bit & hydrolic
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PetroleumTRANSCRIPT
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IPM IDPT
Bits and Holemaking
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Introduction
Drilling bits selection is crucial to the performance of all drilling projects.
Understanding the different types of bits and their respective applications is a pre-requisite to bit selection.
Holemaking involves not only the right bit in the right application but also running it with the right operating parameters.
Given that bit technology continues to improve at a rapid pace, well engineers must stay abreast of the latest developments to ensureoptimum bit selection.
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Session ObjectivesAt the end of this training session, you will be able to:
• List the different type of bits• Describe the different rock failure mechanism• Describe the IADC (International Association of
Drilling Contractors) bit classification and dull bit evaluation code
• Describe the effect of change in weight on bit, rpm, hole size, mud weight and solids content on bit performance
• Perform bit economics• Select bits based on offset well data• Interpret Drill-Off Tests
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Types
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Types
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact)
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
8 mm11 mm13 mm16 mm19 mm
Cutting Elements - PDC
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Natural Diamond
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
IPM
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Cutting Elements – Natural Diamond
• Natural Diamonds• Size• Shape• Quality
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
TSP (Thermally Stable Polycrystalline)
IPM
Courtesy of
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Cutting Elements - TSP
Courtesy of
• TSP
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Impregnated Diamond
IPM
Courtesy of
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Cutting Elements - Impregnated
• Impregnated Diamond Blades
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Types
Alternative Names
Rock BitTri-Cone™
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Mill Tooth Bits
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
IPM
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Cutting Elements – Mill Tooth
• Teeth and Hardfacing
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Insert Bits
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
IPM
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Cutting Elements - Insert
• Tungsten Carbide Inserts
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Mill Tooth - Roller Bearing
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Mill Tooth/Insert – Journal Bearing
Drill Bits
FixedCutter
RollerCone
InsertMill ToothDiamondP D C
NaturalDiamond
ImpregnatedDiamondT S P
RollerBearing
JournalBearing
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Rock Failure Mechanisms
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Failure Mechanisms
PDC BITPDC BITCONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
SHEARINGSHEARING
ROLLER CONE BITCYCLIC COMPRESSION
– Compressive Failure
Failure Mechanisms
• Shear Failure
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Rock Strength
• Shear Strength
• Compressive Strength
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drilling Mechanisms
• Compressive Failure
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drilling Mechanisms
• Shear Failure
PDC BITPDC BITCONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
SHEARINGSHEARING
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drilling Mechanisms
• Shear/Compressive Failure
NATURAL DIAMONDOR IMPREG BIT
CONTINUOUSCRUSHING
& ABRASION
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drilling Mechanisms vs Bit Type
Impregnated DiamondGrinding
Natural DiamondPloughing
PDCShearing
InsertChipping and Crushing
Mill ToothGouging & Scraping
Courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Classification
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Classification – Roller Cone517G
Soft Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength and High
Drillability1
Medium to Medium Hard Formations w ith
High Compressive Strength
2Hard Semi-Abrasive
and Abrasive Formations
3Soft Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength and High
Drillability4
Soft to Medium Formations w ith Low Compressive Strength
5Medium Hard
Formations w ith High Compressive Strength
6Hard Semi-Abrasive
and Abrasive Formations
7Extremely Hard and Abrasive Formations 8
INSERT BITS
STEEL TOOTH
BITS
Cutting Structure Series Cutting Structure Type (1 to 4)
1 refers to the softest formation in a
particular Series and 4 refers to the
hardest formation within the Series
Bearing/Gauge Description
Standard Roller
Bearing1
Roller Bearing Air
Cooled2
Roller Bearing Gauge
Protected3
Sealed Roller
Bearing4
Sealed Roller Brg -
Gauge Protected
5Sealed Friction Bearing
6Sealed
Frction Brg Gauge
Protected7
Features Available (Optional)
A - Air ApplicationB - Special Bearing SealC - Center JetD - Deviation ControlE - Extended NozzlesG - Gauge/Body ProtectionH - Horizontal Steering Appl.J - Jet DeflectionL - Lug PadsM - Motor ApplicationS - Standard Steel ToothT - Two Cone BitW - Enhanced Cutting StructureX - Predominantly Chisel Tooth InsertY - Conical Tooth InsertZ - Other Shape Insert
8-1/2” EHP 51
Ref: SPE 23937 The IADC Roller Bit Classification System
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Classification – Fixed CutterM432
Body Material Steel or Matrix.
