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110002 110002 110002 110002 ManakBhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002

__________________________________________________________________________________________

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23233375 textiles.bis@gmail.com 23239402

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23231282 Website: www.bis.org.in : Phones 23230131 email: txd@bis.org.in Grams: Manaksanstha

23233375 textiles.bis@gmail.com 23239402

DRAFT IN WIDE

CIRCULATION

DOCUMENT DESPATCH ADVICE

Ref. Date

TXD 34/T-05 15 01 2014

TECHNICAL TEXTILES FOR BUILD TECH SECTIONAL COMMITTEE, TX 34

INTERESTED MEMBERS OF TEXTILE DIVISION COUNCIL, TXDC

ALL MEMBERS OF TX 34

ALL OTHER INTERESTED

Dear Sir(s)

Please find enclosed the following draft:

1) Textiles Synthetic Fibers for reinforcement in concrete for use in

construction works Specification [Doc: TX 34 (1145)]

Kindly examine this draft standard and forward your views stating any difficulty

which you are likely to experience in your business or profession, if thisis finally adopted as

Indian Standard.

Last date for Comments: 1504 2014

Comments, if any may please be made in the enclosed format and mailed to the

undersigned at the above address or at e-mail textiles.bis@gmail.com or at fax 011-

23231282.

Thanking you,

Yours faithfully,

(PrabhakarRai)

Sc-E & Head (Textiles)

Encl :As above

Draft for Comments Only

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

(Not to be reproduced or used as the Indian Standard without the prior permission of

BIS)

DOC: TX 34 (1145)

Draft Indian Standard

Textiles Synthetic Fibers for reinforcement in concrete for use in

construction works - Specification FOREWORD

0.1 To support current high GDP growth in India, proper growth of infrastructural is very

essential. From residential and commercial complexes, to surface transport and aviation, SEZ

or entertainment and hospitality industry, concrete structures are a must and have to be built

up at a faster pace and preserved for its serviceability for longer periods. For such longer

durability, plastic shrinkage cracks as well as the drying shrinkage and temperature cracks in

structures are one of the major issues that need immediate attention of the structural

engineers, builders, consultants and regulatory authorities.

0.2 Infrastructure is the backbone of development of any country which needs strong

construction that can last without maintenance for longer period of time. But traditional

concrete tends to be brittle and needs ductility to come up to expectations of performance.

The weakness in tension in concrete can be overcome to some extent by the inclusion of a

sufficient volume of synthetic fibres. The use of synthetic fibres also alters the behaviour of

the fibre-matrix composite after it has cracked, thereby improving its toughness considerably,

that is, fibre-reinforced concrete is able to sustain load at deflections or strains much greater

than those at which cracking first appears in the matrix. Synthetic fibers are added to concrete

to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking of reinforced concrete and structural plain concrete

and/or to reduce shrinkage and temperature cracking in structural plain concrete slabs on

grade.The fibers may be used in concrete over steel deck construction as well as in fire-

resistive construction on steel decks.

0.3 The dampness in construction leads to mould, mildew and fungus growth on the painted /

whitewashed side of walls and ceilings and can lead to spread of serious diseases like

pneumonia, etc. for the inhabitants of buildings. In addition, the dampness inside the building

can lead to other serious diseases for inhabitants like arthritis, etc. Such dampness on the

inside walls and ceilings of pharmaceutical and other healthcare industries can lead to of

infection of medicines, drugs and healthcare / hygiene products which ultimately could be

very dangerous to the users and the patients. The dampness of buildings can also lead to

premature failure of structures due to degradation of concrete structures. Also, non-

homogenous mix of concrete results in lower life. It is, therefore, essential to utilize materials

that can enhance durability of structures by minimizing cracks and subsequent seepage of

water as well as degradation of concrete. These problems can be avoided by secondary

reinforcement of concrete through synthetic fibres like specially developed polyester, nylon

and polypropylene fibres. Secondary reinforcement with synthetic fibres is used in

infrastructural construction world over since long. With secondary reinforcement, life of

structure can be increased by more than 25% and up to 100 % in certain cases. Therefore,

developing a national standard on use of polyester, nylon and polypropylene fibres in

construction needs no emphasis.

0.4 The hot and humid climatic conditions prevalent in India and saline water used in

construction leads to rapid deterioration of traditional concrete structures which generally

lack certain fundamental properties such as flexural toughness and resistance to moisture and

water absorption that results in corrosion of steel reinforcement leading to failure of

structures. Fiber reinforced concrete has many advantages such as improved crack resistance

and flexural strength; minimized drying shrinkage cracks; higher fatigue life; more ductility,

improved modulus; increased abrasion and impact resistance and toughness of surface;

improved compressive and tensile strength; etc. It also provides homogeneous concrete mix

with reduced seepage of water; better abrasion resistance; improved shatter resistance; longer

durability; etc. Rebound loss which is up to a maximum of 25 % in plastering and shotcrete,

can be reduced up to 50% using fibers leading to cost reduction.

0.5 For the effective use of fibres in hardened concrete:

a) Fibres should be significantly stiffer than the matrix, i.e. have a higher modulus of elasticity than the matrix.

b) Fibre content by volume must be adequate. c) There must be a good fibre-matrix bond. d) Fibre length must be sufficient. e) Fibres must have a high aspect ratio, i.e. they must be long relative to their diameter

and the fibre should not have tendency to balling.

1. SCOPE

This standard prescribes physical, application and functional requirements for synthetic fibers

such as polyester, nylon and polypropylene fibres, etc. for use as admixture of concrete for

secondary reinforcement in construction works such as concrete roads and pavements,

industrial and commercial floorings, residential and commercial buildings, bridges and

elevated structures, water retaining structures and dams, ports and undersea concrete

structures, etc.

Note - Refer IS 456 and IS 457 for use of fiber reinforced concrete for above end use applications.

2. REFERENCES

The Indian standards given in Annex A contain provisions which, through reference in this

text, constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated

were valid. All standards are subject to revision and parties to agreement based on this

standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of

the standards.

3. TERMINOLOGY 3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the terminology given in 3.1 to 3.15 shall apply.

3.1 Synthetic Fibers - Straight or deformed pieces of extruded, orientated and cut material which are suitable to be homogeneously mixed into concrete or mortar for use for secondary

reinforcement in concrete for various constructional applications.Synthetic fibers are fibers

manufactured from polymer-based materials such as polypropylene, nylon and polyethylene

telephthalate (PET).

3.2 Admixture - A material such as synthetic fibre other than water, aggregate, or hydraulic

cement used as an ingredient of concrete and added to concrete before or during its mixing to

modify its properties.

