birth of the united states
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Birth of the United States. Chapters 4 & 5. Road to Independence. Chapter 4. The French and Indian War. Causes of War Rivalry Between Britain and France French had more land British along coast, French Inland B = farm, F = trapping French better with NAs. Albany Plan of Union. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Birth of the United StatesChapters 4 & 5
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Road to IndependenceChapter 4
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The French and Indian War Causes of War
› Rivalry Between Britain and France
French had more land British along coast,
French Inland B = farm, F = trapping French better with NAs
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Albany Plan of Union
June 1754 – delegates to Albany To strengthen ties with NAs Unify war effort Ben Franklin wanted a permanent union Plan was a grand council of elected delegates from each colony run by a president
Similar to Iroquois League Approved but colonies rejected Didn’t want a central government
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Early British Defeats
British lost at beginning 1735 – 900 F and NA attacked Militia – armed citizens who served as soldiers British – open areas and straight lines F and NA – hiding and spread out
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The Tide of War Turns 1756 – Britain declares war on France
William Pitt = British Prime Minister
Raised taxes and borrowed money to fight
British now better prepared Won several major battles French retreated
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Treaty of Paris
1763 – Great Britain, France, Spain met in Paris
Ended French and Indian War and Seven Years’ War (Europe)
French lost everything English got Canada, all
land west of Mississippi Spain got Cuba for Florida
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Weakened Loyalty to the British
Thought colonies didn’t help enough Colonists would have fought under
other colonists rather than British officers
Considered treasonous Loss of respect for British military Colonists not getting enough respect Thought they should be on their own
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Issues Behind the Revolution
› Changing British Policy Proclamation of 1763
NA worried about British farmers
destroyed land Unlike French British
hated NAs Stopped dealing with
them
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Proclamation of 1763 King George
closed area west of colonies
1764-1766 Peace treaties with tribes
Colonists continued to settle
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Sugar Act of 1764 Cut duty on foreign molasses in
half Raised the tax Hoped people would buy
foreign molasses and pay tax rather than smuggle
Enforcement Ships could be seized if
though smuggling Judges got 5% commission if
ship found guilty
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Quartering Act of 1765 Colonies had to provide shelter and food
for British soldiers Colonists very angry but went along
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The Stamp Act Crisis What is the Stamp Act?
Stamp Act – tax on anything on paper Royal stamp to prove tax paid
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Stamp Act Congress Outrage was widespread and extreme Affected everyone October 1765 Delegates from 9 colonies met in New York Leader – James Otis, lawyer from Massachusetts Taxation without representation Sent petitions to the king about rights
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Sons of Liberty
Boycott of British goods Boycott – refusal to buy certain products
as act of protest Groups known as Sons and Daughters of
Liberty Founder – Samuel Adams Went to stamp distributers homes – resign
or house burned Eventually no one left to sell stamps 1766 – Act was repealed
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The Townshend Acts 1767 –Put duty on things like glass and tea New finance minister Charles Townshend Raised duties rather than taxes = safer Colonists still upset about taxes with no rep. Boycott again
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The Boston Massacre British troops sent to deal with violence in Boston March 5, 1770 Small crowd threw snowballs at troops Troops killed 5 Crispus Attucks – 1st African American to die in
Rev. Next day, 9 British charged with murder John Adams defended them 7 found not guilty, 2 guilty of lesser crimes Punishment – Branded thumbs Parliament cancelled Townshend Act but kept tea
tax
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The Boston Tea Party May 1773 – Tea Act to help
British East India Company BEIC didn’t have to pay taxes Made it cheaper than
smuggled tea Some harbors wouldn’t let
ships in December 16, 1773 Colonists disguised as
Indians boarded three ships
Broke open every crate and threw in the water
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The Intolerable Acts Spring 1774 – punishment for Tea Party Harsh laws that were ridiculous Limited town meetings to once a year Colonies called for group of people to fight back First Continental Congress formed
