biosphere/atmosphere interactions in the tropics
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics
![Page 2: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
NO emission from soil
VOC emitted from leaf surface
O3 deposition to leaf surface
O3 and NO2 deposition to
stomata
NO + O3 NO2 + O3
NO + O3 NO2 + O2
NO2 + O2 NO + O3
RO’2 + NO RO’ + NO2
NO, NO2, O3, VOC
hv
VOC NO
NO2
NO2
NO2
NO
O3
O3
Modified after Coe et al. 1993
HNO3NH3
HONO?
![Page 5: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
OH and the Amazon,an untested hypothesis
![Page 6: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Some Questions
• What are the timescales of transport and chemical processes in nitrogen cycling between ecosystems and atmosphere?
• How do they interact to determine N species flux in and out the ecosystems?
• How does ecosystem exchange on VOC and N species affect the atmospheric oxidant cycle?
![Page 7: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CCN sources in the “clean” tropics:
• Dust, Sea Spray: Over the humid continental tropics, too few to be important
• Marine biogenic sulfate (from DMS): Probably important some of the time
• Terrestrial biogenic sulfate (from DMS and H2S): May play a key role in providing soluble aerosol component
• Secondary Organic Aerosol: May provide a significant part of aerosol mass, but mode of particle formation still under question
• Primary biogenic aerosol: Bacteria, spores, plant debris may account for a large fraction of aerosol mass and number!
![Page 8: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CCN Efficiency Spectra
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Supersaturation, %
CC
N E
ffici
ency
as
CC
N/C
N r
atio
Aged Smoke in Cloud Layer
Fresh Smoke in Mixed Layer
Green Ocean (CLAIRE98)
![Page 9: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Pyrogenic CCN have
pronounced impact on
cloud droplet size spectra!
![Page 10: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Aerosol pollution increases the height where cloud drops grow big enough to grow by coagulation and form “warm” rain
(Andreae et al., SCIENCE, 2004)
![Page 11: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Some Questions
• What is the source of “background” Amazonian aerosols, and what are their properties?
• What determines the cloud droplet and ice nucleating ability of Amazonian aerosols?
• How do aerosols affect the formation and properties of ice phase in clouds over Amazonia?
• How do aerosols affect rainfall amount and rain rate over Amazonia?
![Page 12: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Compare flash rates in January...
![Page 13: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
… and in September
![Page 14: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How does smoke get into the stratosphere??
Simulation of a Pyrocumulus Blowup
Potential Temperature on the 100 µg/m³ aerosol-isosurface
![Page 15: Biosphere/Atmosphere Interactions in the Tropics](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062308/56649ed95503460f94be8133/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Some Questions
• Do aerosols affect the amount and distribution of lightning over Amazonia?
• Does this affect the chemical properties of the atmosphere?
• Do fires and aerosols affect the intensity of deep convection in the tropics?
• Is this important for the chemistry and physical properties of the UTLS?