3.3 Shrinkage and Temperature Cracking - Shrinkage and temperature cracking is

cracking failure in tension due to a decrease in length or volume caused by a reduction in

moisture content.

3.4 Aspect ratio - The ratio of length to equivalent diameter of fibre.

3.5 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) The temperature of polymers above which the

polymer is soft and below which it is hard and brittle like glass. The hard and brittle state is

known as the glassy state and the soft flexible state is called the rubbery or visco-elastic state.

3.6 Intrinsic Viscosity - The ratio of a solution's specific viscosity to the concentration of the

solute, extrapolated to zero concentration. It is also known as limiting viscosity number.

Notes

1. The viscosity of the dilute polymer solution depends on several factors viz; the nature of polymer, nature of the solvent,

their concentration, the molecular weight of the polymer, temperature and shear rate:

sp =Ks.C.M

where:

Ks-constant for a given polymer/solvent/temperature

C-concentration.

sp - the specific viscosity denoting the increase of viscosity of the polymer solution over that of the pure solvent according

to the relation:

sp = o/o

where:

Viscosity of the polymer solution and

o viscosity of the solvents.

2. In order to quantify a viscosity function of the polymer solution in a solvent, which will be independent of the

concentration, the limiting value of the reduced viscosity sp/c or that of the inherent viscosity log (o/c) at infinite dilution is

chosen a term intrinsic or limiting viscosity ()

[sp /C] =[] = (logr/C )C0

3. Molecular weight of the polymer is related to viscosity as under;

[] =KMa

where

intrinsic viscosity

M -molecular weight

a and K are constants for a particular polymer/solvent/temperature system.

3.7 Melting Temperature -The temperatures at which a polymer melts i.e. the temperature at

which change of state from solid to liquid occurs.

3.8 Water Absorptive Capacity - Mass of water that is absorbed by unit mass of the fiber

expressed as a percentage of the mass of the fiber, under specified conditions and after a

specified time.

3.9 Toughness - Toughness is defined as the area under a load-deflection (or stress-strain)

curve. It is also called the strain carrying capacity.

3.10 Equivalent Diameter

Equivalent diameter is the diameter of a circle with an area equal to the mean cross sectional

area of the fibre. For circular fibres, the equivalent diameter is equal to the diameter of the

fibres.

Note- The equivalent diameter shall be calculated as given in Annex-J

3.11 Tensile Strength

Stress corresponding to the maximum force a fibre can resist. The tensile strength is

calculated by dividing the maximum force a fibre can resist by the mean cross sectional area

of the fibre.

3.12 Ultimate Elongation of the Fibre

Maximum ratio of the length change of the fibre to the initial length expressed as a

percentage.

3.13 Elastic Modulus of the Fibre

Initial slope of the tensile stress versus elongation curve.

3.14 Tenacity

Breaking force of a fibre divided by its linear density.

3.15 Melting Point

Temperature at which a polymer becomes liquid.

4. REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Types of Synthetic Fibresused in Secondary Reinforcement of Concrete

4.1.1 This draft standard mainly covers requirements for synthetic fibres such as polyester,

polypropylene and nylon used for secondary reinforcement of concrete. However, the type of

most commonly used synthetic fibres and general range of their physical properties and the

fiber content in concrete applications is described in Annex B for information of the users.

4.2 The synthetic fibres used for secondary reinforcement in concrete shall comply with the

requirements given in 4.3 to 4.8 and the physical, application and functional requirements as

given in Tables 1, 2 and 3. The percentage improvement of various functional properties as

specified in Table 3 shall be for a concrete design compressive strength up to 60 Mpa.

4.3 General - Only virginsyntheticfibers inert to concrete environment shall be used for

secondary reinforcement in concrete and no recycled fibres shall be permitted. Fibers shall be

identified as per the confirmatory tests specified in IS 667.

4.4 Resistance to Alkalis - Synthetic fibers shall retain at least 90 percent of their original

breaking strength when tested by the method prescribed in Annex C.

4.5 Resistance to Acids - Synthetic fibers shall retain at least 90 percent of their original

breaking strength when tested by the method prescribed in Annex D.

4.6 Resistance to Ageing - The test specimen of synthetic fibres in the form of a sheet

(seeF-3) when subjected to ageing at 70 + 20C for 168 h by the procedure described in IS

7016 (Part 8) shall retain at least 90 percent of their original tensile strength.

4.7 Resistance to Ultra-violet Light - The synthetic fibers when tested for resistance to

ultra-violet light as specified in Annex E shall not have tensile strength less than 90 percent

of the original value

4.8 Water Absorptive Capacity - The water absorptive capacity of the synthetic fibers when

tested by the method prescribed in Annex F shall be less than 1 percent.

TABLE 1 PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS (Clause 4.2)

_________________________________________________________________________

S.No. Characteristics Fiber Type Method of

Polyester Polypropylene Nylone6 Test

__________________________________________________________________________

1 Cross Section Circular/ Circular/ Circular/ IS 667

Triangular Triangular Triangular

2 Tensile Strength (MPa) 450-900 350-700 460-800 IS 235

3 Specific Gravity 1.34-1.39 0.90-0.91 1.14-1.20 Annex G

4 Youngs Modulus(103MPa) 8-15 4-9 4-9 IS 235

5 Ultimate Elongation(%) 30-70 30-70 30-70 IS 235

6 Melting Temperature, oC, Min 250 150 180 Annex H

7 Glass Transition Temperature, oC, 80

TABLE 2 APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS (Clause 4.2)

_________________________________________________________________________

Sl.

No.

CHARACTERISTIC APPLICATION FOR CONCRETE METHOD

OF TEST

1. Equivalent fibredia (microns) 15-40 Annex J

2. Aspect Ratio 125-900 Annex K

TABLE 3 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

(Clause 4.2)

SL.No. CHARACTERISTIC GAIN, PERCENT,

Min.

METHOD OF TEST

1. Drying Shrinkage 30 IS 1343

2. Impermeability 25 DIN 1043

3. Flexural Strength 5 IS 516

4 Abrasion Resistance 18 IS 9284

5. Impact Resistance 25 Annex L

6 Compressive Strength

after 28 days

Not less than

control sample

IS 516

Notes

1. The gain percent in each of the parameter in Table 3 shall be calculated by the formula:

Gain Percent = (V2 V1) X 100

V2

where

V1 is the value of each parameter for the control sample of concrete; and

V2 is the value of each parameter for the fiber reinforced concrete sample

2. For sampling of concrete, IS 1199 shall be followed.

3. For preparation of test specimen for above functional properties of concrete, an optimum dosage of 0.06 percent

fiber by volume shall be added. However, in general, fibers are added from 0.06 to 0.3 percent by volume depending

upon the type of fiber and the end use for which concrete is used

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. PACKING AND MARKING

5.1 Packing

The synthetic fiber shall be packed in tight polyethylene film bags of minimum 40 micron

thickness or paper pouches of minimum 60 g/m2 or as agreed to between the buyer and the

seller such that it is well protected from outside weather.