Cutter Density PDC: 1 to 4, diamond bits: 6 to 8(the lower the number, the lighter set the bit). Cutter Size/Type For PDC cutter, 1 indicates >24 mm, 2
12-1/4” DS66H is between 14 and 24 mm, 3 is between 8 and 14 mm and 4 is smaller than 8. For diamond bits, 1 represents natural diamond, 2 is for TSP, 3 is a combination of natural diamond and TSP and 4 is for impregnated. Profile The final digit indicates the general body style and varies from 1 (flat profile) to 4 (long flanked turbine style).
Fixed cutter IADC codes are intended only to provide a means for characterizing the general physical appearance of fixed cutter drill bits. Unlike the IADC classification for roller bits, these codes do not represent an application guideline.
Ref: SPE 23940 Development of a New IADC Fixed Cutter Drill Bit Classification System
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC CodesTooth
2
1
3
1-1
IPM
Soft
1-3
2-1Hard
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Codes
14-1
IPM
Tooth
Soft
Insert2 4
3 5
6
7 8-3Hard
8
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Codes
Soft
Hard
Tooth PDC
IPM
1
8
7
6
4
5
Insert2
1
3
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Codes
Diamond
PDCTooth
IPM
Soft
Hard 8
7
6
4
5
Insert
1
2
3
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Codes
Soft
Hard
Tooth
ImpregnatedDiamond
Diamond
PDC
IPM
1
8
7
6
4
5
Insert2
1
3
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
The International Association of Drilling Contractors has developed a standard methodology for describing used bits. This information is essential for detailed bit performance analysis.
The methodology is composed of an 8 character code that describes bit wear and the reason why the bit was pulled.
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
Cutting Structure B G RemarksREASON PULLED
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
Cutting Structure B G RemarksREASON PULLED
The cutting structure is graded from 0 to 8 depending on the proportion of cutting structure lost (0 = Intact, 8 = 100% worn).
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
Inner Cutting Structure (All Inner Rows)
Outer Cutting Structure (Gauge Row Only)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Cone 2Cone 3
Cone 1
IPM Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
Cutting Structure B G RemarksREASON PULLED
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone BitsBF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics
*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4
Note that this is for the Primary dull characteristics.
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Fixed Cutter – Main Wear Characteristics
NO WEAR(NO)
WORNCUTTER
(WT)
BROKENCUTTER
(BT)
LOSTCUTTER
(LT)
EROSION(ER)
POST OR STUDCUTTERS
BONDFAILURE
(BF)
NO WEAR(NO)
WORNCUTTER
(WT)
BROKENCUTTER
(BT)
LOSTCUTTER
(LT)
CYLINDERCUTTERS BOND
FAILURE(BF)
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some ExamplesFixed Cutter BitsBF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics BU - Balled Up
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
Roller Cone Bits*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4BU – Balled Up Bit
(primary)CD – Cone Dragged
(secondary)Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some ExamplesFixed Cutter BitsBF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics CT – Chipped Cutter
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some ExamplesFixed Cutter BitsBF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics
LT – Lost Cutter
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
Roller Cone Bits*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4 BT – Broken Teeth/Cutters
Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some ExamplesFixed Cutter BitsBF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics
La
RO – Ring Out
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
Roller Cone Bits*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4JD – Junk Damage
Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some ExamplesFixed Cutter BitsBF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics
WT – Worn Cutters
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
Roller Cone Bits*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4 SD - Shirttail Damage
Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
TR - Tracking
Roller Cone Bits*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
Roller Cone Bits*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4SS – Self Sharpening Wear
Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Dull Characteristics – Some Examples
Roller Cone Bits*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4ER – Erosion
Ref : IADC Drilling Manual – Eleventh Edition
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
REASON PULLED
Cutting Structure RemarksB G
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
C - Cone N - NoseT - Taper S - ShoulderG - Gauge
N - Nose RowM - Middle RowG - Gauge RowA - All Rows
Cone 1, 2 or 3
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
Cutting Structure B G RemarksREASON PULLED
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone Bits
This box is for roller cone bits. Fixed cutter bits will always be designated by "X".
