bl chapter 1.ppt

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CHAPTER 1

An Introduction to the

Concept of Law in Malasia


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!his %ha&ter'

defines the %on%e&t of la in

)ala*sia in relation to the state

and the +onstit,tion

"B#ECTI$E%


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PRE$IE'

'hat is (Law)* Law in Relation to #ustice Law and Ethics Rule of Law Law+ the %tate and the Constitution

-a in )ala*sia

hat is a /State1

Classification of Law 2,3li% -a

nternational -a

2rivate -a


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LA'

is a 5eans or devi%e to reg,late the e%ono5i% and

so%ial 3ehavio,r of so%iet*

ai5s to &reserve the e%ono5i% and so%ial elfare of

o,r so%iet*

is needed to reg,late and %ontrol the affairs of so%iet*

is a reg,lator* devi%e &roviding the 5e%hanis5 for

so%iet* to f,n%tion thro,gh tools s,%h as legislationand %asela

g,arantees o,r freedo56 ena3les free enter&rise and

&rovides a 5eans to settle dis&,tes a5i%a3l*


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'HAT I% (LA')*

t is a set of r,les that reg,lates intera%tions that

&eo&le have ith ea%h other6 and hi%h sets

standards of %ond,%t 3eteen individ,als and

3eteen individ,als and the govern5ent andhi%h are enfor%ea3le thro,gh san%tion.

!o the la*5an6 la is ,nderstood as 3eing a

general r,le of %ond,%t.

!he Oxford nglish i%tionar* defines la as /the

3od* of ena%ted or %,sto5ar* r,les re%ognied 3*

a %o55,nit* as 3inding.


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Sir :ohn Sal5ond in Jurisprudence, defines

la as'

‘the body of principles re%ognied and a&&lied3* the State in the ad5inistration of j,sti%e;

:ohn A,stin in The Province of Jurisprudence

Determined, des%ri3es la as ‘a command set

3* a s,&erior 3eing to an inferior 3eing andenfor%ed 3* san%tions (&,nish5ents".

'HAT I% (LA')* /cont0


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the ter5 /la is defined 3oth 3* Arti%le $


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Law ai4s to 4aintain 9ustice in societ0

:,sti%e is an a3stra%t idea of right and rong@

fairness and e,alit*. !he ai5 of a given la is to en%o,rage the doing

of hat is right or j,st in a &arti%,lar set of

%ir%,5stan%es.

:,sti%e is hat right5inded 5e53ers of the

%o55,nit* (that is6 those having the right s&irit

ithin the5" 3elieve to 3e fair.

LA' I RELATI" T" #;%TICE


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-a atte5&ts to re&resent hat so%iet*

3elieves is right or fair.

oever6 in its a&&li%ation to a &arti%,lar setof %ir%,5stan%es6 a la 5a* not ala*s

a&&ear to 3e j,st.

LA' I RELATI" T" #;%TICE/cont0


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!he &,r&ose of la is to govern the %ond,%t of all5e53ers of so%iet*6 hilst ethi%s g,ides individ,als inas%ertaining the so,ndness of r,les6 and their i5&a%t,&on relationshi&s.

-a and ethi%s6 tho,gh of different %on%e&ts6 are often

related.

B,sinesses often ,se legal standards in %arr*ing o,ttheir a%tivities and in de%ision5aCing6 3,sinesses alsoado&t %odes of ethi%s or %ond,%t.

LA' A= ETHIC%

Ethics is a3out what is ri6ht and what ou6ht to 3e+not si4pl acceptin6 what is0


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a%%ording to i%e*6 the r,le of la involves thefolloing three &ro&ositions'

10 o person 4ust 3e punished e>cept for a3reach of the law0

20 All persons are e?ual 3efore the law

irrespecti7e of status or position0!0 The ri6hts or freedo4s of citi@ens are

enforcea3le in the courts0

R;LE "5 LA'


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la in )ala*sia6 hi%h %onsists of 2enins,lar

)ala*sia6 Sa3ah and SaraaC6 is one &oliti%al ,nit

3,t it is not governed 3* the sa5e set of las atte5&ts are 5ade to a%hieve ,nifor5it* in the la

thro,gho,t )ala*sia 3,t this is not &ossi3le in all

areas of the la

# linCs ,niting the to &arts of )ala*sia' D the 2arlia5ent

D the Federal +o,rt

LA'+ THE %TATE A= THE C"%TIT;TI"