5.2 Marking

5.2.1 The marking on the bags/pouches shall be clearly readable. The bags or paper pouches

shall be marked legibly with the following information by printing with an indelible ink in

English alphabets of minimum size of 5 mm:

a) Indication of the source of manufacture and the source of packing;

b) Type of synthetic fiber i. e. polyester, polypropylene or nylon;

c) Length of fiber;

d) Net mass of fibers in the bag or pouch;

e) Batch No and date of manufacture;

f) Any other information desired by the law.

5.2.2 BIS Certification Marking

The fiber bag or pouchmay also be marked with the Standard Mark.

5.2.2.1 The use of the Standard Mark is governed by the provisions of the Bureauof Indian

Standards Act, 1986 and Rules and Regulations made there under. The details of conditions

under which the license for the use of the Standard Mark may be granted to manufacturers or

producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards.

6. SAMPLING

6.1 Lot

All fiber bags or pouches containing same type of fiber and of same length and dia

dispatched to a buyer against one dispatch note shall constitute a lot.

6.2 The conformity of the lot to the requirements of this standard shall be determined on the

basis of the tests carried out on the samples selected from it.

6.3 The fibers from the bags or pouches selected from the lot shall be tested for various

requirements specified in 4.1 to 4.8 and Tables 1 to 3 of this standard. Any fiber bag or pouch

failing to meet one or more of the corresponding requirements prescribed in 4.1 to 4.8 and

Tables 1 to 3 shall be considered as defective.

Table 4 Scale of Sampling (Clause 6.2)

___________________________________________________________________________

Sl No. No. of Fiber bags / Sample size Sub-sample size Permissible No. of

pouches in the lotdefective

bags / pouches

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

___________________________________________________________________________

_

1. Up to 50 3 2 0

2. 51 to 150 5 2 0

3. 151 to 300 8 3 1

4. 301 to 500 13 5 2

5. 501 and above 20 5 3

7. NUMBER OF TEST SPECIMENS AND CRITERIA FOR CONFORMITY

7.0 The number of test specimens to be drawn from the lot and the criteria for conformity

shall be as given below:

Characteristic No. of bags or pouches Criteria for Conformity

Length, equivalent

dia, aspect ratio,

cross section, tensile

strength, Youngs

modulus and

ultimate elongation.

Resistance to acids,

resistance to alkalis,

resistance to ageing,

resistance to UV

light, water

absorptive capacity

and functional

properties

Virginity of fibers,

specific gravity,

melting temperature,

glass transition

temperature, and

intrinsic viscosity

According to col 3 of Table 4

According to col 4 of Table 4

According to col 4 of Table 4

The defective bags/pouches do

not exceed the corresponding

number given in col 5 of Table 4

The defective bags/pouches shall

not exceed the corresponding

number given in col 5 of Table 4

All the test specimens shall meet

the requirements as specified in 4

and in Tables 1 and 3.

ANNEX A

(Clause 2)

LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDS

IS No Title

235: 1989 Method for determination of tensile characteristics of individual textile

fibers (first revision)

456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)

457:1957 Code of practice for general construction of plain and reinforced

concrete

for dams and other massive structures

460:1985 Specification for test sieves:

Part 1:1985 Wire cloth test sieve

Part 2:1985 Perforated plate test sieves

Part 3:1985 Methods for determination of apertures of test sieves

516:1959 Method of test for strength of concrete

667:1981 Methods for identification of textile fibers (with supplement) (first revision)

1070:1992 Reagent grade water (third revision)

1199:1959 Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete

1343:1980 Code of practice for pre-stressed concrete (first revision)

3085:1965 Method of test for permeability of cement mortar and concrete-To be

deleted after Annex as per DIN 1043 is included.

6359:1971 Method for conditioning of textiles

7016 (Part 8):1975 Methods of test for coated and treated fabrics Part 8: Accelerated

ageing.

9284:1979 Method of test for abrasion resistance of concrete

10014 (Part 1): 1984 Methods of test for man-made staple fibers Part 1: Determination of

length(first revision)

ANNEX B

TYPES OF SYNTHETIC FIBRES USED IN SECONDARY REINFORCEMENT OF

CONCRETE

(Clause 4.1.1)

B-1 General

There are two different physical fibre forms: monofilament fibres, and fibres produced from

fibrillated tape. Currently there are two different synthetic fibre volumes used in application,

namely low-volume percentage (0.06 to 0.3% by volume) and high-volume percentage (0.4

to 0.8% by volume). Most synthetic fibre applications are at the 0.06% to 0.1% by volume

level depending upon the type of fibre. At this level, the strength of the concrete is considered

unaffected and crack control characteristics are improved. Synthetic fibre types that have

been tried in cement concrete matrices include: acrylic, aramid, carbon, nylon, polyester,

polyethylene and polypropylene. Table 5 summarizes the general range of physical properties

of other synthetic fibres not covered in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

B-1 Acrylic

Acrylic fibres have been used to replace asbestos fibre in many fibre-reinforced concrete

products. Acrylic fibres have also been added to conventional concrete at low volumes to

reduce the effects of plastic-shrinkage cracking.

B-2 Aramid

Aramid (Aromatic Polyamide) fibers have relatively high tensile strength and a high tensile

modulus. The strength of aramid fiber is unaffected up to 160C. Aramid fiber exhibits

dimensional stability up to 200C and is creep resistant. Due to the relatively high cost of

these fibres, aramid-fibre-reinforced concrete has been primarily used as an asbestos cement

replacement in certain high-strength applications.

