biosphere ecosystem community population studying organisms in their environment organism
TRANSCRIPT
biosphere
ecosystem
community
population
Studying organisms in their environment
organism
Essential questions• What limits the production in ecosystems?
• How do nutrients move in the ecosystem?
• How does energy move through the ecosystem?
Ecosystem• All the organisms in a community plus abiotic
factors– Transform energy & process matter
• Ecosystems are self-sustaining– what is needed?
capture energy transfer energy cycle nutrients
capture energy transfer energy cycle nutrients
biosphere
Ecosystem inputs
constant inputof energy
energy flowsthrough
nutrients cycle
Nutrientscycle
inputs energy nutrients
inputs energy nutrients
Don’t forgetthe laws of
Physics!
Matter cannotbe created or
destroyed
Generalized Nutrient cycling
Decompositionconnects all
trophic levels
Lakes
Runoff
Percolation in soil
Evaporation
Transpiration
Precipitation
Oceans
Solar energy
AquiferGroundwater
Water cycle
Water vapor
abiotic reservoir: surface & atmospheric
waterenter food chain: precipitation & plant
uptakerecycle: transpiration
return to abiotic: evaporation & runoff
abiotic reservoir: surface & atmospheric
waterenter food chain: precipitation & plant
uptakerecycle: transpiration
return to abiotic: evaporation & runoff
Breaking the water cycle• Deforestation breaks the water
cycle– groundwater is not transpired.
Precipitation is not created.
forest desert
desertification
Repairing the damage• The Greenbelt Movement
– planting trees in Kenya
– restoring a sustainable ecosystem
– establishing democracy
– empowering women
Wangari MaathaiNobel Peace prize 2004Nobel Peace prize 2004
Birds
Herbivores
Plants
amino acids
CarnivoresAtmospheric
nitrogen
loss to deep sediments
Fish
Plankton withnitrogen-fixingbacteria
Nitrogen-fixingbacteria
(plant roots)
Nitrogen-fixingbacteria
(soil)
Denitrifyingbacteria
Death, excretion, feces
Nitrifying bacteria
soil nitrates
excretion
Decomposing bacteria
Ammonifying bacteria
Nitrogen cycle
abiotic reservoir: N in atmosphere
enter food chain: nitrogen fixation by
soil & aquatic bacteriarecycle: decomposing &
nitrifying bacteriareturn to abiotic: denitrifying bacteria
abiotic reservoir: N in atmosphere
enter food chain: nitrogen fixation by
soil & aquatic bacteriarecycle: decomposing &
nitrifying bacteriareturn to abiotic: denitrifying bacteria
Loss to deep sediment
Rocks andminerals
Soluble soilphosphate
Plants andalgae
Plants Urine
Land animals
Precipitates
Aquaticanimals
Animal tissueand feces
Animal tissueand feces
Decomposers(bacteria and
fungi)
Decomposers(bacteria & fungi)
Phosphatesin solution
Loss indrainage
abiotic reservoir: rocks, minerals, soil
enter food chain: erosion releases
soluble phosphate uptake by plants
recycle: decomposing bacteria
& fungireturn to abiotic: loss to ocean
sediment
abiotic reservoir: rocks, minerals, soil
enter food chain: erosion releases
soluble phosphate uptake by plants
recycle: decomposing bacteria
& fungireturn to abiotic: loss to ocean
sediment
Phosphorus cycle
CO2 inatmosphere
Diffusion RespirationPhotosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Plants and algae
PlantsAnimals
Industry and home
Combustion of fuels
Animals
Carbonates in sediment
Bicarbonates
Deposition ofdead material
Depositionof deadmaterial
Fossil fuels(oil, gas, coal)
Dissolved CO2
abiotic reservoir: CO2 in atmosphere
enter food chain: photosynthesis =
carbon fixation in Calvin cycle
recycle: decomposition
return to abiotic: respiration combustion
abiotic reservoir: CO2 in atmosphere
enter food chain: photosynthesis =
carbon fixation in Calvin cycle
recycle: decomposition
return to abiotic: respiration combustion
Carbon cycle
Carbon Cycle
Most of the carbon on earth is locked up in the crust in limestone rocks: CaCO3
Some of the rest is in fossil fuels: coal, crude oil and natural gas.
Coal = carbonMethane = CH4
Some is in the atmosphere as CO2
A lot is dissolved in seawater as carbonate (CO32-),
bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonic acid (H2CO3) and carbon dioxide
(CO2)
And of course some is in living & dead biological tissue (Biomass)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (plants and Algae):6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
(sunlight)
Where:C6H12O6 = sugarO2 = oxygenCO2 = carbon dioxideH2O = water
RESPIRATION (all life)C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ energy!)
Carbon Cycle getting started…
CO2
CO2
LimestoneCaCO3
Photosynthesis:
CO 2 + H 2
O sugar + O 2
Respiration:
Sugar + O 2
CO 2 + H 2
O
The main thing is to present it as a CYCLE
That means every place with carbon has at least one arrow coming in and one arrow going out!