black holes and extra dimensions jonathan feng uc irvine penn state physics department colloquium 30...
Post on 19-Dec-2015
219 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Black Holes and Extra Dimensions
Jonathan Feng
UC Irvine
Penn State Physics Department Colloquium
30 January 2003
![Page 2: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 2
The Standard Model
Carrier Force Group
photon
E&M U(1)
g gluon Strong SU(3)
Z
WWeak SU(2)
![Page 3: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 3
Tevatron
Precise Confirmation
![Page 4: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 4
Grand Unification
Unification “explains” SM charges
Requires c, massive neutrinos
![Page 5: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 5
Coupling Unification
• Forces are similar in strength
• Forces become more similar at high energies and short distances
• Unification almost exact with supersymmetry Dashed – Standard Model
Solid – Supersymmetry
Martin (1997)
![Page 6: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 6
What’s Missing
• The dog that didn’t bark – where’s gravity?
• Many deep problems, but one obvious one:
For protons, gravity is 10-36 times weaker.
• Equal for mstrong ~ 1018 GeV, where gravity becomes strong, far beyond expt. (~ TeV).
![Page 7: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 7
Kaluza-Klein Unification• Kaluza (1921) and Klein (1926)
considered D=5, with 1 dimension rolled into a circle:
D=5 gravity D=4 gravity + EM + scalar
gAB g + g5 + g55
• Kaluza: “virtually unsurpassed formal unity...which could not amount to the mere alluring play of a capricious accident.”
![Page 8: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 8
Extra Dimensions
• Suppose photons are confined to D=4, but gravity propagates in n extra dimensions of size L:
For r L, Fgrav ~ 1/r2
For r L, Fgrav ~ 1/r2+n
Garden Hose
![Page 9: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 9
…
gravity
EM
Str
engt
h
r1/mstrong
Gravity in Extra Dimensions
![Page 10: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 10
Strong Gravity at the Electroweak Scale
• Suppose mstrong is 1 TeV, the electroweak
unification scale
• The number of extra dims n then fixes L
• n=1 excluded by solar system, but n=2, 3,… are allowed by tests of Newtonian gravity
![Page 11: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 11
Tests of Newtonian GravitySt
reng
th o
f D
evia
tion
R
elat
ive
to N
ewto
nain
Gra
vity
Long, C
han, Price; H
oyle et al.
![Page 12: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 12
Kaluza-Klein States
• Extra dimensions of size L towers of Kaluza-Klein particles with masses ~1/L
• Large extra dims light states
• KK states may appear at colliders, in astrophysics (supernova cooling), …
f
f f ’
f ’graviton
_ _
![Page 13: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 13
Black Holes
• Solutions to Einstein’s equations
• Schwarzschild radius rs ~ MBH – requires large mass/energy in small volume
• Light and other particles do not escape; classically, BHs are stable
![Page 14: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 14
Black Hole Evaporation
• Quantum mechanically, black holes are not black – they emit Hawking radiation
• Temperature: TH ~ 1/MBH
Lifetime: ~ MBH3
• For MBH ~ Msun, TH ~ 0.01 K. Astrophysical BHs emit only photons, live ~ forever
• Form by accretion
![Page 15: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 15
• BH creation requires
ECOM > mstrong
• In 4D, mstrong ~ 1018 GeV,
far above accessible energies ~ TeV
• But with extra dimensions, mstrong ~ TeV is possible, can create micro black holes in elementary particle collisions!
BHs from Particle Collisions
![Page 16: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 16
Black Holes in the Laboratory
• What is the production rate?
• How will you know if you’ve created one?
S. Harris
![Page 17: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 17
Black Holes at Colliders• BH created when two
particles of high enough energy pass within rs . Cross section ~ rs
2
Penrose (1974)D’Eath, Payne (1992)
Eardley, Giddings (2001) ...
• Large Hadron Collider (2007): ECOM = 14 TeV
pp BH + X
• Find as many as 1 BH produced per second
Dimopoulos, Landsberg (2001)
![Page 18: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 18
Event Characteristics• For microscopic BHs,
~ 10-27 s, decays are essentially instantaneously
• TH ~ 100 GeV, so not just photons
j:l::,G = 75:15:2:8
• Multiplicity ~ 10
• Spherical events with leptons, many jets
De Roeck (2002)
![Page 19: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 19
Black Holes from Cosmic Rays
• Cosmic rays – the high energy frontier
• Observed events with 1019 eV ECOM ~ 100 TeV
• But meager fluxes! Can we harness this energy?
Kampert, Swordy (2001)
![Page 20: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 20
Use Cosmic Neutrinos• Cosmic rays create ultra-high
energy neutrinos:
BH gives inclined showers starting deep in the atmosphere
• Rate: as large as a few per minute somewhere on Earth
Feng, Shapere (2001)
![Page 21: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 21
Auger Observatory
![Page 22: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 22
Deep Inclined Showers
Coutu, Bertou, Billior (1999)
Capelle, Cronin, Parente, Zas (1998)Diaz, Shellard, Amaral (2001)
Anchordoqui, Feng, Goldberg, Shapere (2001)HiRes Collaboration (1994)
![Page 23: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 23
Cosmic Ray Black Holes
• Auger can detect ~100 black holes in 3 years
mst
rong
(T
eV)
Feng, Shapere (2001)
![Page 24: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 24
AMANDA/IceCube
• Neutrino telescopes may also detect BHs:
contained jets
through-going muons
• Similar rate: ~10 BH/year
Cosmic rays provide first chance to see black holes from extra dimensions
![Page 25: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 25
What You Could Do With A Black Hole If You Made One
• Discover extra dimensions
• Test Hawking evaporation, BH properties
• Explore last stages of BH evaporation, quantum gravity, information loss problem
• ……
![Page 26: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 26
Conclusions
• Gravity is either intrinsically weak or is strong but diluted by extra dimensions
• If gravity is strong at the TeV scale, we will find black holes in cosmic rays and colliders
![Page 27: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 27
Conclusions
• Gravity is either intrinsically weak or is strong but diluted by extra dimensions
• If gravity is strong, we will find black holes in cosmic rays and colliders
Anchordoqui, Feng, Goldberg, Shapere (2001)
mst
rong
(T
eV)
![Page 28: Black Holes and Extra Dimensions Jonathan Feng UC Irvine Penn State Physics Department Colloquium 30 January 2003](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d385503460f94a11589/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
30 January 2003 Penn State Colloquium Feng 28
Gravity Is Weak
gravity
EM
Str
engt
h
r