BITUMIN,ASPHALT,GYPSUM

SUBMITTED BY-• AISHWERYA GULATI• BANI • DILKASH• JYOTIJEET• LEESHA

BITUMEN• Bitumen is an oil based substance. 

• It is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product produced by removing the lighter fractions (such as liquid petroleum gas, petrol and diesel) from heavy crude oil during the refining process. • It is correctly known as refined bitumen. 

• In North America, bitumen is commonly known as “asphalt cement” or “asphalt”.

•While elsewhere, “asphalt” is the term used for a mixture of small stones, sand, filler and bitumen, which is used as a road paving material.

• The asphalt mixture contains approximately 5% bitumen. At ambient temperatures bitumen is a stable, semi-solid substance.  

The vast majority of refined bitumen is used in construction: primarily as a constituent of products used in paving and roofing applications.

According to the requirements of the end use bitumen is produced to specification. This is achieved either by refining process or blending.

It is estimated that the current world use of bitumen is approximately 102 million tonnes per year. Approximately 85% of all the bitumen produced is used as the binder in asphalt for roads.

It is also used in other paved areas such as airport runways, car parks and footways.  

Where to be used.?

colour ranges from brown to black.

Bitumen is used in construction as a constituent of products used in paving and roofing applications

SOME EXTRA INFO.

ASPHALT

The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous water proofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ASPHALTS

• Asphaltic Concrete• Bituminous Macadam• Open-graded Asphalt• Stone Mastic Asphalt• Tack coat• Surface treatments

Asphaltic Concrete: a dense, continuously graded mixture of coarse and fine aggregates, mineral filler and bitumen produced hot in a mixing plant. It is delivered, spread and compacted while hot.

Bituminous Macadam: a road with a graded aggregate and bituminous coating, in which the mechanical interlock of the aggregate particles contributes significantly to its strength.

Open-graded Asphalt: an asphaltic mix using aggregates containing only small amounts of fine material and providing a high percentage of air voids.

Stone Mastic Asphalt: a gap-graded wearing course mix with a high proportion of coarse aggregate content which interlocks to form a stone-onstone skeleton to resist permanent deformation.

Tack coat: a thin layer of emulsified or cutback bitumen that bonds a layer of road to the layer beneath. Current practice is to favour the more modem bitumen emulsions in place of cutbacks.

Surface treatments: including dressings and coats, involve spraying a coating of bitumen onto the surface of a wearing course. It can be sprayed as an emulsion, a cutback or a paving grade bitumen. Either a single or double coating of fine aggregates or stone chippings is applied. These treatments are applied to renovate and waterproof old roads that require maintenance.

An example of such a treatment is a fog seal which is a coat of bitumen emulsion applied to an existing surface to seal cracks as a maintenance treatment.

GYPSUMGypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.

It can be used as a fertilizer, is the main constituent in many forms of plaster and is widely mined.

A massive fine-grained white or lightly tinted variety of gypsum, called alabaster, has been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt , Mesopotamia , Ancient Rome, Byzantine empire and the Nottingham alabasters of medieval England. It is the definition of a hardness of 2 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.

It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product of anhydrite.

Uses of Gypsum construction types (residential, non-residential, new or refurbished), ranging from complex high-tech systems to easy to install products adapted for use by the general public.

More than 1,600 million m2 of European interior surfaces are covered every year with plasterboards every year. around 5 million tons of plaster are used in Europe for interior lining. More than 1,500 million m2 of European interior surfaces are covered every year with plasterboards, blocks or plaste

A.    Plasterboard Plasterboard is used for partitions and the lining of walls, ceilings, roofs and floors. The properties of plasterboard can be modified to meet specific requirements, such as fire resistance, humidity resistance, shock resistance, etc. B.  Decorative Plaster Plaster powder, mixed with water, manually or through the use of silo-supplied spraysystems, are used to create an effective and aesthetically-pleasing lining for brick and block walls, and for ceilings.

Gypsum’s adaptability in application lends itself to moulding and shaping. Since time immemorial, Gypsum has been used by skilled craftsmen to create decorative plaster mouldings.  C.    Building plaster Gypsum plaster is used for walls and ceilings.  