TABLE 5

RANGE OF PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC FIBRES USED IN CONCRETE

REINFORCEMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION WORKS Fiber type Tensile

strength

(MPa)

Tensile

modulus

(GPa)

Tensile

strain(%)

(max-

min)

Fiber

diameter

(m)

Adhesion

to matrix,

(relative)

Alkali

stability,

(relative)

Carbon 590-4800 28-520 2-1 7-18 poor to

good

excellent

Aramid 2700 62-130 4-3 11-12 fair good

Polyacrylonitrile 450-1000 17-18 9 19 good good

Polyethylene 400 2-4 400-100 40 good excellent

Highly oriented

polyethylene (high

Molecular weight)

2585 117 2.2 38 good excellent

B-3 Carbon

Carbon fibre is substantially more expensive than other fibre types. For this reason its

commercial use has been limited. Carbon fibres are available in a variety of forms and have a

fibrillar structure similar to that of asbestos. Carbon fibre made from petroleum and coal

pitch is less expensive than the conventional carbon fibre made from fibrous materials. The

Type I and II carbon fibres produced by carbonizing suitable organic materials other than

petroleum-based materials are 20 to 40 times stronger and have a modulus of elasticity up to

100 times greater than the pitch-based carbon fibre. Carbon fibre is available as continuous

strands or as individual chopped fibres. A satisfactory mix of chopped carbon fibre, cement

and water is difficult to achieve because of the large surface area of the fibre. Carbon fibre

has high tensile strength and modulus of elasticity and a brittle stress-strain characteristic.

Additional research is needed to determine the feasibility of carbon-fibre concrete on an

economic basis as well as its fire-resistance properties.

B-4 Nylon

Currently only two types of nylon fibre (nylon 6,6 and nylon 6) are marketed for concrete.

Nylon is heat stable, hydrophilic, relatively inert and resistant to a wide variety of materials.

Nylon is particularly effective in imparting impact resistance and flexural toughness and

sustaining and increasing the load carrying capacity of concrete following first crack. Nylon

fibers are available as multifilament yarns, monofilament, staple, and tow. For concrete

applications, high tenacity (high tensile strength) heat and light stable yarn is spun and

subsequently cut into shorter lengths.Nylon fibers exhibit good tenacity, toughness, and

excellent elastic recovery. Nylon is hydrophilic, with a moisture regain of 4.5 percent. The

moisture regain property does not affect concrete hydration or workability at low prescribed

contents ranging from 0.1 to 0.2% by volume, but should be considered at higher fiber

volume contents. Nylon is a relatively inert material, resistant to a wide variety of organic

and inorganic materials including strong alkalis. It has been shown to perform well under

accelerated aging conditions.

B-5 Polyester

Polyester fibres are available in monofilament form and belong to the thermoplastic polyester

group. Polyester fibres have been used at low contents (0.06% by volume) to control plastic-

shrinkage cracking in concrete. The use of polyester fibres in cement can result in saving up

to 10 percent, and in the presence of fly ash, the saving can be up to 35 percent. Due to non-

biodegradability of polyester fibres, their use in cement concrete road works can also help in

conservation of environment.The studies have revealed that polyester fibers are alkali

resistant and that Polyester Fibre Reinforced Concrete can be used in pavement quality

concrete and as overlays, without any adverse affects on concrete.Denier of polyester fibers

used in cement composites ranges from 15 to 100 and its tenacity ranges from 4.5 g per

denier to 9.0 g per denier .Polyester fibers are somewhat hydrophobic (do not absorb much

water) and have been shown not to affect the hydration of the Portland cement concrete.

These develop mechanical bonding with the cement matrix.

B-6 Polyethylene

Polyethylene has been produced for concrete in monofilament form with wart-like surface

deformations along the length of the fibre. These deformations are intended to improve the

mechanical bonding in cement paste and mortar. Concrete reinforced with polyethylene fibres

at contents between 2 and 4% by volume exhibits a linear flexural load deflection behaviour

up to first crack, followed by an apparent transfer of load to the fibres permitting an increase

in load until the fibres break.

B-7 Polypropylene

Polypropylene fibres are produced as continuous mono-filaments, with circular cross section

that can be chopped to required lengths, or fibrillated films or tapes of rectangular cross

section. Polypropylene fibres are hydrophobic and therefore bond with cement matrix by

mechanical bonding. These fibres have a low melting point, high combustibility and a

relatively low modulus of elasticity. Long polypropylene fibres can prove difficult to mix due

to their flexibility and tendency to wrap around the leading edges of mixer blades.

Polypropylene fibres are tough and have a plastic stress-strain characteristic. Monofilament

polypropylene fibres have inherent weak bond with the cement matrix because of their

relatively small specific surface area. Fibrillated polypropylene fibres are slit and expanded

into an open network thus offering a larger specific surface area with improved bond

characteristics. Polypropylene fibres have been reported to reduce unrestrained plastic and

drying shrinkage of concrete at fibre contents of 0.1 to 0.3% by volume.

ANNEX C

(Clause 4.4)

DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE OF FIBRES TO ALKALIS

C-1 MATERIALS

C-1.1Sample of synthetic fibres weighing about 500 g.

C-1.2 Three solutions of calcium hydroxide at pH 9 to 11.

C-2 PROCEDURE

C-2.1 Prepare 24 specimens of fiber each weighing about 20 g.

C-2.2 Prepare three solutions of calcium hydroxide ranging in pH from 9 to 11.

C-2.3 Submerge six specimens of fiber in each solution. Make sure all solutions are well

covered and monitored to control pH. The solutions should be maintained at room

temperature. Keep the remaining six specimens as control sample.

C-2.4 Remove one specimen from each solution following 3, 7, 11, 20, 28 and 35 days.

Wash, dry and condition each specimen for 24 hours at 27C 2C and 65 2 percent

relative humidity.

C-2.5 Tensile test each specimen according to IS 235. Make sure to test one control

specimen with each pH series. A total Make sure to test one control skein with each pH

series. A total of 30 individual fibres shall be tested from each specimen. Record the

breaking strength for each fibre and calculate the average breaking strength for each

specimen. Calculate the breaking strength retained as follows:

Specimen Breaking Strength (Avg) x 100 = Breaking Strength retained in percent

Control Breaking Strength (Avg)

C-2.6 Examine each specimen under the microscope and note surface defects.

ANNEX D

(Clause 4.5)

DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE OF FIBRES TO ACIDS

D-1 MATERIALS

D-1.1Sample of synthetic fibres weighing about 500 g.

D-1.2 Three solutions of hydrochloric acid at pH 4 to 5.

D-2 PROCEDURE

D-2.1 Prepare 24 specimens of fiber each weighing about 20 g.

D-2.2 Prepare three solutions of hydrochloric acid ranging in pH from 4 to 5.

D-2.3 Submerge six specimens of fiber in each solution. Make sure all solutions are well

covered and monitored to control pH. The solutions should be maintained at room

temperature. Keep the remaining six specimens as control sample.

D-2.4 Remove one specimen from each solution following 3, 7, 11, 20, 28 and 35 days.

Wash, dry and condition each specimen for 24 hours at 27C 2C and 65 2 percent

relative humidity.