Non Sealed BearingsA linear scale estimating bearing life used. (0 -No life used, 8 - All life used, i.e., no bearing life remaining.)
Sealed BearingsE - Seals EffectiveF - Seals FailedN - Not Able to Grade
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
Cutting Structure B G RemarksREASON PULLED
For all Bits
The letter “I” is used to designate bits that are in gauge.
If the bit is under gauge, the amount is recorded to the nearest 1/16” of an inch. For example, if the bit is 1/8” under gauge, this is reported as 2/16 or often only as 2.
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
Cutting Structure B G RemarksREASON PULLED
BF - Bond Failure BT - Broken Cutters BU - Balled Up CT - Chipped Cutters ER - Erosion HC - Heat Checking JD - Junk Damage LN - Lost Nozzle LT - Lost Cutter NR - Not Rerunable PN - Plugged Nozzle RG - Rounded Gauge RO - Ring Out RR - Rerunable SS - Self Sharpening Wear TR - Tracking WO - Washed Out Bit WT - Worn Cutters NO - No Dull Characteristics
Fixed Cutter Bits Roller Cone BitsThis is for the Secondary dull char. and it uses the same codes as for the Primary dull char.
*BC - Broken ConeBF - Bone FailureBT - Broken Teeth/CuttersBU - Balled Up Bit*CC - Cracked Cone*CD - Cone DraggedCI - Cone InterferenceCR - CoredCT - Chipped Teeth/Cutters SS -ER - ErosionFC - Flat Crested WearHC - Heat CheckingJD - Junk Damage*LC - Lost Cone
LN - Lost NozzleLT - Lost Teeth/CuttersOC - Off-Center WearPB - Pinched BitPN - Plugged Nozzle/Flow PassageRG - Rounded GaugeRO - Ring Out SD - Shirttail Damage
Self Sharpening WearTR - TrackingWO - Washed Out BitWT - Worn Teeth/CuttersNO - No Dull Characteristic
* Show Cone under Location 4
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
IADC Bit Dull Grading Code
INNER ROWS
OUTERROWS
DULL CHAR
LOCA-TION
BRNG/ SEALS
GAUGE 1/16”
OTHER CHAR
Cutting Structure B G RemarksREASON PULLED
For All Bits
HP - Hole Problems HR - Hours PP - Pump Pressure PR - Penetration Rate TD - Total Depth/Casing Point TQ - Torque TW - Twist Off WC - Weather Conditions WO - Washout -DrillString
BHA - Change Bottom Hole Assembly DMF - Down hole Motor Failure DSF - Drill String Failure DST - Drill Stem Test DTF - Down hole Tool Failure RIG - Rig Repair CM - Condition Mud CP - Core Point DP - Drill Plug FM - Formation Change
Ref : Reed Hycalog PDC & Roller Cone Product Technology Reference Information
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Key to Dull Bit Grading: Grade a Lot of Dulls !
Photo courtesy of
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drilling Parameters vs Bit Performance
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Chip Formation• Tooth load overcomes rock compressive strength,
generates crater• Scraping helps to remove chips from craters.