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legal s*ste5s are ad5inistered al5ost entirel* on

the 3asis of the &oliti%al ,nit Cnon as the State

for international &,r&oses6 )ala*sia is one state ithin )ala*sia6 hoever6 there are thirteen states

ea%h state has a govern5ent and has r,les hi%h

la* don ho shall govern and ho

)ala*sia has a ritten %onstit,tion D Federal

+onstit,tion D the s,&re5e la of the Federation

'HAT I% A (%TATE)*


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Arti%le 4($" of the Federal +onstit,tion'

4. Supreme Law of Federation.

(1) This Constitution is the supreme law of the ederationand any law passed after !ndependence Day which is

inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the e"tent of

the inconsistency be void# las ena%ted 3* 2arlia5ent hi%h are in%onsistent ith

the Federal +onstit,tion 5a* 3e de%lared void 3* the%o,rts

see $ $ethana v The %overnment of &alaysia ' nor

cf, $epco *oldin+s hd v Public Prosecutor

'HAT I% A (%TATE)* /cont0


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73. Extent of Federal and State Laws

!n e"ercisin+ the le+islative powers conferred on it by

this Constitution-

(a) Parliament may ma.e laws for the whole or any

part of the ederation and laws havin+ effect outsideas well as within the ederation

(b) The le+islature of a /tate may ma.e laws for the

whole or any part of that /tate


!he Federal +onstit,tion %onfers legislative &oer to

the Federal 2arlia5ent and the State legislat,res.

Arti%le 7>'


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&arlia5ent 5a* 5aCe las for the hole of )ala*sia

Arti%le 74'

Parliament may ma.e laws with respect to any of thematters enumerated in the Federal List or the

Concurrent List.

The 5ederal List:

$. xternal affairs#. Eational defen%e

>. nternal se%,rit*



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4. +ivil and %ri5inal la and &ro%ed,re and thead5inistration of j,sti%e

=. Federal %itienshi& and nat,raliation@ aliens


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$>. d,%ation

$4. )edi%ine and health

$=. -a3o,r and so%ial se%,rit*$


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#$. Ees&a&ers@ &,3li%ations@ &,3lishers@ &rinting and&rinting &resses

##. +ensorshi&#>. !heatres@ %ine5as@ &,3li% a5,se5ents

#4. Federal ho,sing and i5&rove5ent tr,sts

#=. +oo&erative so%ieties

#


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The Concurrent List:

$. So%ial elfare6 so%ial servi%es6 &rote%tion ofo5en6 %hildren and *o,ng &ersons

#. S%holarshi&s

>. 2rote%tion of ild ani5als and ild 3irds@Eational 2arCs

4. Ani5al h,s3andr*=. !on and %o,ntr* &lanning


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7. 2,3li% health6 sanitation and &revention of diseases

8. rainage and irrigation

9. Reha3ilitation of 5ining land and land hi%h hass,ffered soil erosion

$0. Fire safet* 5eas,res and fire &re%a,tions in the%onstr,%tion and 5aintenan%e of 3,ildings

5atters en,5erated in the +on%,rrent -ist 5a* also

3e the s,3je%t5atter of las 5ade 3* the statelegislat,res

the State -egislat,re 5a* also 5aCe las ithres&e%t to an* of the 5atters in the State -ist



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The %tate List:

$. sla5i% la and &ersonal and fa5il* la of ),sli5s@

)ala* %,sto5s@ offen%es 3* ),sli5s@ S*ariah +o,rts

#. -and

>. Agri%,lt,re and forestr*

4. -o%al govern5ent

=. -o%al servi%es


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7. )a%hiner* of the State ?overn5ent

8. State holida*s

9. Offen%es against State -a

$0. n,iries for State &,r&oses

$$. nde5nit*

$#. !,rtles and riverine fishing



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see &amat bin Daud ' 0rs v %overnment of

