biotechnology in agriculture 2019 · 2019-10-07 · í ì l ó l î ì í õ ï)duphuv wrgd\ jurz...
TRANSCRIPT
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Definition –HistoryHow Ag Biotech works Success of Technology Why Farmers Use It
Concerns and IssuesMarket ReactionsCorporate Wars
Outline
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An array of basic sciences that use scientific
discovery and new technologies for the manipulation of the fundamental building blocks of genetic information to create new life forms that may not have occurred in nature.
Genetically Modified Organism: altered genetic make up; ability to precisely transfer beneficial genes from one organism to another.
What is Biotechnology?
Genetic Modification began thousands of years ago when crops and animals were first domesticated
Gregor Mendel, through his studies of garden peas unraveled the laws of inheritance – 1865, but ignored until rediscovered in 1890s
Remember High School Biology
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Farmers today grow six times as much corn as they did in the 1930s – on 25 percent less land
The yield per acre has skyrocketed from 24 bushels in 1931 to well over 300 now. National corn yield contest winner over 500 bu/acre.
The primary reason – the development of hybrid corn, a direct result of Mendel and the subsequent scientists who worked to understand genetics and heredity
The national average of 153 bushels produced on each acre in 2010 was nearly 20 percent larger than the average yield in 2002; in 2018 average was 176 bu/ac and plant breeding experts estimate yields may hit a national average of 300 bushels per acre by 2030.
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Norman E. Borlaug
Father of the Green Revolution of the 1960s
Improved, Higher Yield Crop Varieties through Plant
Breeding
India and other countries became self-sufficient in
grain Production
Nobel Peace Prize Recipient in 1970
Agricultural biotechnology is a science that allows
plant breeders to make precise genetic changes to place beneficial traits – such as pest resistance, disease resistance or herbicide tolerance – into plants.
Agricultural Biotechnology
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Nucleotides make up DNA. DNA makes up genes, and genes are small segments of chromosomes
Think of the Wonder of it All – We can identify, manage and move these basic genetic building blocks to where they can improve the genetic capability of the plant or animals!
CRISPR/Cas9 SystemRNAi
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Today – Crops, not Animals (Research Only)
BUT, a good paper for reference is:Council for Agricultural Science and Technology
(CAST)
“The Science and Regulation of Food from Genetically Engineered Animals”
QTA2011-2
Since the introduction of biotechnology-derived
commercial crop in 1996, farmers have used this science to grow plants that yield more per acre with reduced production costs while being resistant to disease and pests and also beneficial to the environment.
Round Up Ready Soybeans and Corn BT Cotton – Insect ResistanceGlufosinate – Resistant Soybeans and CornDicamba and 2,4-D Resistant Soybeans
Commercial Adoption
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Why Farmers Adopt
Yield Increase Energy Savings Tillage Efficiencies Pesticide Savings Better Pest Control Weed Insects
Save Money or Make Money
Scope of Biotech Crop Varieties
United States
Corn – 90% of acreage 79 million acres
Soybeans – 93% of acres 71 million acres
Cotton – 94% of acreage 10 million acres
World
29 countries
16.7 million farmers 400 million acres
90% are resource-poor farmers
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Input Traits//Output Traits
Input Traits
Disease Resistance
Insect Resistance
Herbicide Tolerance
Drought Resistance
Output Traits YIELD
Fortify Nutritional Characteristics
Higher oil content or quality
Pharmaceutical Qualities
Bayer (formerly Monsanto)
Corteva Agriscience(Spin off from Dow/Dupont)
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Round Up Ready (Glyphosate)
AlfalfaCornCotton SoybeanCanola Sugar Turf
Not Vegetables/Fruit
Ag Bio-Tech or GMO’sProponents & Opponents
A 40 year debateWorld wide in Scope
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Are the Fears Justified?Genetically Modified Crops Have
Resulted In:
Reduced Hunger/ Higher YieldsLess Pesticide Use
Less Carbon EmissionsReduced collateral damage to Biodiversity and Rain Forest
Destruction
Biggest concern: Genetic Resistance among Weeds and Pests
World’s Corn Crop 31 million tons moreWorld’s Soybean Crop 14 million tons more Farm Income increased by $14 billion, more than half
of which went to farmers in developing countriesReduction of pesticides by 965 million pounds
Brooks & Barfoot, PG Economics, published in 2 peer reviewed Journals - 2010
Success of GMO Crops
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Four Biggest Scientific Developments of the 20th Century
Breaking Gravity
Splitting the Atom
The Computer Revolution
Genetic Engineering What had to happen to
move commercial development forward?