D-2.5 Tensile test each specimen according to IS 235. Make sure to test one control

specimen with each pH series. A total Make sure to test one control skein with each pH

series. A total of 30 individual fibres shall be tested from each specimen. Record the

breaking strength for each fibre and calculate the average breaking strength for each

specimen. Calculate the breaking strength retained as follows:

Specimen Breaking Strength (Avg) x 100 = Breaking Strength retained in percent

Control Breaking Strength (Avg)

D-2.6 Examine each specimen under the microscope and note surface defects.

ANNEX E

(Clause 4.7)

DETERMINATION OF RESISTANCE OF FIBRES TO ULTRA VIOLET LIGHT

E-1 TEST SPECIMENS

The test specimens for tensile strength shall be taken from the sample as specified in IS 235.

E-2 TEST CONDITIONS

E-2.1 The test shall be carried out with fluorescent UV-B lamp (see IS 7903).

E-2.2 The duration of the test shall be 144 h (that is 6 days).

E-2.3 The test cycle shall be 8 h at 60 + 3 0C with UV radiation alternating after 4 h at 50 + 3

0C with condensation.

E-2.4 Irradiation level throughout the test shall be maintained at 0.63 + 0.03 W/m.

E-3 TEST PROCEDURE

E-3.1 Determine the original average tensile strength of at least 30 individual fibres

specimens separately as per IS 235.

E-3.2 Expose the specimens alternately to ultraviolet light alone and to condensation in one

respective cycle.

E-3.2.1 Te type of fluorescent UV lamp, the timing of the UV exposure and the temperature

of condensation shall be as specified in E-2.

E-3.3 Determine the average tensile strength of at least 30 individual fibers separately after

UV exposure as given in E-3-2.

E-3.4 Determine the % retention of original tensile strength as follows:

Retention of original tensile, percent = b x 100

a

Where

a is the average tensile strength before UV exposure as obtained in E-3.1

b is the average tensile strength after UV exposure as obtained in E-3.3.

NOTES

1) The UV source is an array of fluorescent lamps (with lamp emission concentrated in the UV range).

2) Condensation is produced by exposing the test surface to a heated, saturated mixture of air and water vapour, while the reverse side of the test specimen is exposed to the cooling influence of ambient room air.

ANNEX F

(Clause 4.8)

DETERMINATION OF WATER ABSORPTIVE CAPACITY

F-1 PRINCIPLE

The water absorptive capacity is a measure of the amount of water held within a test piece

after specified times of immersion and vertical drainage. For practical reasons, the drainage

time is quite short. This is especially important if very volatile liquids are used, in which case

an assessment of evaporation loss may be necessary.

F-2 APPARATUS

F-2.1Wire Gauze Test Piece Support - of at least 120x120 mm, with a metal frame. The

gauze shall be made from a stainless steel test sieve of 2 mm nominal mesh size (see IS 460:

Part 2).

F-2.2Clips - to hold the test piece on the gauze.

F-2.3Dish for containing the wire gauze with the test piece attached, of sufficient volume to

allow a water depth of 20 mm.

F-2.4Suitable Weighing Glass with cover.

F-2.5Balance capable of determining mass to an accuracy of 0.01 g.

F-2.6Stop Watch

F-2.7Reagent GradeWater (see IS 1070)

F-3 PREPARATION AND CONDITIONING OF TEST SPECIMENS

F-3.1 Prepare five test specimens in the form of a sheet of fibers each of size 100 + 1 mm x

100 + 1 mm.

F-3.2 Condition the test specimens in a standard atmosphere of 27 + 2 0C temperature and 65

+ 2 percent relative humidity for 24 h in accordance with IS 6359.

Note The water shall be left long enough to equilibrate with the conditioning atmosphere.

F-4 PROCEDURE

F-4.1 Carry out the test in the standard atmosphere of 27 + 2 0C temperature and 65 + 2

percent relative humidity.

F-4.2 Weigh the test specimen to an accuracy of 0.01 g, using the balance (F-2.5) and the

weighing glass with cover (F-2.4).

F-4.3 Place the test specimen on the stainless steel gauze (F-2.1) fastening it at the edges with

the clips (F-2.2).

F-4.4 Place the gauze with the attached test specimen approximately 20 mm below the liquid

surface in the dish (F-2.3) and start the stop watch (F-2.6). Introduce the gauze obliquely in

order to avoid trapping air bubbles.

F-4.5After 60 +1 s, remove the gauze test specimen support and test specimen.

F-4.6 Remove all clips except one at corner.

F-4.7 Hang freely and vertically to drain for 120 + 3 s.

F-4.8 Take the test specimen off the gauze without squeezing the water from it, place it in the

weighing glass with cover and weigh it.

F-4.9 Repeat F-4.1 to F-4.8 with the remaining four test specimens.

Note Use fresh conditioned water for each test specimen.

F-5 EXPRESSION OF TEST RESULTS

F-5.1 Calculate the water absorptive capacity (WAC), in percent, of each test specimen by the

formula:

WAC = mn mk x 100

mk

where

mk is the mass in g of the dry test specimen;

mn is the mass in g of the test specimen and the absorbed liquid at the end of the test.

F-5.2 Report the average water absorptive capacity of the five test specimens.

ANNEX G

(Sl No. 3, Table 1)

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY

G-1 Take a specimen of weighing about 1 gm of fibers from the sample and find out its mass

(m)accurately to the nearest mg. Count the total number of fibers (n) in the test specimen.

G-2 Let l be the mean fiber length in cm correct to two decimal places as determined by the

procedure described in IS 235 and d be the mean fiber dia in cm correct to two decimal places

as determined in IS 6919.

G-3 For circular cross section fibres, calculate the specific gravity of the fiber by the formula:

Specific Gravity of fiber = 4m

d2l n

G-4 For triangular cross section fibres, calculate the specific gravity of the fibre by the

formula:

Specific gravity of the fibre m

_______________ = 0.433 a2 x l

a x sin 60 x a/2 x l

where

ais the side of the equilateral triangle of cross section of the fibre.

ANNEX H

(Sl No. 6 and 7, Table 1)

DETERMINATION OF MELTING AND GLASS TRANSITION TEMPERATURES

H-1 GENERAL

This test method covers determination of melting and glass transition temperatures of

polyester and polypropylene polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC). It is

applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible

to cut appropriate specimens. The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic

region to 600C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended.

Note -This method does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory

limitations prior to use.