  D.    Plaster blocks Gypsum blocks are used for partitions and Gypsum tiles for ceilings.    E.    Gypsum-based self-levelling screeds Anhydrite or Alpha-Hemihydrates are used in the production of self-levelling floor screeds.    F.    Gypsum Fibreboards Gypsum fibreboard is used for partitions and the lining of walls, ceilings, roofs and floors. Standard Gypsum fibreboard offers good performance when it comes to shock resistance, sound insulation and humidity resistance.

GYPSUM FALSE CEILING

GYPSUM FALSE CEILING –The gypsum false ceiling consists of gypsum boards which are fixed over a support system of GI framework. Gypsum, which is hydrated calcium silicate, is available in boards of 9mm, 12.5mm and 15mm thicknesses. The boards are available in sizes of 1200mm x 2400mm.

INSTALLATION –The different parts of the supporting system are –

·    GI suspenders, which are fixed onto the slab above by means of a soffit cleat.·    The suspenders are then fixed onto the Primary channel, which is at 1200mm centre to centre in either direction.·    Below the primary channels are the secondary channels or the ceiling section, which is screwed onto the primary channel. The ceiling sections are spaced at 457mm centre to centre in either direction.·    Perimeter channels are to be fixed onto the walls·   The gypsum boards are screwed onto these ceiling sections with self taping screws.·    The joints of the gypsum boards are finished with a special paper tape over which jointing compound is applied (3 coats of increasing widths of 150mm,300mm and 450mm), to prevent the formation of cracks.

INSTALLATION

Some important Info.MANUFACTURER’S –

India gypsum, Saint Gobain etc.

MOISTURE RESISTANT BOARDS –Moisture resistant boards or MR boards are available for application in areas where there is possibility of moisture content, as normal gypsum boards will deteriorate.

THINGS TO CONSIDER –·  The edges of the boards are to be treated carefully, especially at the junction of horizontal and vertical boards. Special corner beads are available for such applications, to ensure a good finish.·  The jointing between the boards are to be done as specified, to ensure a smooth finish, and also to avoid formation of cracks.

  Item Detail Rate

1 Lloyd Gypsum  111 Waterproof  White Cement  Based  Gypsum Rs.350.00 / 25 Kg. Bag

2 Lloyd Gypsum  222 Waterproof  Grey  Cement  Based  Gypsum Rs. 300.00/25 Kg.Bag

3 Lloyd Gypsum  333 Perlite  Based  100 %  Pure  Natural  Gypsum

Rs. 175.00 /25 Kg. Bag

4 Lloyd Gypsum  444 Vermiculite  Based 100 % Pure  Natural  Gypsum

Rs. 165.00 / 25Kg.Bag

5 Lloyd Gypsum  555 Stucco  Plaster Rs.135.00/20 Kg.Bag

6 Lloyd Gypsum 666 SBR  Bonding  Agent  Rs. 250.00 / Litre

PRICING

Gypsum

MERITS It is used as pattern

material. Caries high compression

strength. It forms a thick surface

to resist normal knocks after drying.

It is easy to spread and level

It easily mixes up with water.

DEMERITS It is not used for

external finish as it can not be used in damp finish.

Cement cannot be mixed with gypsum.

It cannot be used in moist situations.

Labour cost for gypsum appling is high.

ASPHALT

MERITS One of the first advantages

of asphalt driveways is that they are more weather resistant than concrete.

Another advantage of asphalt is their flexibility.

If cracked, they are far easier to repair.

One of the best advantages of asphalt driveways is their cost. They are usually cheaper to install.

Demerits Asphalt pavement requires

more maintenance than concrete.

Every three to five years, asphalt pavement must be resealed to prevent cracking.

When asphalt is not laid properly, it is prone to cracks and pitting.

In order for traditional asphalt to be used, it must first be heated to 250 to 350 degrees which is not sustainable.

BITUMEN

MERITS

Extremely flexible: bitumen enhanced with a thermoplastic elastomer.

Eco-friendly Contains no dissolvers, aromas,

PVC. Loose laid: no need for

permanent glue A waterproof material Hardly deformable Flexible Skid resistance Easy maintenance reduces

traffic disruption

DEMERITS

One of the first disadvantages of asphalt driveways is their strength. You should never allow heavy machinery on your driveway if it is made from bitumen.

Another disadvantage of asphalt driveways deals with heat. If you live in a hot climate, you should think twice about having a driveway that is made from bitumen.

Most bitumen driveways will only last approximately 15 years.

They require much more maintenance.

THANK

YOU..