CutterCutter
FormationFormation
Borehole pressure causes chip hold down effect
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Chip Removal
FormationFormation
CutterCutter
61 Courtesy of
• Removal of chips is required to allow for new chip formation
Hydraulics help to remove chips
Bits and HolemakingIPM
WOB (Weight on Bit) Response
CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL
RO
P
00 WEIGHT on BIT
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
RPM Response
CHIP CREATION CHIP REMOVAL
RO
P
00 RPM
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Effects of Offset or Skew
– 0º - 2º– Reduced Gage Scraping– More Durable– Slower Drilling–Abrasive / Hard Formations
Reduced Offset– 3º - 5º– Increased Gage Scraping– Less Durable– Faster Drilling– Soft / Sticky Formations
Increased Offset
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
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ROP vs OverbalanceData based on 7-7/8” bit with 30 klbs at 60 RPM
IPM
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Economics
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drilling Bit Economics - Cost per Foot
DtttCCC tcbrb
f ∆+++
=)(
fCbCrCbtctttD∆
Cost per foot ($/ft)
Cost of the bit ($)
Where:
If a mud motor is being used, the cost can be added to the operation
spread rate
Operation spread rate ($/day)
Time rotating (hrs)
Time for connections(hrs)
Round trip time (hrs)Footage drilled
Ref: SPE Applied Drilling Engineering, 1986 Edition
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drilling Bit Economics - Cost per Foot
fCbCrC
ttD∆
Cost per foot ($/ft)
Cost of the bit ($)
Where: DttCCC tdrb
f ∆++
=)(
dtOperation spread rate ($/day)
Time drilling (hrs) Combining rotating and circulating time
Round trip time (hrs)Footage drilled
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Selection
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Application Spectrum
Formation Compressive Strength
Pene
trat
ion
Rat
ePDC
Mill ToothInsert
Impreg& NaturalDiamond
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DP
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Selection Process
Which Which One ?One ?
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Selection - PDC
Advantages• Very Fast ROP• Long Life Potential
Considerations• Impact Damage• Abrasiveness• Stability
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Selection – Tooth Bit
Advantages• Fast ROP• Good Stability• Economic
Considerations• Tooth Wear Rate• Bearing Life
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Selection – Insert Bits
Advantages• Cutting Structure Durability• Range of Formations• Interbed Tolerance• Steerability and Stability
Considerations• Slower ROP• Bearing Life
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Bit Selection – Natural & Impreg Diamond Bits
Advantages• Very Durable• Hard Rock Capability• Low Junk-in-Hole Risk
Considerations• Slower ROP• RPM Sensitivity• High Cost Applications
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
The Bit Selection Process
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
What Do We Look At?
Geology
LimitationsLimitations
Offset DataObjectives
Other
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Geology - Lithological Analysis
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• Vibration in Grid Sandstone
• Balling in Horda and Balder
• Pyrite in Balder and below• Stringers (40k psi)• Abrasive sands
• Hard Ekofisk Limestone
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Lithological Analysis
Potential Difficulties
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Structural Geology
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Structural Geology
FaultsIn the Cusiana/Cupiaguafields of Colombia, thesame formation is muchharder & abrasive below the fault.
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Bits and HolemakingIPM
Geology – Example of Local Feature
Bunter Sandstone (UK southern North Sea)Locally within Block 48 there is a hard, baked“crust” on the top of this formation which makesPDC application extremely risky. In adjacentBlocks this feature is not present and the intervalcan be effectively drilled with light-set, aggressivePDC bits.
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What Do We Look At?
Geology
LimitationsLimitations
Offset DataObjectives
Other
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Anadrill MWD/LWD BIT RUN SUMMARYPAGE 1 OF 4
JOB NUMBER COMPANY REP. DATE IN DATE OUT MWD RUN NO. LWD RUN NO. RIG BIT RUN NO. CELL MGR.
01-Nov-00COMPANY HOLE DEPTH - FROM TO COLLAR SIZE SONIC
MWD CDRRIG NAME DRIFT - FROM TO LAST CASING
SIZE DEPTHWELL NAME AZIMUTH - FROM TO BIT MFG / MODEL / IADC CODE
LOCATION HOLE SIZE WATER DEPTH DOWNHOLE MOTOR TYPE / SIZE / SN
FRAME FORMAT USED / DTL MAG DEC / GRID T/F ARC T/F ANGLE BENT HOUSING ANGLE PUMPING HOURS FT/M DRILLED
BIT-TO-SURVEY MODULATOR GAP BENT SUB ANGLE TRANS FAIL RT TRANS HOURS RT TRANS FT/M
YES NOBIT-TO-M1 0 ROP B DEPTH TO GR-RES DEN-POR SON VALT / FLOW-MIN. VALT / FLOW-MAX LWD REAM HOURS LWD REAM FT/M
BIT GRADING-MEL CONE LOCK PUMP OUTPUT / TYPE JETS / TFA LWD DRILL HOURS LWD DRILL FT/M
TEETH YES NO GAUGEIADC CUTTING STRUCTURE B G REMARKS EQUIV. DRILLING
INNER ROW N/A
OUTER ROW N/A
DULL CHAR N/A LOCATION N/A
BRNG/SEALS N/A
GAUGE 1 /1 6° N/A
OTHER CHAR N/A
REASON PULLED TD TIME
SOFTWARE VERSION BOT LWD BELOW ROTARY
IDEAL ADVISOR SPM Isonic M-1 0 CDR ADN HRS. HRS.
