Lori Peek, Ph.D. Department of Sociology and Center for Disaster and Risk Analysis Colorado State University

A desire to help

A desire to helpA desire to give

A desire to helpA desire to giveA surge in patriotism

A desire to helpA desire to giveA surge in patriotism A need to grieve A need to stand together in solidarity

1. Any sudden or violent reaction; specifically, a strong political or social reaction resulting from fear or resentment of a movement, candidate, ethnic group, etc. 2. An excessive and adverse societal and governmental reaction to a political or ideological crisis against a group or groups.

Unprecedented surge in anti-Muslim bias in the U.S.

Source: FBI Uniform Crime Report

Source: FBI Uniform Crime Report

Source: Council on American-Islamic Relations

Why does backlash occur after certain crises, but not after others? Why are only some individuals and groups singled out for mistreatment, while others are left alone?What can the public and political response to 9/11 teach us about the processes that set blame assignment and backlash into motion?

Post-9/11 Backlash

Post-9/11 BacklashIntentional Acts of Mass Violence

Post-9/11 BacklashIntentional Acts of Mass Violence

Intentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredPost-9/11 Backlash 2,973 dead Widespread psychological trauma $80-$100 billion financial losses 75,000-100,000 jobs lost Thousands injured

Pre-9/11 Anti-Muslim Social and Political ContextIntentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredPost-9/11 Backlash

Persistently negative media representations

Persistently negative media representations

Persistently negative media representationsActual global increase in terrorist violence

Persistently negative media representationsActual global increase in terrorist violenceConflict in the Middle East

Pre-9/11 Anti-Muslim Social and Political ContextIntentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredMuslims as Dangerous and Threatening OutsidersPost-9/11 Backlash

Pre-9/11 Anti-Muslim Social and Political ContextIntentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredMuslims as Dangerous and Threatening OutsidersPost-9/11 Backlash 34% of Americans believe that Islam encourages violence

Nearly 60% of Americans believe that Muslims are prone to violent extremism 39% of Americans admit to feeling some prejudice against Muslims 22% of Americans would not want Muslims as neighbors

Pre-9/11 Anti-Muslim Social and Political ContextIntentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredMuslims as Dangerous and Threatening OutsidersIdentifiability of the Muslim PopulationPost-9/11 Backlash

Pre-9/11 Anti-Muslim Social and Political ContextIntentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredMuslims as Dangerous and Threatening OutsidersIdentifiability of the Muslim PopulationRelative Powerlessness of Muslims Post-9/11 Backlash

Pre-9/11 Anti-Muslim Social and Political ContextIntentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredMuslims as Dangerous and Threatening OutsidersIdentifiability of the Muslim PopulationRelative Powerlessness of Muslims Post-9/11 Backlash

Pre-9/11 Anti-Muslim Social and Political ContextIntentional Acts of Mass ViolenceMagnitude of Losses EnduredMuslims as Dangerous and Threatening OutsidersIdentifiability of the Muslim PopulationRelative Powerlessness of Muslims Post-9/11 Backlash

Gallup Polls of Americans: % who have a negative view of Islam14% (2001)34% (2002)46% (2006)53% (2009)

Lori Peek970-491-6777Lori.Peek@colostate.edu

*********Sadness, Strength and Solidarity******1600% increase post-9/113-5 times higher than pre-9/11 rate. *Nearly 5 times increase.********Newstextbookscartoonsfilm **1972 munich massacre, 1993 wtc bombing*******Sum up Inertial quality***