Birkenes, Robert. "Pay-view-scope looking out over the Niagara Falls.“ Flickr. Yahoo!, 24 July 2007. Web. 8 Feb. 2011."From My Blog - Cloning A Form." LittleBeeps.com. LittleBeeps, 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2011."Contact Lenses at Plymouth Vision Center." Plymouth Vision Center. N.p., 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.Peters, Mark. "Olympus camera lenses unveiled." Lets Go Digital. N.p., 9 Nov. 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2011. "Vintage eyeglasses spectacles from Germany by RetroEyewear on Etsy.“ StyleHive. Stylehive, Inc., 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

convex lens

concave lens

flat lens

light rays are refracted when they hit the lens

converge: meet in the center

“Convex Lens.” Diracdelta. Microsoft, 2011. Web 31 Jan. 2011.

lens/ mirror equation:

magnification equation:

1/f= 1/di + 1/do

m= hi/ho= -di/do

A larger lens lets in more light so the image is brighter

A smaller lens lets in less light therefore it creates a dimmer image

Brown, Margaret. "AF-S Nikkor 400mm f/2.8G ED VR Lens." Photo Review. Media Publishing Pty Limited, Dec. 2007. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.Johnston, Mike. "TOP's Most Popular Small Camera(s)." The Online Photographer. N.p., 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

rays diverge when refracted

the rays are refracted as if they came from the focal point

“Convex & Concave Lens.” Pass My Exams. N.p., 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

the image appears on the same side of the lens as the object and it appears larger

formed by a convex lens if the object is closer than the focal point

formed by a concave lens at all times

http://www.attanolearn.com/excel/MyHome.jsf?view=3156&t=1

Causes fringes of color around the image

Use both a convex and concave les (an achromatic lens) or a convex and flat (an achromatic doublet)

Mallik, U., and Lifiana Somantri. "Lenses." Many Faces of Light: As Newton Saw it, with Some Magic Tricks. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.

Occurs when the surface is spherical

Blurs the image Use only the center

of lenses, or multiple lenses

Mallik, U., and Lifiana Somantri. "Lenses." Many Faces of Light: As Newton Saw it, with Some Magic Tricks. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.

Zitzewitz, Paul W. Physics Principles and Problems. 2002 ed. New York: Glencoe, 2002. Print.

"Vintage eyeglasses spectacles from Germany by RetroEyewear on Etsy." StyleHive. Stylehive, Inc., 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

Brown, Margaret. "AF-S Nikkor 400mm f/2.8G ED VR Lens." Photo Review. Media Publishing Pty Limited, Dec. 2007. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

Johnston, Mike. "TOP's Most Popular Small Camera(s)." The Online Photographer. N.p., 12 Oct. 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

“Convex Lens.” Diracdelta. Microsoft, 2011. Web 31 Jan. 2011.

“Convex & Concave Lens.” Pass My Exams. N.p., 2010. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

Owens, Derek. "Concave and Convex Lenses." Attanolearn. N.p., 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

Peters, Mark. "Olympus camera lenses unveiled." Lets Go Digital. N.p., 9 Nov. 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

Mallik, U., and Lifiana Somantri. "Lenses." Many Faces of Light: As Newton Saw it, with Some Magic Tricks. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.

Birkenes, Robert. "Pay-view-scope looking out over the Niagara Falls.“ Flickr. Yahoo!, 24 July 2007. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

"From My Blog - Cloning A Form.“ LittleBeeps.com. LittleBeeps, 2009. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

"Contact Lenses at Plymouth Vision Center." Plymouth Vision Center. N.p., 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

f- focal point

do- distance from lens to object

di- distance from

lens to image

M- magnification

hi- height of the image

ho- height of the object

lens/ mirror equation

magnification equation

Henderson, Tom. "Image Formation by Lenses." The Physics Classroom. Glenbrook South High School, 2010. Web. 21 Oct. 2010

Henderson, Tom. "Image Formation by Lenses." The Physics Classroom. Glenbrook South High School, 2010. Web.

21 Oct. 2010 Zitzewitz, Paul W. Physics Principles and

Problems. 2002 ed. New York: Glencoe, 2002. Print.

Mallik, U., and Lifiana Somantri. "Lenses." Many Faces of Light: As Newton Saw

it, with Some Magic Tricks. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.

forms the image in the retina but most of the refraction occurs at the cornea

the shape of the cornea can be changed by muscles: when the muscles are relaxed distant objects are in focus, when they are tightened closer objects are focused

Emerald Coast Eye Institute. "An Illustrated Guide to the Human Eye." Emerald      Coast Eye Institute. N.p., 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

when muscles cannot contract of relax enough to focus all objects glasses or contacts assist the retina by increasing or decreasing the focal length

"Contact Lens." Chemistry Daily. N.p., 2005. Web. 31 Jan. 2011."Glasses/ Spectecles." FreeFoto.com. N.p., 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/science-channel/14379-how-its-made-contact-lenses-video.htm

microscopes allow the human eye to see extremely small objects by using at least 2 convex lenses, the image created is both magnified and virtual

“1200CM-Series." Vee Gee Scientific. Vee Gee Scientific, 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.“1200ECM-Series.” Vee Gee Scientific. Vee Gee Scientific, 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

telescopes also use 2 convex lenses which creates an enlarge, virtual, and inverted image

Telescope Finder. "Telescopes Store." Refracting Telescopes. N.p., 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.Klotz, Irene. "World's Largest Telescope Acts like a Big Bucket." Discovery      News. Discovery Communications, 23 July 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

cameras contain several lenses and additional lenses can be added to focus or filter the image

"Objectified." Design in Society. N.p., 2011. Web. 13 Mar. 2011

"Understanding Camera Lenses." Cambridge in Colour. N.p., 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

lenses made for phone cameras in all different effects: sepia tones, wide angle, starburst, color filters, etc.

"Jelly Lens – Mobile Phone Mini Camera Lenses." First to Flyy. Blogger, 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

Through the years not much about lenses has changed. The only real advancement made is the development of lenses with a number of different focal lengths. The Diagnostics and Control Research Centre is working on changing that…

Lenses with a focal length that can be altered by electric signal.

Model Animation Not only could these be used for

people suffering from severe vision problems but also in aroespace, communications, and military applications.

Zitzewitz, Paul W. Physics Principles and Problems. 2002 ed. New York: Glencoe, 2002. Print.

"Jelly Lens – Mobile Phone Mini Camera Lenses." First to Flyy. Blogger, 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2011.

Emerald Coast Eye Institute. "An Illustrated Guide to the Human Eye." Emerald Coast Eye Institute. N.p., 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

"Contact Lens." Chemistry Daily. N.p., 2005. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

"Glasses/ Spectecles." FreeFoto.com. N.p., 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

Klotz, Irene. "World's Largest Telescope Acts like a Big Bucket." Discovery News. Discovery Communications, 23 July 2009. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

"VanGuard." Vee Gee Scientific. Vee Gee Scientific, 2011. Web. 31 Jan. 2011.

"How It's Made: Contact Lenses." HowStuffWorks Videos. HowStuffWorks, Inc., 2011. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.

"Smart Materials (Lenses)." E.R.I.- Engineering Research Institute. Diagnostics Control and Research Centre, 2005. Web. 4 Feb. 2011.