H-2 PRINCIPLE

The test material is heated or cooled at a controlled rate under a specified purge gas at a

controlled flow rate and continuously monitoring with a suitable sensing device the

difference in heat input between a reference material and a test material due to energy

changes in the material. A transition is marked by absorption or release of energy by the

specimen resulting in a corresponding endothermic or exothermic peak or baseline shift in

the heating or cooling curve.

Notes

1. Differences in heating or cooling rate as well as the final heating and cooling temperature have an

effect on the measured results. Therefore, departure from conditions specified for a given polymer is

not permitted.

2. The presence of impurities is known to affect the transition temperature, particularly if an impurity

tends to form solid solutions or to be miscible in the melt phase.

3. Uncertain radiation losses at temperatures higher than 400 C have been known to affect the

accuracy of results at time.

4. Since particle size has an effect upon detected transition temperatures, the specimens to be

compared shall be approximately the same particle size.

5. In cases that specimens react with air during the temperature cycle, provision shall be made for

running the test under an inert gas blanket to avoid any incorrect measurement. Since some materials

degrade near the melting region. care must be used to distinguish between degradation and transition.

6. Since very small quantities of specimen are used. it is essential to ensure that specimen are

homogeneous and representative.

7 It is possible that toxic or corrosive effluents are released when heating the material which may be

harmful to the personnel or to the apparatus.

H-3 APPARATUS

H-3.1Differential Scanning Colorimeter (DSC)

H-3.1.1DSC Test Chamber - composed of the following:

H-3.1.1.1Furnaces to provide uniform controlled heating (cooling) of a specimen and

reference to a constant temperature or at a constant rate within the applicable cryogenic to

600oC temperature.

H-3.1.1.2Temperature Sensor to provide specimen temperature to an accuracy of + 0.01oC.

H-3.1.1.3Differential Sensor to detect heat flow difference between the specimen and

reference equivalent to I mW

H-3.1.1.4 Means of sustaining a Test Chamber Environment - of purge gas; at a purge

flow rate of 10 to 50 + 5 ml/min

Note Typically, 99+ percent pure nitrogen, argon or helium arc employed when oxidation in air is a concern. Unless

effects of moisture are to be studied, use of dry purge gas is recommended and is essential for operation at sub-ambient

temperatures.

H-3.1.2 Temperature Controller capable of executing a specific temperature program by

operating the furnace between selected temperature limits at a rate of temperature change of

0.5oC to 20

oC /min constant to + 0.1

o C/ min or at an isothermal temperature constant to +

0.1oC.

H-3.1.3 Recording Device capable of recording and displaying any fraction of the heat flow

signal (DSC curve) including the signal noise as a function of temperature.

H-3.1.4 Software for integrating areas under endothermic valleys or exothermic peaks, or

both.

H-3.1.5 Containers (pans, crucibles and so forth) that are inert to the specimen and reference

materials and which are of suitable structural shape and integrity to contain the specimen and

reference in accordance with the specific requirements of this method.

H-3.1.6 Cooling capability to hasten cool down from elevated temperatures, to provide

constant cooling rates of 0.5oC 20

oC/min to obtain repeatable crystallization temperature to

achieve sub-ambient operation or to sustain an isothermal sub-ambient temperature or

combination thereof.

H-3.2 Balance capable of weighing to + 10 g.

H-4 TEST SPECIMENS

H-4.1 Powdered or Granular Specimens-Avoid grinding if the preliminary thermal cycle as

outlined in H-6.1.3 is not performed. Grinding or similar techniques for size reduction often

introduce thermal effects because of friction or orientation or both, and thereby change the

thermal history of the specimen.

H-4.2 Molded or Pelleted Specimens - Cut the specimens with a microtome, razor blade,

hypodermic punch, paper punch, or cork borer (size No.2 or 3) or other appropriate means to

appropriate size, in thickness or diameter and length that will best fit the specimen container,

as in H-3.1.5 and will approximately meet the desired weight in the subsequent procedure.

H-4.3 Film or Sheet Specimens For films thicker than .40 m see H-4.2. Fur thinner films,

cut slivers to fit in the specimen capsules or punch disks, if the circular specimen capsules are

used.

H-4.4 Use any shape or form listed in H-4.1 to H-4.3 except when conducting referee tests

that shall be performed on films as specified in H-4.3.

H-5 CALIBRATION

H-5.1 The purge gas sha11 be used during calibration

H-5.2 Calibrate the DSC temperature signal using a heating rate of 10oC/min.

H-5.3 Calibrate the DSC heat flow signal using heating rate of 10oC/min.

H-5.4 Some instruments allow for the temperature and heat flow calibration to be performed

simultaneously. In such cases, use the same heating rate for this method (10oC/min) and

follow the manufacturer's instruction.

H-6 PROCEDURE

H-6.1 Melting Temperature

H-6.1.1 The purge gas shall be used during testing. The flow rate of the gas shall be the

same: as used in the calibration (10C/min).

H-6.1.2 Use a specimen mass appropriate for the material to be tested, In most cases, a 5 mg

specimen mass is satisfactory. Avoid overloading. Weigh the specimen to an accuracy of +

10g.

H-6.1.2.1 Intimate thermal contact between the pan and specimen is essential for

reproducible results. Crimp a metal Cover against the pan with the sample sandwiched in

between to ensure good heat transfer. Take care to ensure flat pan bottoms.

H-6.1.3 Perform and record a preliminary thermal cycle by heating the sample at a rate of

10oC/min. from at least 50

oC below to 30

oC above the melting temperature to erase previous

thermal history.

Note - In some cases it is possible that the preliminary thermal cycle will interfere with the

transition of interest, causing an incorrect transition or eliminating a transition. Where it has been

shown that this effect is present, omit the preliminary thermal cycle.

H-6.1.4 Hold the temperature for 5 min (H-6.1.3)

H-6.1.5 Cool to at least 50

oC below the peak crystallization temperature at

a rate of 10oC/min and record the cooling curve.

H-6.1.6 Hold the temperature for 5 min.

H-6.1.7 Repeat the heating at a rate of 10 0C/min and record the heating curve.

H-6.1.8 Measure the melting temperatures on the curve (i.e. melting extrapolated onset temperature,

melting extrapolated end temperature and melting peak temperature.

H-6.2 Glass Transition Temperature

H-6.2.1 The purge gas shall be used during testing. The flow rate of the gas shall be the same

as used in the calibration

H-6.2.2 Use a specimen mass appropriate for the material to be tested. In most cases, a 10 to

20 mg specimen mass is satisfactory. Weigh the specimen to an accuracy of + 10 g.

