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Slide 1 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Presented to:
Session: Fenestration 2
Atlanta, Georgia April 2, 2012 Slide 1
Presented by:
Nick Bagatelos
Jesse Wolf Corsi Henson, AIA, LEED AP Saint-Gobain Solar, NA
BIPV FAÇADES RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Slide 2 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND
Photo credit: Bagatelos Architectural Glass Systems Inc.
Slide 3 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND
American Institute of Architects & Architecture 2030 Challenge
Net Zero Buildings by 2030
Goal applies to new & existing buildings
Relying on effective combination: • Energy efficiency • On-site renewable energy generation
Slide 4 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND
Selling price for PV modules is approaching $1/Wp = $10/SF - $14/SF (no incentives) = $7/SF - $10/SF (30% ITC) Typical cost for spandrel glazing = $12 - $14/SF BIPV Curtain Wall Premium - 100% payback in 24-36 months
Slide 5 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
RESEARCH QUESTION
How effective are BIPV spandrel applications in generating on-site energy across a variety of climate types and latitudes so that buildings can approach net zero annual energy consumption? The vertical wall will generate 72% of the rooftop array.
Slide 6 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
HOT-ARID Phoenix, AZ Latitude: 33°26’N
HOT-HUMID Miami, FL Latitude: 25°48’N
TEMPERATE New York, NY Latitude: 40°47’N
COOL Minneapolis, MN Latitude: 44°53’N
kWh/m2/day
5 to 6 4 to 5 3 to 4
KEY
PARAMETERS: CLIMATE ARID Sacramento, CA Latitude: 38°34’N
Slide 7 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
PARAMETERS: WHOLE BUILDING
Highly energy efficient building = 70% more efficient than similar buildings for location 70% energy reduction target matches the Architecture 2030 Challenge goal for 2015
Target Rating: 100 (70% energy reduction target)
Space Type: Office Floor Plate: 20,000 SF Stories :10
Maximize BIPV effects by application on highly energy efficient buildings
Slide 8 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
PARAMETERS:
Impact to Potential PV Area: • Proportion of South façade area to East/West façade area (L/W Ratio) • Proportion of Vision Glazing (no PV) to Spandrel (PV)
Slide 9 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
PARAMETERS: L/W RATIO VARIATION
Slide 10 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
PARAMETERS: FAÇADE VARIATION
Results compare least vs. greatest % coverage
Slide 11 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
COMPARISON OF ROOF vs. FACADE
SPANDREL: potential for significant surface area (w/ solar access)
Slide 12 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
RESULTS: PV PERFORMANCE
ANNUAL ENERGY DENSITY COMPARISON
0.0
4.0
8.0
12.0
16.0
20.0
24.0
MIA(25°48'N)
PHX (33°26'N)
SMF(38.5°N)
NYC(40°47'N)
MNN(44°53'N)
kWh
/ SF
/ YR
OPT° TILT 15° TILT 90° TILT
Comparison: Energy Generation Intensity (EGI) kWh / SF / YR
Slide 13 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
RESULTS: PV PERFORMANCE
kWh/SF/YR %PHX (33°26'N) 13.47SMF (38.5°N) 12.21 9.3%MNN (44°53'N) 11.67 13.4%NYC (40°47'N) 10.70 20.5%MIA (25°48'N) 9.74 27.7%
Energy Generation Intensity (EGI) 90° tilt, South facing
Highest
Lowest
Slide 14 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
RESULTS: WHOLE BUILDING
(kWh/SF/YR)MIA (25°48'N) 5.50PHX (33°26'N) 5.53SMF (38.5°N) 4.71NYC (40°47'N) 4.78MNN (44°53'N) 5.05
Energy Use Intensity (EUI)
Results of Target Finder Study
Highest
Lowest
Slide 15 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
PV GENERATION (kWh/YR)
BLDG CONSUMPTION (kWh/YR)
RESULTS: WHOLE BUILDING
SMF (38.5°N)
697 783
244 159
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000SMF (38.5°N)
844
97
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
25%
ROOF
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000 SMF (38.5°N)
596717
345224
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000 SMF (38.5°N)
519667
423275
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000 SMF (38.5°N)
454624
488317
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000
1:1 L/W RATIO
1:2 L/W RATIO
1:3 L/W RATIO
1:4 L/W RATIO
L/W RATIO COMPARISON FOR SACRAMENTO
62.5 kW
5,000 SF
250 kW
19,976 SF
162 kW
12,984 SF
353 kW
28,250 SF
230 kW
18,363 SF
433 kW
34,600 SF
281 kW
22,490 SF
500 kW
39,952 SF
325 kW
25,968 SF
ROOF
65% SPANDREL WITH HIGH L/W RATIO EXCEEDS 100% SPANDREL
Slide 16 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
SMF (38.5°N)