MWD PUMPING HOURS LWD PUMPING HOURS REAL TIME RECORDED TIMECODE S/N START CUM CODE S/N START CUM HRS Fail Y/N FT/M HRS Fail Y/N FT/M
MMA TEMP
MTA DWOB
MEA DTORBHA/ MDI MAG
ACC
SHK
GRA CDEA TRAN
TAARGEH/ CDEH SUR
PRSRGAS/ CDAS CDRES 1338
DFS CDLDS CDRGR 1338DFS RGCS CDR TEMP 1338MDC RGLS CDR ECD 1338
SLK RNGS CDR S HK 1338
SZR NDDC LWD S ON 1338RES NDPC FLS DSS DLS CDR ADN SONIC
NDPH FLW DSW DLW CDW CDW
ISS NDSE CDR RECORDED ONLY CDN RECORDED ONLY
MSB NDSS READ-OUT PORT TO BIT:
BSS NDPS CDR # # ADN M-1 0
XOS NDLX CHECK SHOT TYPE:
CSB ISONIC DC&E DEPTH: INCL: AZI:
OPERATING CONDITIONSAVG ROP (m/hr) AVG RPM AVG PP (bar) AVG LPM END VIS END MUD WT. (sg ) END MUD RES MUD ADDITIVES LCM
LCM HEMATITE TYPEBIT/SEC / CARRIER MAX CIRC TEMP (°C) AVG WOB (T) AVG TORQ (kNm) MAX MWD SHOCK MAX SHOCK DUR. TDH SHOCK BEADS BARITE SIZE
3bps / 12Hz NONE GILSONITE CONC lb /BBLMUD TYPE MUD CLEAN SAND % SOLID % BHA TYPE
F-FRESH H20 L-LIGNO O-OIL%__ 80 S-SALT H2 O B-BUILD M-MOTOR S- STEERABLE
K-KCL M-LIME MURREX P-POLYMER X-_ __ __ __ _ YES NO H-PACKED HOLE P-PENDULUM X-OTHERTURBINE JAMMING TOOL JAMMING SYNC TIME BIT TYPE MOD TYPE
ROTOR PRT. NO. STATOR PRT. NO. D-DIAMOND P-PDC A-PDC A N-NORMAL M3
YES NO TIME MINS. I-INSERT M-MILL TOOTH X-__ __ __ __ S-SINUSOIDAL M10COLLAR NOISE PROBLEMS PRES INCR AT FAIL FLOAT SUB LOST RIG TIME SURF. SYS FAIL TRIP TERM DUE CLIENT SURFACE BHA VIBRATION SURFACE
NORMAL SURFACE NONE DUE TO MWD DIRECTLY TO MWD INCONVENIENCE VIBRATION SCREEN
OTHER DOWNHOLE YES NO YES NO HRS YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NO YES NOSUMMARY
1338
M10
2
85 4 12 - - 203
33 150 200 3500 28 1.45 OBM
827 0 70
SON 33.45 10.85
ENP 001 0 70IWOB
N
70 NENP 001 0 70
N70
0 7011779 707070 N
1338
70 N
-70 N
387 0 70023 0 700 70 N 133870 RGM 8989MSSC JC 304063-3 0
70MSSC GB 77715-4 0--626 0 70
N
70 -
5.0C05 6.0x05 30
865 0 70 70
ID6_1x_12r N/A 6.1C-05 5.0B10
1312m
N/A N/A 13.2 LPS / TRIPLEX 8*13 / 1.037
2578 / 3550 2734 / 3566 1 26m
-3.60° / -1.380°
0.12 N/A 70
15/6-A-2-H 179.89° 336.47°
111.4m
Statoil 1277m 2589m ADN
B. Ribesen
8 1/4" 8 1/4" 8 1/4"
306-Nov-00 3 1
N/A N/A N/A
6.0B42
1.5 20
N
100
1270 m
40
1312m
PowerDrive900 / 9 1/4" / 90004
1312m
13 3/8"
70
Reed-Hycalog/DS130B1DF+NSUV/24510
Glitne
13.24m
40
411 0
-
12 1/4"
20078 Hans J. Rusnes
70
Byford Dolphin 32.15° 41.77°
2012-2014
10.85m 22.21/18.86/34.74/35.97/28
Wireline Logs and Mud Logs
Morning Reports and BHA Reports
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Offset Data – Bit RecordsWELL NAME : 15/5-5Run Bit Type Size Mnf Bit Name IADC TFA In Out Meters Hours ROP RPM WOB Flow SPP BitNo inch in2 m m m m/hr ton ton l/min l/min bar bar I O DC1 Mill Tooth 17.5 SEC SS44GLTJ 135M 0.838 210 210 74 7.4 10.0 19 88 0 14 1750 4150 16 95 HO 36 GRNT 6980 0.920 210 210 74 7.4 10.0 19 88 0 14 1750 4150 16 952 Mill Tooth 24 HTC ATX-CG1 115 1.595 210 