biotechnology and genetic engineering. biotechnology a new field of science that uses organisms or...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY ANDGENETIC ENGINEERING
![Page 2: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY
A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and food production
![Page 3: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GENETIC ENGINEERING
When genes or pieces of DNA are taken from one organism and transferred to another organisms
BIOTECHNOLOGY
A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and food production
![Page 4: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
GENETIC ENGINEERING: PURPOSES
With DNA technology, specific or desired genes can be inserted into organisms in order to reach desired outcomes such as producing human insulin for diabetics, creating disease-resistant crops for food, or creating “glow-in-the-dark” fish as pets
Recombinant DNA – when DNA from two different organisms is joined together
![Page 5: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMSOrganisms that contain DNA from other, different organisms
“Genetically Modified Organisms” (GMOs)
![Page 6: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS ARE CALLED TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
Ex. GloFish
The first genetically modified pet
![Page 7: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Scientists insert desired
using restriction enzymes and DNA ligase
gene into plasmid
Recombinant DNA incorporated
into plant chromosome
Plasmidcombinedwith plantcells in culture
Plant has new DNA and produces new proteins
DNA in a bacterial
cell forms a ring called a
plasmid
Creating a Transgenic Organism
![Page 8: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HOW DO WE ‘PICK AND CHOOSE’ DNA?WE USE RESTRICTION ENZYMESRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific base
pair sequences
![Page 9: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
![Page 10: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
HOW ARE TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (GMOS) HELPFUL?
1 – To enhance agricultureCrops such as wheat, corn, tomatoes (etc.) are
produced by biotechnology. The crops grow larger, faster, and are more disease resistant.
![Page 11: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
2 – To enhance medicineHuman insulin, human growth hormone are
produced in this way. This method of production makes these medical supplies inexpensive and plentiful.
HOW ARE TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS (GMOS) HELPFUL?
![Page 12: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Human Cell
Gene for human growth hormone
Recombinant DNA
Gene for human growth hormone
Sticky ends
DNA recombination
DNA insertion
Bacterial Cell
Plasmid
Bacterial chromosome
Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone
![Page 14: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY: CLONING
What? Genetically identical individuals are created from a single cell
A single cell from an adult it used to grow an entirely new but genetically identical individual without the help of another parent
![Page 17: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
4. Fused cell begins dividing normally.
5. Embryo is placed inthe uterus of a foster mother.
3. Donor nucleus and empty egg cell are fused with an electric shock.
2. Donor cell taken from sheep’s udder.
1. An egg cell is taken from an adult sheep.
6. Embryo develops into an animal identical to the animal that donated the nucleus.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: CLONING
![Page 18: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
DOLLY THE SHEEP – 1ST CLONED MAMMAL
![Page 19: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
What? Making copies of specific segments of DNA
![Page 20: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Increases the amount of DNA when only a small amount is available
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
![Page 21: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Useful example: increasing DNA in blood if only a small drop is found at a crime scene
BIOTECHNOLOGY:PCR – POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
![Page 22: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
PRACTICE PROBLEMWhich of the following is NOT a use
for transgenic organisms (GMOs)?
a. to produce disease-resistant crops
b. to create a genetically identical individual from one single parent
c. to produce seedless watermelons
d. to create bacteria that produce insulin for diabetics
![Page 24: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
![Page 25: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1. What do the bands in the drawing of the agarose gel represent?
2. Which band(s) traveled slowest?
3. Which band(s) traveled fastest?
4. On the above drawing, label the positive and negative ends of the gel.
5. How many bands are shared in common by all of the individuals?
6. Are there any bands which are unique to only one individual? If so, which one? biology.arizona.edu
![Page 26: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
![Page 27: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Gel ElectrophoresisBIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
![Page 28: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
![Page 29: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What? DNA fragments are separated with electrophoresis and compared to one another
No two people (except identical twins) have exactly the same DNA
A child’s DNA is a combination of both parents
BIOTECHNOLOGY: DNA FINGERPRINTING
![Page 30: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Uses: crime scene testing or forensics
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
![Page 31: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Uses: crime scene testing or forensics
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
![Page 32: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Uses: crime scene testing or forensics
BIOTECHNOLOGY: GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
![Page 33: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Goal: To determine the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA
To identify and map the 35,000-40,000 genes on the 46 human chromosomes
Project began in 1990 and was completed in (approximately) 2003
![Page 34: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
![Page 35: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Uses: To use the information to detect and treat abnormalities that lead to diseases and disorders
Opponents are afraid that this info could lead to a future where parents could genetically select everything from eye color to intelligence in their children (ex. “designer babies”)Ex. GATTACA???
![Page 36: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
If we start off as one cell, how do
we grow into many different
cells that performmany different
functions?
http://jpkc.scu.edu.cn/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech12-2.jpg
![Page 37: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Cell differentiation is the process by which a generic cell develops into a specific type of cell.
![Page 38: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CELL DIFFERENTIATION
During development, cells receive different chemical signals that turn certain genes on and off.
![Page 39: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
BIOTECHNOLOGY: STEM CELL RESEARCH
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells – they have the potential to develop into any type of cell.
![Page 40: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
BACKGROUND: CELL DIFFERENTIATION
When DNA is instructed to make specific proteins, this in turn causes a cell to become a particular TYPE of cell.
![Page 41: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Embryonic stem cells develop inearly-stage embryos and can bestimulated to develop into any of the more than 200 adult cell types.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: STEM CELL RESEARCH
![Page 42: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
STEM CELL RESEARCH
Adult stem cells existin specific locations and are used to maintain or repair the specific types of tissues where they are found
Ex. Hematopoietic stem cells can developinto any type of blood cell.
![Page 43: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Ethics of biotechnology
and genetic engineering…
![Page 44: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
BIOETHICSBioethics: the study of standards
for what is right and what is wrong;
controls the actions of many scientists; tries to balance the needs of the people with the needs of science research
Cannot defend a study ethically unless the presumed cost is lower than expected benefit
![Page 45: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
TRANSGENICS
Are we bypassing nature?Are “designer babies”
ethical?Are there any health
hazards of genetically modified foods?
![Page 46: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
CLONING
Using cloning for reproduction (ex: technology to clone humans is similar to cloning sheep, but humans have never been cloned)
Using cloning to make embryonic stem cells for medical use
![Page 47: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING. BIOTECHNOLOGY A new field of science that uses organisms or their products to improve medicine, healthcare, and](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022070407/56649e415503460f94b33cda/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
STEM CELL RESEARCH
Embryonic stem cells must be harvested from aborted fetuses; right to life debate
Research could potentially help treat many medical problems, but do we have the right to alter human lives in this manner?