biotechnology advances and challenges

8/18/2019 Biotechnology advances and challenges

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BIOTECHNOLOGY

DEVELOPMENT AND

CHALLENGES PRESENTATION-CONTEMPORARY ISSUES-


2/10

What is Biotechnology?

• Biotechnology is the alication o! scienti!ic

an" enginee#ing #inciles to the #ocessing o!

$ate#ials %y %iological agents to #o&i"e goo"s

an" se#&ices'

• Deen"ing on the tools an" alications( it is

o!ten #elate" to !iel"s o! %ioenginee#ing(

%io$e"ical enginee#ing( %io $an)!act)#ing etc'


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ORIGIN OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Biotechnology a#ose !#o$ the !iel" o! *y$otechnology o#

*y$)#gy( +hich %egan as a sea#ch !o# a %ette# )n"e#stan"ing o!

in")st#ial !e#$entation( a#tic)la#ly %ee#'

• The ,y$otechnic Instit)te( +as esta%lishe" in Chicago %y the

Ge#$an-%o#n che$ist .ohn E+al" Sie%el'

• The hey"ay an" e/ansion o! *y$otechnology ca$e in 0o#l"

0a# I in #esonse to in")st#ial nee"s to s)o#t the +a#'

• The in")st#ial otential o! !e#$entation +as o)tg#o+ing its

t#a"itional ho$e in %#e+ing( an" 1*y$otechnology1 soon ga&e

+ay to 1%iotechnology'1


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EVOLUTION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

• In the 2345s( enicillin +as "isco&e#e" in Englan"( it +as

#o")ce" in")st#ially in the 6'S' )sing a "ee !e#$entation

#ocess o#iginally "e&eloe" in Peo#ia( Illinois'

• In 2378 the st#)ct)#e o! DNA +as "isco&e#e" %y 0atson an"

C#ic9'

• In 23:8 ;Cohen an" Boye# "isco&e#e" a #eco$%inant DNA

techni


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EVOLUTION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY (contines!

• Beginning in the 2375s( !e#$entation technology also %eca$e

a"&ance" eno)gh to #o")ce ste#oi"s on in")st#ially signi!icant scales

• In the e#io" 23:7 to 23::( the in&ention o! synthetic =h)$an>

ins)lin signi!ies the e&ol)tion %iotech'

• Mic#o%ial #o")ction o! synthetic h)$an ins)lin +as !inallyanno)nce" in Sete$%e# 23:? an" +as #o")ce" %y a sta#t)

co$any( Genentech

• By 23??( !i&e #oteins !#o$ genetically enginee#e" cells ha" %een

a#o&e" as "#)gs %y the 6nite" States @oo" an" D#)gA"$inist#ation @DA synthetic insulin, human growth hormone,

hepatitis B vaccine, alpha-interferon, and tissue plasminogen

activator (TPa), for lysis of blood clots.


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BIOTECHNOLOGY "EVELO#$ENT% IN THE &'%T CENTURY

• &' Cele#a Geno$ics an" the H)$an Geno$e P#oect c#eate a

"#a!t o! the h)$an geno$e se


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TY#E% OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

$e,ical -iotechnology - Cloning( A#ti!icial inse$ination( In-

&it#o !e#tili*ation an" Genetic enginee#ing'

In,st.ial -iotechnology - En*y$e catalysts

En/i.on0ental -iotechnology - Bio#e$e"iation to clean ) anoil sill at sea'

1g.iclt.al -iotechnology c#o $ic#o #oagation to %e

#esistant to "i!!e#ent en&i#on$ents an" "iseases'


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C1REER% IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology has a +i"e &a#iety o! ca#ee# oo#t)nities #anging

!#o$

Sales an" $a#9eting

Resea#ch an" "e&elo$ent(Man)!act)#ing

)ality cont#ol an" ass)#ance'


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1"V1NT1GE% OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Genetically alte#e" $a$$alian cells hels to $an)!act)#e ce#tain

ha#$ace)ticals'

• T#eating o# e&en c)#ing o! genetic an" ac


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CH1LLENGE% IN BIOTECHNOLOGY Loss o! #i&acy' Me"ical an" genetic in!o#$ation is $o#e li9ely to %e

sto#e" an" sha#e"'

Disc#i$ination' P#i&ate ins)#e#s( e$loye#s( an" go&e#n$ental entities

a#e $o#e li9ely to "isc#i$inate against eole +ho ha&e genetic o#

$e"ical a%no#$alities( esecially i! s)ch in!o#$ation is a&aila%le in

"ata%ases'The#ae)tic cloning is #ega#"e" as )nethical %y so$e g#o)s( #i$a#ily

#eligio)s o#gani*ations'

E/os)#e o! +il" secies to genetically $o"i!ie" c#os o# "o$estic

li&estoc9 co)l" ca)se 1s)e# secies1 to e&ol&e +ith #esistance to

estici"es( he#%ici"es( o# !)ngici"es'Loss o! %io"i&e#sity' De&elo$ent o! genetically $o"i!ie" c#os o#

"o$estic li&estoc9 co)l" #e")ce genetic &a#iety a$ong %oth

"o$esticate" an" +il" secies'

Ha#$!)l che$icals; so$e che$icals +ith )n9no+n o# "a$agingen&i#on$ental i$acts a#e li9ely to %e "e&eloe"'

biotechnology advances and challenges

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