader. remaining fragments are pus
– Or a Macrophage (Phagocyte) engulfs the invader and pushes its antigen markers outside of the membrane
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White Blood Cell Review Second Type (Lymphocytes) – T Cells: there are many different types of T Cells.– Helper T Cells: recognize harmful
markers (from the work of the macrophage) and signal the B Cells
– Killer T Cells: now recognize the foreign cell and kill it
– Suppressor T cells shut down the response once the battle has been won
– Memory T cells are made so the body can quickly identify the antigen should it return (immunity)
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White Blood Cell Review In between the Helper T Cells and
the Killer T Cells work, B cells (also Lymphocytes) release antibodies which attach to the antigenB Cells:-produce the chemical weapon: antibodies
-released from bone marrow
-Antibodies are "Y" shaped
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There are 2 types of leukocytes:
1. Granulocytes – formed in the bone marrow, have granules in the cytoplasm
– Neutrophils – 60-70% - phagocytes– Eosinophils – 2-4% - engulf antigen-
antibody complexes– Basophils – release histamines, that
cause capillaries to dilate 2. Agranulocytes – formed in the
lymph tissue, have no granules in the cytoplasm
– Lymphocytes – 25-30% make antibodies in lymph and blood
– Monocytes – phagocytes, engulf foreign cells
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Leukocytes