H-6.2.3 Perform and record a preliminary thermal cycle by heating the sample at a rate of

20oC/min from at least 50

oC below to 30

oC above the melting temperature to erase previous

thermal history.

H-6.2.4 Hold the temperature for 5 min.

H-6.2.5 Quench cool to at least 50oC below the transition temperature of interest.

H-6.2.6 Hold the temperature for 5 min.

H-6.2.7 Repeat heating at a rate of 20oC/min and record the heating curve until all desired

transitions have been completed.

H-6.2.8 The glass transition is more pronounced at faster heating rates. A heating rate of

20C/min is used for Tg measurements. The instrument shall be calibrated at this heating

rate. If both first and second-order transition (Tm, and Tg respectively) arc to be determined

in the same run, use procedure H-6.1 and determine results from the second heating step (G-

6.1.7).

H-6.2.9 Measure Tg (extrapolated onset temperature, midpoint temperature and extrapolated

end temperature)

ANNEX I

(Sl No. 8, Table 1)

DETERMINATION OF INTRINSIC VISCOSITY

I-1 GENERAL

This method covers determination of intrinsic viscosity of poly ethylene terephthalate (PET),

poly hexamethylenediamine (PA) and poly propylene (PP) soluble at 0.50 percent

concentration in a 60/40 (m/m) phenol / 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene solution, 85 percent

(m/m) formic acid solution and decalin solutions, respectively, by means of a glass capillary

viscometer. Highly crystalline forms of PET or PA that are not soluble in these solvent

mixtures are not covered in this procedure.

I-2 PRINCIPLE

I-2.1 The intrinsic viscosity is determined by measuring the flow time of a solution of known

polymer concentration and the flow time of the pure solvent in a capillary viscometer at a

fixed temperature. The intrinsic viscosity is calculated from the flow time values.

I-3 APPARATUS

I-3.1 Cannon Ubbelohde Type IB Viscometer

I-3.2 Viscometer Holder

I-3.3 Electric Timer, with an accuracy of 0.1 s

I-3.4 Constant Temperature Bath, controllable at 30 + 0.01 0C.

I-3.5 Kinematic Viscosity Thermometer, for use at 30 0C.

I-3.6 Temperature Controllable Magnetic Stirring Hot Plate

I-3.7 TFE-Fluorocarbon Plastic-Coated Stirring Bars and a Magnetic Bar Retriever

I-3.8 Volumetric Flasks and Stoppers, 50 ml capacity

I-3.9 Analytical Balance, with an accuracy of 0.0001 g.

I-3.10 Borosilicate Funnels

I-3.11 Stainless Steel Filter Screening, 325 mesh or finer.

I-3.12 Aspirator

I-3.13 Wiley Mill Grinder, with 20 mesh stainless steel screen

I-3.14 Drying Oven

I-4 REAGENTS

I-4.1 Phenol / 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene Solution, 60/40 (m/m) mixture, protected to

maintain this level.

I-4.2 Methylene Chloride and Acetone, AR grade, rinsing solvents

I-4.3 Chromic Acid, cleaning solution

I-5 HEALTH AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

I-5.1 The solvents for dissolution of PET, PA and PP are toxic and require care in handling.

In addition to using a hood for adequate ventilation in handling these chemicals, protection

against skin is essential.

I-5.2 Use safety precautions given in the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for methylene

chloride, acetone and chromic acid solution.

I-6 CONDITIONING

I-6.1 If the sample of PET, PA or PP contains 0.5 percent or more of inert material such as

titanium dioxide or glass fiber, determine the amount of inert material accurately by a method

suitable for the inert material present.

I-6.2 If the sample is suspected of being wet (in excess of moisture level derived from

exposure to ambient humidity conditions), dry the sample in an oven for about2 hat 65 + 5 0C

or until a constant mass of + 0.1 percent is reached.

Note Use a suitable method to determine moisture content.

I-6.3 If the sample is difficult to dissolve, reduce the sample size by grinding it to a 20-mesh

screen size. Avoid overheating the sample during the grinding operation by using dry ice or

liquid nitrogen. Grind a 15-20 g sample. It is likely that drying is necessary after the dry ice

grinding step.

I-7 PROCEDURE

I-7.1 Accurately weigh between 0.2475 and 0.2525 g (accurate to 0.0002 g) of sample into

a clean dry 50 ml volumetric flask. If the sample contains more than 0.5 percent inert

material, weigh the amount of sample necessary to give the specified amount of PET, PA or

PP.

I-7.2 Place a TFE:-: fluorocarbon plastic-coated stirring bar into the flask and add

approximately 25 ml of solvent. Prepare one flask without any sample present. Cap the flasks

I-7.3 Place the flasks in steel beakers and place on a magnetic hot plate which has been

preheated to 110C +. Heat the flasks for 15 min while stirring. Remove flasks and inspect

for undissolved PET, PA or PP. If a sample does not dissolve completely, extend the stirring

time for up to 30 more min while inspecting the sample at 10 min intervals. If' the sample

fails to dissolve completely at this time, this procedure is not applicable.

I-7.4 When the samples have completely dissolved, remove the flasks from the hot plate and

allow them to cool to approximately room temperature. Remove the stirring bars with a

magnetic retriever and wash the bar with fresh solvent letting the wash solvent fall back into

the volumetric flask. Add additional solvent to a level about 1cm below the 50 ml mark Place

the flasks in the constant temperature bath preset at 30C +.0.01C. Allow the flasks to sit for

10 min to reach the bath temperature. Invert the stoppered flasks to wash down solvent

droplets adhering to the flask walls above the polymer solution and add sufficient solvent to

raise the liquid level up to the 50ml mark.

I-7.5 Pour the solution in to a clean dry, Cannon-Ubbelohde viscometer by passing it through

a funnel and filter screen into the top of the larger viscometer tube. Fill the viscometer to a

level between the level lines on the large reservoir bulb at the bottom of the larger tube.

Remove the funnel and place the viscometer in the constant temperature bath preset at 30C

+ 0.0lC. Allow at least 15 min for the temperature of the solution in the viscometer to reach

equilibrium.

I-7.6 Using suction from an aspirator, draw the solution through the capillary to a level above

the top calibration mark. Regulate the level by capping the breather tube with one rubber-

gloved finger and carefully applying suction to the top of the capillary tube. Use care to

prevent splashing or bubble formation. A valve in the aspirator line has been found to be

useful to control the suction.

I-7.7 Let the sample solution or solvent flow back down the capillary tube by removing the

suction from the top of the capillary tubeand by removing the finger from the top of the

breather tube. The first flow is a rinse to wet the capillary bulb and finally equilibrate the

sample solution to the bath temperature.