210 0 1.2 0.0 11 50 5 11 3542 3600 51 553 Mill Tooth 17.5 STC MSDGHC 135 1.181 210 1000 790 16.5 47.9 45 95 0 22 3522 4432 100 180 2 3 NO4 PDC 12.25 HYC DS70HFG S424 0.752 1000 1549 549 19.4 28.3 122 165 0 20 2110 2560 157 190 8 6 RO5 Insert 8.5 HTC ATMGT-P09D 437 0.518 1549 2158 609 17.4 35.0 90 132 1 15 2500 2600 236 305 5 4 BT6 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2158 2176 18 1.0 18.0 80 107 2 10 1300 1300 62 987 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2176 2182 6 0.5 12.0 50 83 2 11 1300 1300 58 95 1 2 CT8 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2182 2200 18 1.3 13.8 80 104 1 2 832 832 50 76 1 4 CT9 Insert 8.5 HTC ATMGT-P09D 437 0.518 2200 2645 445 22.3 20.0 70 123 0 18 1360 1590 219 268 6 6 BT
WELL NAME : 15/5-6Run Bit Type Size Mnf Bit Name IADC TFA In Out Meters Hours ROP RPM WOB Flow SPP BitNo inch in2 m m m m/hr ton ton l/min l/min bar bar I O DC1 Mill Tooth 17.5 SEC SS33SGJ4 115M 1.117 134 196 62 7.9 7.8 70 90 2 5 4900 145 2 2 WT HO 26 Darrot HO 114 0.746 134 196 62 7.9 7.8 70 90 2 5 4900 1452 Mill Tooth 17.5 SEC SS33SGJ4 115M 1.117 196 200 4 1.0 4.0 70 70 4 7 4100 1063 Mill Tooth 17.5 RTC MS11GC 115 1.117 200 1002 802 21.9 36.6 120 140 1 9 4150 210 2 2 WT4 Mill Tooth 12.25 STC MSDGH 135 2.111 982 1005 23 3.0 7.7 70 80 3 10 2585 69 3 3 CD5 PDC 8.5 HYC DS56DGJV M432 0.720 1005 2180 1175 23.7 49.6 165 177 1 6 2562 210 1 1 CT6 Core 8.5 DBS CD93 M626 0.700 2180 2205 25 1.8 13.9 80 120 2 4 941 53 1 1 NO7 PDC 8.5 HYC DS56DGJV RR M432 0.720 2205 2725 520 17.1 30.4 114 176 1 12 2550 240 2 2 WT
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1983 1986 1990
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Offset Data - AnalysisBit Depth Out Interval Hours R.O.P. Dull Condition ATX11H 2253 1311 69 19 2 2 BT M E I No HR ATM22 2729 0 0 0 0 0 A E 0 TD ATM22 2729 476 77 6.2 8 7 BT A E 2 BT PR ATM22 2816 87 19 4.6 4 4 CT H E 1 JD TD
1st Run: Pulled too early2nd Run: No footage3rd Run: Major cutting structure damage4th Run: Junk damage?AlmostAlmost a two bit section
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Offset Data - Parameters Analysis
ROP v Average Torque v Depth
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1247
0
1252
5
1258
0
1263
5
1269
0
1274
5
1280
0
1285
5
1291
0
1296
5
1302
0
1307
5
1313
0
1318
5
1324
0
1329
5
1335
0
1340
5
1346
0
1351
5
1357
0
1362
5
1368
0
1373
5
1379
0
1384
5
1390
0
1395
5
1401
0
RO
P (fp
h)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Torq
ue (K
ft/lb
s)
ROP Average Torque
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Offset Data – Benchmarking
• Average well performance
• Average interval performance
• Average single run performance
• Selected Averages (Best or most recent)
• Selected Averages (by other data)
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What Do We Look At?