WHY IS AGR-BIOTECH /GENETIC
ENGINEERING SO IMPORTANT?
FEED THE WORLD?MAKE $ FOR CORPORATIONS?
THE UNITED NATIONS EXPECTS NEARLY 9.5 BILLION PEOPLE ON EARTH BY 2050
WHERE IS THIS – U.S.,
BRAZIL, CANDADA,
UKRAINE?
LAND AND TECNOLOGY: KEY TO INCREASE THE PRODUCTION
GMO TECHNOLOGY
SHOULD BE EXPLORED FOR OTHER CROPS
Food Demand
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World Grain Production(3 Years Average – Millions Tons)
Source: Conab
Country Production
Estados Unidos 502.2China 476.7EU-27 323.3
India 246.5
Brazil 136.3Russia 94.3Argentina 88.1Australia 37.5Outros 738.7Total Mundial 2.643.70
502,2476,7
246,5
136,3
94,3323,3
37,5
88,1
Brazil – 2nd major exporter of Soybeans and Corn In the World – European & Asian Markets are huge
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Environmental Stresses (Drought/Heat/Cold)
More effective utilization of soil nutrients
Nutritionally fortified foods
Pharmaceuticals
Future in Ag Biotech
Agricultural Biotech Accepted By
World Health Organization
U. S. government
American Medical Association
National Academy of Sciences
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Seen as a “perilous intrusion into the natural world”
“Visceral skepticism toward motives and trustworthiness of large companies”
These viewpoints, while strong, do not offer a legal pathway to change the course of BioTech/Genetic Engineering
So, - - - - - -
Opposition to BioTech
Food Safety: Will it poison people?
Spread Super Weeds or Super “Bugs”
Entrench and Strengthen Corporate Monopolies
Banned in 30 countries France, Germany, Peru Most of Africa
Issues/Resistance
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Opponents are Passionate, Determined
But, just because they oppose a technology, doesn’t mean they have
a legal pathway to support their position or ideology, so - - -
Use laws that protect food
Use laws that protect the environment
Turns into multiple lawsuits against USDA and other agencies
Creates delay of an already lengthy regulatory process to gain approvals
Opponents Use Legal Levers Available
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Can living organisms created by the human hand be patented?
Why is this important?
Where was it decided?
Genetic engineer Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty,
working for General Electric, had developed a bacterium (derived from the Pseudomonas genus) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. He requested a patent for the bacterium in the United States but was turned down by a patent examiner, because the law dictated that living things were not patentable.
Diamond v. Chakrabarty
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The Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences
agreed with the original decision; however, the United States Court of Customs and Patent Appealsoverturned the case in Chakrabarty's favor, writing that "the fact that micro-organisms are alive is without legal significance for purposes of the patent law." Sidney A. Diamond, Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks, appealed to the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court case was argued on March 17, 1980 and decided on June 16, 1980.
Diamond v. Charkrabaty
A Coordinated Framework of Regulatory Oversight:
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
FDA (Food and Drug Administration)
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture)
Who Regulates in US
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Fortified Golden RiceDr. Ingo Potrykus
years in Regulatory Purgatory
“the regulation of genetic engineering is responsible for the death and blindness of thousands of children and young mothers”
Lords of the Harvest
Daniel CharlesPerseus Press
2001
An accurate history of the science, business and legal
developments surrounding the commercial implementation of
agricultural biotechnology.
Focuses on Monsanto and the development of Round Up
Ready Technologies
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Oxford Farming Conference: His understanding of the impact on
biotechnology on feeding the world
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