'

I-7.8 After the solution has drained out of the capillary, repeat I-7.6 and I-7.7 and time the

period required for the liquid to fall back from the higher calibration mark to lower calibra-

tion mark above the capillary. Use the electric timer for this measurement. The bottom of the

meniscus of' the liquid surface is used for determining the times at which the liquid surface

flows past the calibration marks.

I-7.9 Record the flow time and repeat the measurement three more times. Average these

results unless the range in time exceeds 0.2 s. in which case make additional measurements

until four within a range of 0.2 s are obtained for averaging. Measure the solvent flow time in

the same manner as the flow time of the solution samples.

I-7.10 During the measurements, record the bath temperature to the nearest 0.01C. Ensure

that the range in temperature docs not exceed 0.01 C.

I-7.11 When measurements are completed, remove the viscometer from the bath and

carefully pour the solution from the viscometer into a safety disposal container. I-8. CALCULATION I-8.1 Determine the inherent viscosity as follows:

min = (ln xr) / C

Where:

min - inherent viscosity at 30C and at a polymer concentration of 0.5 g/d (dimensions of inherent viscosity are dl/g); and r is the relative viscosity (t/t0); t is average solution flow time in s;

t0is average solvent flow time in s; and

Cis the polymer solution concentration in g/dl.

I-8.2 Calculate the intrinsic viscosity from a single measurement of the relative viscosity by

the Billmeyer relationship:

= 0.25 (r - 1 + 3 lnr )/C

I-9 REPORT

I-9.0 Reopen the following information:

a) Sample identification and description;

b) Sample mass; c) Percent of inert material; d) Sample dissolution time and temperature; e) Average solvent flow time; f) Average solution flow time; g) Average viscometer bath temperature; h) Inherent viscosity (three significant places); and j) Intrinsic viscosity

ANNEX J

(Sl. No. 1, Table 2)

DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT FIBRE DIAMETER

J-1 FIBRE WITH CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION

J-1.1For fibres with a diameter less than 0.3 mm, the diameter shall be measured using

optical microscope. 30 individual fibres diameter shall be measured and then mean fibre

diameter shall be calculated.

J-1.2 For fibres with a diameter greater than 0.3 mm, the diameter of the fibre shall be

measured with a micrometer to a precision of 0.001 mm. 30 individual fibres diameter shall

be measured and then mean fibre diameter shall be calculated.

J-2 FIBRE WITH TRIANGULAR/IRREGULAR CROSS SECTION

J-2.1 Take a samle of fibres weighing about 5 g and weigh it accurately to the nearest mg.

Count the number of total fibres in the sample and find out the average mass of individual

fibre by dividing the mass of sample by the total number of fibres in it. Measure the length of

50fibres accurately and calculate average fibre length. The average mass, mf in g, and the

average (developed) length, ldin mm, of the fibre shall be determined to an accuracy of 0.001

g and 0.01 mm, respectively. The equivalent fiber diameter shall be computed from the mass

and the developed length using the following formula with the nominal density of the fibre, ,

in g/cm3:

ANNEX K (Sl No. 2, Table 2)

DETERMINATION OF ASPECT RATIO OF FIBRES

From the equivalent fiber dia as determined by the procedures described in J-2.1,

determine the aspect ratio by the formula:

Aspect Ratio = Mean fiber length in mm

Equivalent fiber dia in mm

Length of the synthetic fiber shall be determined by the method given in IS 10014 (Part 1).

ANNEX L (Sl No.5, Table 3)

DETERMINATION OF IMPACT RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE

L-1 GENERAL

The test method compares the impact resistance of concrete with and without synthetic fibers.

Impact resistance is characterized by the measure of: (a) the energy consumed to fracture a

specimen; (b) the number of blows in a repeated impact test to achieve a prescribed level of

distress, and (c) the extent of damage.

L-2 APPARATUS

:

L-2.1 A standard, manually or mechanically operated 4.5 kg compaction hammer with a 460

mm drop.

L-2.2 A 65 mm diameter hardened steel ball.

L-2.3 A flat base plate with four lugs welded to it.

L-2.4 Moulds to cast 150 cm by 65 mm 3 mm concrete specimens. This is accomplished

with suitable moulds.

L-3 SAMPLING, TEST SPECIMENS AND TEST UNITS

L-3.1 Sampling

Five specimens are molded for each test age and test condition. Specimens involving a given

variable can be made on any given day. When it is possible to make at least one specimen for

each variable on a given day, the mixing of the entire series of specimens must be completed

in as few days as possible, and one of the mixtures must be repeated each day as a standard

comparison.

L-3.2 Test Specimens

Cast the test specimen similarly as used for testing of cement for compressive strength.

L-4.3 Test Units

A test unit is at least five test specimens of each variation. One unit is the control concrete

without fibers. The other units are the same concrete mixture with specified amounts and

types of fiber.

L-4 TEST PROCEDURE

L-4.1The 65 mm by 150 mm concrete samples are prepared using external vibration. The

method, frequency, amplitude and time of vibration must be recorded. Test specimens of

65mm thickness are cast in a single layer to avoid fiber orientation and fiber-free planes. The

moulds are filled partially to the 65 mm depth and float finished. The specimens are tested at

7 and 28 days of age. Specimen thickness is recorded to the nearest 1.5 mm.

L-4.2 The reported thickness is determined by averaging the measured thickness at the center

and each edge of the specimen along any diameter across the top surface. The samples are

coated on the bottom with a thin layer of petroleum jelly or heavy grease and placed on the

base plate within the positioning lugs with the finished face up. The base plate must be bolted

to a rigid base such as a concrete floor or cast concrete block. The hardened steel ball is

placed on top of the specimen within the bracket. Foamed elastomeric pieces are placed

between the specimen and positioning lugs to restrict movement of the specimen during

testing to first visible crack. The drop hammer is placed with its base upon the steel ball and

held there with just enough down pressure to keep it from bouncing off the ball during the

test. The hammer is repeatedly dropped 18 inches (457 mm), and the number of blows

required to cause the first visible crack on the top and to cause ultimate failure are both

recorded. The foam elastomer is removed after the first visible crack is observed. Ultimate

failure occurs when the test specimen comes in contact with three of the four lugs welded to

the base plate.

L-5 REPORT

L-5.0 The report shall include the following:

a) The concrete design mix for all variations. b) Fiber dosage for each set of specimens by weight. c) Fiber length for each of set specimens. d) Thickness and dimension of specimen. e) Height of hammer drop. f) Number of blows to first visible crack. g) Number of blows to ultimate failure.

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