&alaysia, etua Pen+arah Jabatan lam

/e.itar ' nor v a2in+ Tube. ' 0rs and otherappeals

if an* state la is in%onsistent ith a Federal

la6 the Federal la shall &revail D Arti%le 7=6

Federal +onstit,tion



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if an* State la is in%onsistent ith a Federal

la6 the Federal la shall &revail and the State

la shall6 to the extent of the in%onsisten%*6 3evoid

State legislat,res have the &oer to 5aCe las

ith res&e%t to an* 5atter not en,5erated in

an* of the -ists set o,t in the Einth S%hed,leand hi%h are not a 5atter in res&e%t of hi%h

2arlia5ent has &oer to 5aCe las



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Ma9or le6al sste4s:

+ivil la

+o55on la SinoDSoviet

sla5i%

ind, !al5,di%

CLA%%I5ICATI"% "5 LA'


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in general6 the legal s*ste5s of the orld are %lassified

into > 5ain t*&es'

a Ci7il law

3 Co44on lawc %ocialist law

the )ala*sian legal s*ste5 is a %o55on la s*ste5

in )ala*sia6 la has 3een %lassified into > 3road

divisions'a Pu3lic law

3 International law

c Pri7ate law

CLA%%I5ICATI"% "5 LA' /cont0


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la hi%h governs the relationshi& 3eteen

individ,als and the state

s,3divided into to %ategories'

a Constitutional law

3 Cri4inal law

%onstit,tional la la*s don the rights of

individ,als in the state %ri5inal la %odifies the vario,s offen%es

%o55itted 3* individ,als against the State

P;BLIC LA'


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3od* of la hi%h is %o5&osed for its greater &art

of the &rin%i&les and r,les of %ond,%t hi%h

states feel the5selves 3o,nd to o3serve6 and%onse,entl* %o55onl* do o3serve6 in their

relations ith ea%h other

s,3divided into to %ategories' D Pu3lic international law

ITERATI"AL LA'


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D Pri7ate international law (/%onfli%t of las"H A &art of 5,ni%i&al laH R,les that g,ide a j,dge hen the las of 5ore

than one %o,ntr* affe%t a %ase

to 5ain so,r%es of international la that affe%t

3,sinesses'

a Custo4ar Rules of International Law3 Treaties and Con7entions

ITERATI"AL LA' /cont0


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5atters that affe%t the rights and d,ties of

individ,als a5ongst the5selves

intended to give %o5&ensation to &ersonsinj,red6 to ena3le &ro&ert* to 3e re%overed fro5

rongdoers6 and to enfor%e o3ligations

(%ontra%ts and tr,sts"

%overs' D Contract D Tort D Trust

PRI$ATE LA' /CI$IL LA'


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Contract 3ased on agree5ent essential ele5ents in a %ontra%t'

PRI$ATE LA' /CI$IL LA' /cont0

$. Offer #. A%%e&tan%e

>. +a&a%it* to %ontra%t

4. Eo 5istaCe6 5isre&resentation or

,nd,e infl,en%e=. O3je%t 5,st 3e laf,l


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Tort

3ased on an o3ligation i5&osed 3* la

a %ivil rong the 3rea%h of a general d,t* hi%h is i5&osed

3* the la (and not agreed 3eteen the

&arties"

re5edia3le 3* a %ivil a%tion for ,nli,idated

da5ages



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an* &erson hose legal right is infringed

5a* s,e that rongdoer

essential ele5ents of a tort'


D there 5,st 3e an a%t or o5ission done

intentionall* or negligentl*

D

there 5,st 3e da5age %a,sed 3* s,%ha%t or o5ission hi%h is not re5ote


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Trust an e,ita3le o3ligation 3inding a &erson (a

trustee" to deal ith &ro&ert* over hi%h hehas %ontrol (trust propert" for the 3enefit of

&ersons (3eneficiaries or cestui 3ue trust) of

ho5 he 5a* hi5self 3e one and an* one of

the 3enefi%iaries 5a* enfor%e the o3ligation



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RE$IE'

E>planation and =efinition of (Law) Law in Relation to #ustice Law and Ethics

Rule of Law Law+ the %tate and the Constitution

-a in )ala*sia

+on%e&t of a /State Classification of Law

2,3li% -a nternational -a

2rivate -a

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