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The First Continental Congress September 5, 1774 56 delegates in
Philadelphia Founder Fathers Renewed boycotts and
create militias Direct appeal to King Left October 26, met again
in spring if issues not resolved
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Fighting at Lexington and Concord Groups of fighters called
Patriots Massachusetts Militia
created stockpile of weapons in Concord
April 18, 1775, British marched to get supply
Patriots found out and Paul Revere and two other rode to tell
THE BRITISH ARE COMING
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In Lexington, fighting took minutes, 18 Americans dead or wounded
Destroyed some of supply in Concord, left for Boston
4000 Patriots stood in their way
Shot at them from behind walls and buildings
240 British killed/wounded Became first battle of
Revolutionary War
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Declaration of Independence The Delegates
Second Continental Congress met in May 1776 Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Hancock Divided between solution and independence Olive Branch Petition
Wanted Peaceful solution End fighting and stay loyal to Britain Denied
June 1776 – wrote Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson wrote most the document List of reasons for leaving and why
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Drafting a Declaration Jefferson influenced by the
Enlightenment of 1700s Science and Reason were
keys to improved society Used John Locke’s ideas for
government
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The Declaration was Adopted July 4, 1776 Delegates approved Declaration
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Fighting for Independence› The Siege of Boston
Patriots surrounded Boston for protection Others attacked British forts to get
supplies General Thomas Gage in charge of British
forces
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Battle of Bunker Hill June 17, 1775 – Gage wants hills for lookouts Attacked in tight blocks, easy target for muskets Retreated and attacked again, retreated, attacked a
3rd time Able to take Breed’s
Hill b/c Patriots ran out of ammo
Forced Patriots off Bunker Hill as well
Half of British 2400 died, only 400 Patriots
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The British Leave Boston July 1775 – George Washington put in charge of
newly named Continental Army January 1776 – Gen Knox brought cannons to south
of Boston Fired on British
and their ships in the harbor
British flee with 1000 loyalists (people still devout to England)
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Strengths and Weaknesses The British
Well equipped, disciplined and trained Supported by best navy in the world Loyalists and some NAs helped fight Hired 30000 mercenaries to fight Mercenary – paid foreign soldiers Called Hessians (German) Problem – war not popular in England Citizens resented the taxes Troops had to fight in hostile territory
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The Americans Fighting on their own
territory Officers familiar with
successful fighting tactics
Lacked equipment and stable fighting force
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Fighting in the North – New York British won many battles Washington wanted a spy Nathan Hale crossed lines and got
information Caught before he could give information Hung – Famous Last words
“I regret that I have but one life to give for my country.”
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Retreat from New York British took NY,
pushed Patriots to Penn.
Troops deserted and Washington thought army was falling apart
Thomas Paine wrote “The Crisis” to get people back on board
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Trenton and Princeton Washington had to be creative due to lack of
everything Fought during winter Battle of Trenton – crossed Delaware River and
captured entire Hessian force Did same thing at Princeton British Gen. Cornwallis
saw troops coming but were pushed back
Patriot morale went up due to wins
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Financing the War Had no money and couldn’t require taxes since
their was not yet a government Asked for help from colonies Issued paper money to buy supplies Nothing to back it up, if lost – money was
worthless
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Victories Fighting in the West
Col. George Rogers Clark fought and won in IN/IL
Claimed the Ohio River for Patriots Fighting in the South
Worst fighting happened in South Loyalist vs. Patriots Several battles lead by British Gen Cornwallis Retreated to Yorktown on a peninsula Patriots blocked way out
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Victory at Yorktown French and Continental Army combined Bombarded Yorktown with ammunition Escape was impossible Cornwallis surrenders on October 19,
1781
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Treaty of Paris England, France,
Spain, US 1783 US becomes
independent Canadian boarder set Mississippi sets
boarder between colonies and Spanish territory
Florida given back to Spain
England removes all troops Pledged to not harm any Loyalists (did
anyway!)