454624
488317
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000 NYC (40°47'N)
529679
428278
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000 MNN (44°53'N)
543706
466303
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000 PHX (33°26'N)
568756
538350
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000 MIA (25°48'N)
710846
389253
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
100% 65%
SPANDREL
(kW
h/YR
)
x 1000
COMPARISON ACROSS CLIMATE ZONES FOR L/W RATIO 1:4
RESULTS: WHOLE BUILDING
Highest PV generation
PV GENERATION (kWh/YR)
BLDG CONSUMPTION (kWh/YR)
Highest PV contribution
Slide 17 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
LOWEST TOTAL ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION W/ NO PVkWh/ YR % HIGHER
SMF (38.5°N) 941,436NYC (40°47'N) 956,891 1.6%MNN (44°53'N) 1,009,393 7.2%MIA (25°48'N) 1,099,097 16.7%PHX (33°26'N) 1,106,057 17.5%
LOWEST TOTAL ELECTRIC CONSUMPTION W/ PVkWh/ YR % HIGHER
SMF (38.5°N) 453,515NYC (40°47'N) 529,368 16.7%MNN (44°53'N) 543,269 19.8%PHX (33°26'N) 568,014 25.2%MIA (25°48'N) 709,862 56.5%
RESULTS: WHOLE BUILDING
Lowest Total Electric Consumption W/ No PV
Lowest Total Electric Consumption W/ PV
Highest
Lowest
Highest
Lowest
BIPV contributions can SIGNIFICANTLY lower electric consumption
Slide 18 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSIONS
• Relying on available roof mounted PV systems for tall buildings will not provide as significant on-site renewable energy.
• While current research reveals the energy production limits associated with their vertical application; the net zero energy goal suggests a reconsideration of BIPV facades.
• Spandrel applications can contribute in excess of 15% annual electricity needs for highly efficient office buildings throughout major US climate zones.
Slide 19 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
Slide 20 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
Good SOLAR ACCESS park
Slide 21 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
view from south east
Slide 22 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Shadow study: DECEMBER 21 @ 8:00 AM
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
SE FAÇADE WINTER: Shading 1st to 4th floor
Slide 23 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Shadow study: MARCH 21 @ 8:00 AM
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
SE FAÇADE SPRING: Shading 1st to 2nd floor
Slide 24 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Shadow study: JUNE 21 @ 8:00 AM
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
SE FAÇADE SUMMER: No Shading
Slide 25 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Shadow study: DECEMBER 21 @ 4:00 PM
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
SW FAÇADE WINTER: Shading 1st to 5th floor
Slide 26 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Shadow study: MARCH 21 @ 4:00 PM
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
SW FAÇADE SPRING: No Shading
Slide 27 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Shadow study: JUNE 21 @ 4:00 PM
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
SW FAÇADE SUMMER: No Shading
Slide 28 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
SMF TEST BUILDINGSOUTHWEST
FAÇADESOUTHEAST
FAÇADENO PV EUI (kWh/SF/yr) 4.71
FLOOR PLATE 13,680NET
CONSUMP (kWh/YR)
CONSUMP (kWh/YR)
TOTAL PV GEN
(kWh/YR)
PV COVERAGE
PV GEN (kWh/YR)
PV COVERAGE
PV GEN (kWh/YR)
FAÇADE LENGTH 114 120PV EGI (kWh/SF/yr) 11.33 11.53
STORY 12 38,311 64,394 26,083 75% 12,597 75% 13,48711 38,311 64,394 26,083 75% 12,597 75% 13,48710 38,311 64,394 26,083 75% 12,597 75% 13,4879 38,311 64,394 26,083 75% 12,597 75% 13,4878 38,311 64,394 26,083 75% 12,597 75% 13,4877 38,311 64,394 26,083 75% 12,597 75% 13,4876 38,311 64,394 26,083 75% 12,597 75% 13,4875 50,908 64,394 13,487 0% 0 75% 13,4874 64,394 64,394 0 0% 0 0% 03 64,394 64,394 0 0% 0 0% 02 64,394 64,394 0 0% 0 0% 01 64,394 64,394 0 0% 0 0% 0
TOTAL 500,039 643,942 143,903PV OFFSET (%) 22.3%
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
Slide 29 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
NET CONSUMP (kWh/YR)
78%
TOTAL PV GEN
(kWh/YR)22%
SACRAMENTO: EXAMPLE BUILDING
Spandrel applications can contribute in excess of 22% annual electricity needs for highly efficient office buildings.
Slide 30 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
Slide 31 BIPV FAÇADE RECONSIDERED: MID-RISE AND HIGH RISE APPLICATIONS
END Thank you for your attention!
Presented by:
Nick Bagatelos emial: [email protected] For:
Jesse Wolf Corsi Henson, AIA, LEED AP email: [email protected]