bipolar (theories and treatment)

8/11/2019 Bipolar (Theories and Treatment)

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BIPOLAR:

THEORIES AND TREATMENT

Princess Zena M. Avery

III-9 BS Psychology


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Biological

Psychological

Theories of Mood Disorders


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Biological Theories of Mood Disorders

Genetic Theory

Disordered genes predispose people to depression

or bipolar disorder.

Family history studies

Family history studies of people with bipolar disorder

find that their first-degree relatives have rates of both

bipolar disorder and unipolar depression at least two to

three times higher than the rates of relatives of people

without bipolar disorder.


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Twin Studies

Twin studies of bipolar disorder have shown that the

probability that both twins will develop the disorder, or

its concordance rate, is about 60% among monozygotic(identical) twins, compared with about 13% among

dizygotic (non-identical) twins.

-- Specific Genetic Abnormalities


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Neurotransmittertheories

Dysregulation ofneurotransmittersand their receptorscauses depression

and mania. Themonoamineneurotransmitters-norepinephrin,

serotonin, anddopamine- have beenmost researched.


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Neurophysiological

(Brain) Abnormalities

Abnormalities in the

structure and

functioning of theprefrontal cortex,

hippocampus,

anterior cingulate

cortex and amygdala.


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Neuroendocrine abnormalities

Depressed people show chronic hyperactivity in

the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and slow

return to baseline after a stressor, which affectsthe functioning of neurotransmitters.


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Psychological Theories of Mood

Disorders

(The psychological theories of depression have focused

on aspects of the environment, of thinking and of a

persons past.)

Behavioral theories LEWINSOHNS THEORY

Depressed people experience a reduction in positive

reinforcers and an increase in aversive events, which

leads to their depression.


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LEARNED HELPLESSNESS THEORY

Depressed people lack control which leads to the belief

that they are helpless which leads to depressive

symptoms.

Cognitive TheoriesAARON BECKS THEORY

Depressed people have a negative cognitive triad of

beliefs about the self, the world, and the future which is

maintained by distorted thinking.


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REFORMULATED LEARNED HELPLESSNESS THEORY

Depressed people have the tendency to attribute

events to internal, stable, and global factors whichcontributes to depression.

RUMINATIVE RESPONSE STYLES THEORY

Depressed people tend to ruminate about their

symptoms and problems.


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Psychodynamic Theory

Depressed people are unconsciously punishingthemselves because they feel abandoned by

another person but cannot punish that person;

dependency and perfectionism are risk factors for

depression.

Interpersonal Theories

Depressed people have poor relationships withothers.


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Treatments

Pharmacotherapy

Psychotherapy

Social interventions ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)

rTMS (Repititive Transcranial Magnetic

Stimulation) VNS (Vagus Nerve Stimulation)


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Available Types of Pharmacotherapy

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)

MAOIs

SSRIs

SNRIs

Atypical antidepressants

Mood stabilizers Antipsychotics


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Psychotherapy in Depression

Supportive

Insight-oriented

Interpersonal Cognitive-behavioral

Psychodynamic

Individual, group or family


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THANK YOU!!!

bipolar (theories and treatment)

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