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The ConstitutionChapter 5
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Early Governments People believed they were citizens of states – not a country
Did not want a central government
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Articles of Confederation 1777 – Continental Congress adopted the articles
Approved in 1781 Established a limited national government Most power lay with the states One branch – legislative (Congress) Congress did job of all three branches (Executive/Judicial)
States maintained own courts As many delegates as state wanted but only one vote
Laws required 9 of 13 to pass
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Opposing the Articles Economic Problems
Wealthy worried too much power for people
1786 – National Debt $50 million
Printed more money with no backing
Each state had own money
States taxed each other
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Concerns About Weak Government
1780s = Nationalist immerged wanted to strengthen national government Washington, Madison, Hamilton Needed strong government and courts People didn’t agree Thought articles were doing their job
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Learning from History Men were well educated Knew European countries had tried and failed
Annapolis Convention 1786 – Nationalist Convention Plan to regulate interstate and foreign trade Did not address AOC weaknesses 12 men from five states Set up 1787 convention
in Philadelphia
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Shay’s Rebellion People who gave money for war wanted it back Mass. – heavies direct tax had to be paid in specie Specie – gold or sliver coin Farmers couldn’t afford it and complained State refused to repeal Daniel Shay, war vet and farmer 1786- lead rebellion to tax Drove off collectors, protested, riots State had no money to fight them until 1787 Rebels left for Vermont or NY Shay and others were caught, but freed eventually
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Shay’s Rebellion - Effects People determination against authority Need to strengthen national government to avoid civil unrest
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Constitutional Convention› Convention Assembles
Constitutional Convention – meeting of May 1787
In Philadelphia 55 delegates from all but Rhode Island Ages 27-81, rich to middle class
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Fathers of the Constitution James Madison (36) Attended every meeting and took notes Spent year before learning history, law, government Drew on Enlightenment thinkers Believed a Constitution was best
› Division at the Convention 1st act – George Washington elected president of
convention Unanimous vote Divided – amend AOC or new document
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Virginia Plan Bicameral – two houses Representation – by population or
financial support Representatives
Lower house – popular vote Upper House – nominated
Popular among larger state
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New Jersey Plan One house Representation – equal for each state Representatives – elected by state
legislature Popular among little states
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Reaching Agreements The Great Compromise
Introduced by Connecticut Took from both Bicameral Representation
Two houses Senate – two regardless of size House of Representatives – based on
population Approved on July 16th, 1787
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Three Fifths Compromise Dealt with slavery Southern states wanted to use
slaves for representation numbers
Northern states with few slaves didn’t like this
Formula made for population count
Three fifths compromise – 3 of 5 slaves would count toward population
Didn’t let slaves vote or have rights (NA too)
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A Lasting Document Final draft approves
September 17, 1787 Hasn’t changed much
in 200 years Specific but flexible Only 27 changes
(Amendments)
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Ratifying the Constitution› The Federalist View
To become law, 9 of 13 had to ratify Ratify - approve Those who favored called Federalists Wrote “The Federalist Papers” 85 essays
supporting Explains the new government and why each part
is good Federal government was only slightly more
powerful than states
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Anti-Federalist Views People who opposed Constitution Posed a threat to state and individual rights Seen as a betrayal of the Revolution Federal Government was going to rule peoples
lives Uneasy about taxes Feared loss of liberty again
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Why the Federalist Won Submitted on September 28, 1787 Federalists campaigned to get Constitution ratified Drew on idea that the AOC had many problems All Federalists were behind the Constitution, AFs
didn’t have plan Well organized and communicated George Washington was Federalist Everyone expected him to be the first president Good leader, intelligent, gave up army voluntarily Small states ratified first – most to gain May 1790 – Rhode Island – last of 13 to ratify
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The Bill of Rights Protecting Individual
Rights Clear declaration of
rights September 1789 –
James Madison offers BOR
Took effect December 15, 1791
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The Ten Amendments 1 Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly & petition 2 Right to bear arms 3 No quartering of soldiers in private homes 4 No unreasonable search and seizure 5 Double Jeopardy, Taking of private land, Self-
incrimination 6 Fair and speedy trial 7 Right to a jury trial 8 No cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail 9 People have more rights than the ones listed 10 Power not given to the Federal government go to
state or people
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Against the Bill of Rights Federalist saw no need for these Saw it unnecessary to state these rights “people surrender nothing”
For the Bill of Rights Anti-federalist needed clarification Used to restrain the Federal government Jefferson wanted a list of “unalienable
rights” Wanted clear, detailed language Compromise worked, passed
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The New Government The New Leaders
April 30, 1789 – Washington inaugurated
Inauguration – Official swearing in
Won in unanimous vote John Adams – vice
president Started choose cabinet
(Leaders of major departments)
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Secretary of State Jefferson Had been Governor of
Virginia and Ambassador to France
Became involved in Domestic affairs
Federalist with liberal views
Well educated and sense of duty made him good politician
Choose because he knew France well and was trusted
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Treasury Secretary Hamilton
Well educated, leader in army
Headed largest department of federal government
Believed the government could accomplish anything
Things went smoothly for first few years
Economy got better
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Washington’s Government Large and small problems
faced by Washington Set many precedents Example: Mr. President Office was made for him Was surrounded by much
ceremony Won reelection – 2nd term
was very hard Set the standard for
presidency
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Planning a Capital City New York and Philadelphia served as capitals Residence Act of 1790 set aside 10 square mile area Between Maryland and Virginia – not in a state Run by the Federal Government Benjamin Banneker (AA mathematician and
inventor) and Pierre-Charles L’Enfant (French artist) Created plans for buildings, White House, Capital,
streets and parks Originally District of Columbia Added Washington after GW died in 1799