Objectives
Other
Geology
Offset Data
LimitationsLimitations
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Defining the Objective
• Ask the customer(s) what they want!!!
• Durability, ROP, Directional, Cost,Dull Condition, Hours, (usually all)
• Determine the feasibility
• Finalize and agree upon objectives
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What Do We Look At?
Geology
LimitationsLimitations
Offset Data
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Objectives
Other
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Recognizing the Limitations
• Operational restrictions (rig specs, etc)
• Contractual restrictions
• Economic restrictions
• Changing the mindset
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What Do We Look At?
Offset Data
Other
Objectives
Geology
LimitationsLimitations
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Other Factors (Mud)
• Mud Properties (base fluid, density, additives, etc)
• Bit Hydraulics (especially critical in WBM)
• Maximum/Minimum Flowrates
• Mud lubricity (effects on vibration & Impreg Bits)
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Other Factors
ROP & Mud Weight vs Well
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00
10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00
D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 D17 D18 D19 D20 D21 D22 D24 D24st
Well Number
RO
P (ft/hr)
ave rop
mud wt
-2.00-1.80
-1.40
-0.40-0.20
-1.60
-1.20
-0.80-1.00
-0.60
-0.00
Mud W
eight
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Other Factors• Logistics
• Remote locations require large inventory load out
• Contingency Planning • Need to cover all potential possibilities• Can only be achieved by effective communications
• Economics• Potential impact on TOTAL revenue
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Drill-off Tests
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drill-off TestThe drill-off test is a simple and practical procedure proposed by Lubinski (1).
It has little or no impact on the rig time and the results are immediately apparent.
The objective is to find the combination of WOB and RPM which will yield the highest ROP.
All it requires is a watch with a seconds hand, a tally book and a pencil.
(1) Proposal for Future Tests, A Lubinski - The Petroleum Engineer, Jan 1958
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Drill-off Test Procedure1. Determine the max WOB which can be applied given your bit
size/type & BHA.
2. Select three RPM’s at which you will conduct the test.
3. Ask the driller to apply the first RPM and to gradually bring the WOB up to the maximum recommended. If the maximum WOB is not achieved before high torque levels or vibrations occur, then settle for a lower WOB.
4. Ask the driller to chain the break down and allow the WOB to drill off. Write down the time taken to drill off each 2 Klb. The least time taken in seconds to drill off gives the WOB that willgive the highest ROP at that RPM.
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Drill-off Test Procedure (cont.)
5. Test the other two RPM’s the same way.
6. Once the tests are completed, check with time based MWD shock data (if available) to see if unstable drilling conditionsexisted at particular WOB and RPM combinations – see InTouch Best Practice: Shocks and Drilling Optimization.http://intouchsupport.com/intouch/MethodInvokerpage.cfm?caseid=3287483
7. Select on the basis of the drill off test and shock data the optimum WOB and RPM.
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Drill-off Test Example
Need to be completed.
Bits and HolemakingIPM
Session ObjectivesAt the end of this training session, you will be able to:
• List the different type of bits• Describe the different rock failure mechanism• Describe the IADC (International Association of
Drilling Contractors) bit classification and dull bit evaluation code
• Describe the effect of change in weight on bit, rpm, hole size, mud weight and solids content on bit performance
• Perform bit economics• Select bits based on offset well data• Interpret Drill-Off Tests